Localized pulmonary hemorrhage

Localized pulmonary hemorrhage is a descriptive term for a pulmonary hemorrhage restricted to a particular focal region of the lung. It can range from involving a small focus of hemorrhage to a whole lobe.

Pathology

Etiology

Focal pulmonary hemorrhage can occur from a number of causes:

• pulmonary vasculitides 
  • granulomatosis with polyangitis
  • microscopic polyangitis
• secondary aspiration of blood due to ³
  • chronic bronchitis
  • bronchiectasis
  • tumors or 
  • infection
• pulmonary infarction
• infection
  • hemorrhagic pneumonia
    • tuberculosis
    • Stenotrophomonas maltophilia pneumonia ⁶
• pulmonary vascular tumor invasion ⁴ 
• trauma  
  • pulmonary contusion
  • pulmonary laceration
• underlying: pulmonary arteriovenous malformation
• iatrogenic
  • thoracic biopsy

Radiographic features

CT

HRCT chest

Intraalveolar hemorrhage may be seen as hazy consolidation or ground-glass infiltrates in the lung parenchyma.

Pulmonary vascular tumor invasion is usually seen as peripheral areas of ground glass around neoplastic (either primary or metastatic lesions) ⁴.

See also

• diffuse pulmonary hemorrhage