Milky Way sign (of PML)

Last revised by Yuranga Weerakkody on 7 Jul 2023

The Milky Way sign, also known less memorably merely as the punctate pattern, is an MRI feature described in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) and is particularly useful when distinguishing this from new lesions of multiple sclerosis 1,2

Although the term "Milky Way appearance" has primarily been reported in the context of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, other pathologies share a similar appearance (see differential diagnosis below). Milky Way is capitalized as it refers to our own galaxy which is a proper noun.

Additionally, the term has also been used to denote the punctate enhancement pattern often seen in the same patients on post-contrast T1 weighted images 3

This sign should not be confused with the similarly named starry sky appearance (MRI) seen in multiple biliary hamartomas and the starry sky appearance (ultrasound) seen in a variety of liver pathologies. 

The sign is believed to be the result of the accumulation of CD8-positive T-cells within the perivascular spaces with ensuing inflammation 2.

The sign denotes multiple punctate regions of high T2 surrounding the main component of the new lesion, appearing reminiscent of the hazy band of whiteness (formed from the merging of the light of innumerable stars which are not individually visible) stretching across the dark background of the night sky representing our home galaxy, the Milky Way 1,2.  

Although the term Milky Way sign is mostly used in the context of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy a similar pattern has been reported in a number of other conditions including 2

ADVERTISEMENT: Supporters see fewer/no ads

Updating… Please wait.

 Unable to process the form. Check for errors and try again.

 Thank you for updating your details.