Parkinson-plus syndrome
Citation, DOI, disclosures and article data
At the time the article was created Henry Knipe had no recorded disclosures.
View Henry Knipe's current disclosuresAt the time the article was last revised Daniel J Bell had no recorded disclosures.
View Daniel J Bell's current disclosures- Parkinson-plus syndromes
- Parkinson-plus disorder
- Parkinsonism plus syndrome
Parkinson-plus syndromes are a loose group of neurodegenerative disorders that are characterized by features of Parkinson disease but with other neurological symptoms/signs. They have a poor response to levodopa, and mostly have fairly characteristic neuroimaging features.
Conditions included in Parkinson-plus syndrome include 2,4:
- progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP)
- multisystem atrophy (MSA)
- dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB)
- cortical-basal ganglionic degeneration (CBGD)
- frontotemporal dementia with chromosome 17 (FTDP-17)
- Pick disease
- Parkinsonism-dementia-amyotrophic lateral sclerosis complex (PDALS)
The importance of recognizing Parkinson-plus syndromes is that ~25% of patients diagnosed with Parkinson disease end up being diagnosed with a Parkinson-plus syndrome instead 3. Early recognition of features of Parkinson-plus on imaging may help determine an earlier diagnosis and more appropriate treatment.
References
- 1. Parkinson's disease. CRC Press. ISBN:0849315905. Read it at Google Books - Find it at Amazon
- 2. Mitra K, Gangopadhaya P K, Das S K. Parkinsonism plus syndrome – A review . Neurol India [serial online] 2003 [cited 2015 Sep 16];51:183-8. Available from: http://www.neurologyindia.com/text.asp?2003/51/2/183/1079
- 3. Nutt JG, Wooten GF. Clinical practice. Diagnosis and initial management of Parkinson's disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 2005;353 (10): 1021-7. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp043908 - Pubmed citation
Incoming Links
Related articles: Neurodegenerative diseases
Neurodegenerative diseases are legion and their classification just as protean. A useful approach is to divide them according to underlying pathological process, although even using this schema, there is much overlap and thus resulting confusion.
-
neurodegenerative MRI brain (an approach)
- measurements and ratios
- midbrain to pons area ratio (for PSP)
- Magnetic Resonance Parkinsonism Index (MRPI) (for PSP)
- frontal horn width to intercaudate distance ratio (FH/CC) (for Huntington disease)
- intercaudate distance to inner table width ratio (CC/IT) (for Huntington disease)
- signs
- hummingbird sign (of PSP)
- Mickey Mouse sign (of PSP)
- morning glory sign (of PSP)
- hot cross bun sign (of MSA-C)
- hockey stick sign (of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease)
- pulvinar sign (of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease)
- scoring systems
- measurements and ratios
-
neurodegenerative diseases
-
synucleinopathies
- diseases with Lewy bodies
-
multiple systemic atrophy (MSA)
- MSA-P (striatonigral degeneration)
- MSA-C (olivopontocerebellar degeneration)
- Shy-Drager syndrome
-
tauopathies
-
Alzheimer disease
- typical/classical Alzheimer disease
- variant (e.g. posterior cortical atrophy)
- chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)
- corticobasal degeneration
- frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) (not all are tauopathies)
- Pick disease
- progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP)
-
Alzheimer disease
- amyloidoses
- TDP-43 proteinopathies
- spinocerebellar ataxias
- Huntington disease
- hereditary spastic paraplegia
- clinically unclassifiable parkinsonism (CUP)
- Unverricht-Lundborg disease
-
prion diseases (not always included as neurodegenerative)
- Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sporadic, variant, familial, and iatrogenic)
- fatal familial insomnia
- Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker disease
- kuru
- variably protease-sensitive prionopathy
-
synucleinopathies
Unable to process the form. Check for errors and try again.