Ptosis, or blepharoptosis, describes a drooping or falling of the upper eyelid. Generally, complete ptosis is due to complete oculomotor nerve palsy, causing levator palpebrae superioris muscle weakness, while partial ptosis is due to a dysfunction of the sympathetic pathway leading to weakness of superior tarsal muscle (Müller muscle). However, there are many other potential causes.
Pathology
Aetiology
There are many causes, including but not limited to 2,3:
-
unilateral
cerebral ptosis
-
bilateral
cerebral ptosis
levator aponeurosis dehiscence
myasthenia gravis and congenital myasthenic syndromes
oculomotor nucleus lesion
History and etymology
Ptosis is derived from the ancient Greek word πτῶσις, meaning to fall.
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