A rigid spine is a condition that is characterized by the ossification and/or fusion of spinal segments thus leading to a change in biomechanics. The shock absorption capabilities of normal intervertebral discs, as well as the elasticity of ligaments, is eliminated thus making the rigid spine more to fracture. A rigid spine can develop in the following clinical conditions 1:
Clinical importance
A rigid spine can alter the management in the setting of spinal fractures and is recognized as a modifier in the AO Spine classification system 1,2. Delayed diagnosis of spinal fracture is common, which may be in part due to low or no impact mechanism reducing clinical suspicion, distant fracture from the region of rigidity, and difficulty visualizing through obscuring degenerative change, overlapping anatomy, or/and metalware 1.
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prone to transdiscal fractures often as a result of hyperextension injuries
often located in the cervical spine
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diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH)
prone to hyperextension and translational injury
often located at the thoracolumbar junction or lower cervical spine
cervical DISH can make intubation more difficult, and may cause dysphagia 1,3
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degenerative spondylosis
more often transvertebral fractures
often located where spondylosis is present e.g. in the cervical and lumbar spine
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surgically fused spine
increased fracture risk at the junctional zone (up to 3 vertebrae) above and below the fused segments
prone to transverse fractures and compression fractures