Sarcoidosis

Last revised by Tariq Walizai on 12 Sep 2024

Sarcoidosis is a non-caseating granulomatous multisystem disease with a wide range of clinical and radiographic manifestations. 

Individual systemic manifestations are discussed in respective articles: 

The remainder of this article pertains to a general discussion of sarcoidosis. 

Sarcoidosis occurs all over the world in all ages and races. Attempts to describe accurate epidemiology are complicated by the use of inconsistent diagnostic criteria and variable (often asymptomatic) 9 disease manifestations.

Still, certain epidemiological patterns are reported in the literature:

  • age of onset

    • most commonly presents between 2nd through 4th decades of life, although diagnosis in children and elderly also recognized 3

  • gender

    • inconsistent data 6

    • there may be a small female predominance among African-Americans 3,6

  • race

    • the highest incidence in African-Americans (36 to 50 per 100,000) 5 and northern European Caucasians

    • incidence among Caucasians has been estimated at 11 to 20 per 100,000 4,5

    • the reported incidence is lower in Asian populations

  • heritability

    • familial clustering of sarcoidosis has been reported, suggesting either a genetic or environmental component of the disease 3,5,7

    • the two largest studies suggest a familial relative risk increase ~4x given a single affected first-degree relative 7

Clinical presentation is variable and diagnosis is usually made on the combination of clinical and radiological features.

  • half of the patients are asymptomatic

  • the rest develop respiratory (e.g. cough and dyspnea) or skin (e.g. erythema nodosum, lupus pernio, scars, plaques) disease 3

  • ocular, lacrimal gland and salivary gland involvement are relatively common

  • approximately 5% of patients develop neurosarcoidosis 4

Additionally, patients may have specific syndromic presentations:

Sarcoidosis is a multisystem disorder of unknown etiology characterized by the formation of inflammatory non-caseating granulomas within affected tissues. Histologically, the lesions characteristically demonstrate an absence of a necrotic component, except in rare cases (so-called "necrotizing sarcoid granulomatosis"). The granulomas may resolve spontaneously or progress to fibrosis.

It is thought to represent a disorder of immune regulation, particularly of cell-mediated immunity 3. Mycobacterium and propionibacterium RNA and DNA have been detected in sarcoidosis lesions, raising the possibility of an infectious trigger 4. Reported familial clustering and co-occurrence in monozygotic twins suggest that genetic susceptibility may also play an important role.

Characteristic (but not pathognomonic) histological features include:

  • non-caseating granulomas 5

    • epithelioid cells, macrophages, multinucleated giant cells, and CD4+ T cells

    • fibroblasts, B lymphocytes, and CD8+ T cells may be present more peripherally

  • Schaumann bodies: laminated calcium-containing concretions

  • asteroid bodies

  • necrosis is atypical and may suggest another etiology 5

Biochemical markers include:

Additionally, a positive Kveim-Siltzbach skin test helps to confirm the diagnosis 3.

90% of patients have pulmonary involvement (although many are asymptomatic) 8. Since chest x-rays are readily available and have a low radiation burden, the pattern of nodal and parenchymal involvement is typically used to 'stage' sarcoidosis (chest x-ray staging of sarcoidosis) 3.

Treatment is predominantly performed to protect individual organ function and lessen symptom burden, with wise use of immunosuppressive and corticosteroids, to avoid adverse medication effects 13.

Pulmonary involvement is responsible for the majority of morbidity and mortality in patients with sarcoidosis. The overall mortality rate is approximately 5%, with patients who present insidiously faring worse than those who present with an acute onset 1,3. The likelihood of resolution depends on the stage of disease at presentation 3:

  • stage I: 60% resolution within 1-2 years

  • stage II: 46%

  • stage III: 12%

Complications depend on the systemic pattern of disease involvement. As pulmonary sarcoidosis is by far the most common manifestation, so are thoracic complications. They include 3:

Historically, sarcoidosis was also known as Besnier-Boeck-Schaumann disease/syndrome, or various combinations thereof, e.g. Besnier-Boeck disease, Boeck disease, or Schaumann syndrome 10

Sarcoidosis is derived from the Ancient Greek terms, σαρξ (sarc) meaning flesh, ειδος (eidos) meaning form, and σις (-sis), a suffix meaning a process 10,11.

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