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Lumbar Canal Stenosis

Lumbar canal stenosis is a general term that refers to the pathological narrowing of the spinal canal, nerve root canals and/or the intervertebral foramina 1-4,6,7,9,10. Epidemiology Lumbar canal stenosis is common, especially among the elderly. Prevalence increases with age, particularly in i...

Mutch classification

The Mutch classification is a system used to classify isolated greater tuberosity (GT) fractures and has important therapeutic implications. Fragments of the greater tuberosity with the rotator cuff attached characteristically have a longitudinal tear in the cuff between the supraspinatus and s...

Amplatz Super Stiff

An Amplatz Super Stiff, also known as Amplatz guidewire is a commonly used stiff rail wire, with properties allowing good trackability, stable exchange, and deployment of heavy devices. It was designed to succeed the Lundquist guidewire, the stiffest wire available back in 19861. Properties T...

Flush catheters

Flush catheters are a type of vascular catheter designed to allow high-flow injection rates (15 to 20 ml/s)1 into large vessels, for optimal aortograms and/or phlebograms. The most common flush catheters are: pigtail catheter straight flush catheter Tennis Racquet catheter Properties have ...

Antihelix (ear)

The antihelix of the ear refers to the Y-shaped cartilage within the external ear, it lies next to the scapha of the ear, the ridge separating the helix from the antihelix. Gross anatomy The antihelix can be divided into two parts bifurcating around the triangular fossa1: superior crus: upper...

Liver ultrasound

Liver ultrasound is a valuable diagnostic tool for assessing liver anatomy, size, and pathology. It is a non-invasive, painless, and relatively quick procedure that does not involve exposure to ionizing radiation. Indications Liver ultrasound is commonly utilized in the evaluation of various h...

Thymic tumor (staging)

The thymic tumor staging using the TNM staging system only applies to the epithelial types including thymoma, thymic carcinoma, and neuroendocrine tumors of the thymus. It does not apply to thymic sarcoma, primary thymic lymphoma or other rare tumors. This staging system is based upon recommend...

Superior vena cava stenting

Superior vena cava stenting is an interventional procedure used for the management of superior vena cava obstruction. Indication It is indicated in severe symptomatic superior vena cava obstruction with failure of the medical treatment (corticosteroids, anticoagulation therapy, diuretics, chem...

Vertebral arteria lusoria

Vertebral arteria lusoria is an extremely rare anatomical variant of the aortic arch, whereby the right vertebral artery arises from the aorta distal to the left subclavian artery 1. The aberrant right vertebral artery has a retro-esophageal and retrotracheal course before entering a cervical t...

Cruveilhier Baumgarten syndrome

The term Cruveilhier Baumgarten syndrome is attributed to cases of portal hypertension wherein a loud venous murmur can be detected over the upper abdomen. Cruveilhier Baumgarten disease is reserved for cases with congenital patency of the umbilical vein, congenital hypoplasia of the liver and p...

Helix (ear)

The helix of the ear refers to the cartilaginous rim of the auricle. It can be divided into three parts 1: ascending: beginning from the root at the scalp, extending vertically superior: begins at the end of the ascending portion when the helix curves and ends at the Darwin tubercle, a thicke...

Gastro-esophageal reflux grading

Gastro-oesophagal reflux grading is based on the vertical height that contrast-media reaches during fluoroscopy 1: grade I: reflux in the distal esophagus grade II: reflux up to or just above the carina grade III: reflux into cervical esophagus grade IV: reflux in the cervical esophagus with...

Snowball sign (Susac syndrome)

The snowball sign refers to the appearance of the corpus callosum on FLAIR and T2 weighted sequences in patients with Susac syndrome. Within the substance of the body and splenium of the corpus callosum, best seen on sagittal images, are spherical well-demarcated high-signal regions 1,2. This ...

Laminoplasty

Laminoplasty, also known as osteoplastic reconstruction of the lamina, is an surgical procedure that involves the replacement of the lamina of the vertebral body following a laminectomy procedure in an attempt to provide better post-operative stabilization. Indications spinal stenosis c...

Bayonet artifact

Bayonet artifact is a type of artifact encountered in ultrasound guided needle techniques, that results in the apparent bending of the needle as it passes into or adjacent to tissue with different sound transmission speeds. In constructing an ultrasound image, the machine assumes a constant spe...

Vigabatrin-associated toxicity

Vigabatrin-associated toxicity is a potential neurological complication in patients treated with vigabatrin, an antiepileptic drug whose mechanism of action includes GABA levels retention at the level of synapses in the brain. It is primarily used as a treatment of partial complex seizures and i...

Simmons catheter

The Simmons catheter, also known as Sidewinder1, Sim, or SS catheter, is a common reverse-curve selective vascular catheter designed for catheterization and subselection of brachiocephalic or visceral arteries, in order to secure access, advance, exchange devices, or deliver contrast in the targ...

Mesocardia

Mesocardia is a condition in which the heart is longitudinally oriented along its long axis in the midline 1. Terminology Cardiac position refers to the anatomical position of the left ventricular apex in the thorax. The heart has three positions: dextrocardia: right-sided heart levocardia: ...

Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (neurological manifestations)

Neurological manifestations of eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA) are common, more often in patients who are ANCA positive and most frequently manifesting as peripheral neuropathy, although central nervous system involvement is also encountered 1,2. Epidemiology For a general...

Normal variant of femoral condyle ossification

Normal variant of femoral condyle ossifications occurs due to variability of endochondral ossification of articular cartilage and can be easily confused with osteochondritis dissecans. Epidemiology more often in boys (mean age of ~8 years) than in girls 1 often bilateral 1,2 typically locat...

Abdominal ultrasound

Abdominal ultrasound is a diagnostic imaging technique that evaluates the organs and structures in the abdomen, including the liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, adrenal glands, kidneys, and abdominal aorta. Normal ultrasound anatomy On an ultrasound, the normal anatomy of the liver appears ...

Hiller classification cyst of the acromioclavicular joint (ACJ)

Acromioclavicular joint (ACJ) cysts are a benign manifestation, ganglionic or synovial. Classification Depending on their etiology they are classified as type 1 and type 2 cysts. Type 1 cysts: present in advanced ACJ arthritis, not associated with rotator cuff tear, secondary to degenerative ...

Buffalo hump

A buffalo hump describes lipomatosis of the posterior neck and interscapular region. It may be idiopathic or caused by a variety of underlying medical conditions. idiopathic Cushing syndrome 1 Cushing disease steroid therapy HIV-associated lipodystrophy 2 Mad...

Cobra catheter

The cobra tip shape configuration is used in selective vascular catheters and designed for catheterization and subselection of vessels, in order to secure access, advance, exchange devices, or deliver contrast in the target vessel 1. The cobra tip-shape configuration is also used in urology ren...

Selective vascular catheters

Selective vascular catheters are designed for catheterization and subselection of vessel ostia. They come in different tip shapes that have wall-seeking behavior. They also ensure the advancement down target vessels and provide positional stability during subsequent angiography and manipulation....

PSMA theranostics

PSMA theranostics is an emerging nuclear medicine approach in the management of prostate cancer that combines the use of prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-targeted imaging and therapy 1. PSMA-targeted imaging can be used to identify and locate prostate cancer cells, while PSMA radioligan...

Pubofemoral Distance

The Pubofemoral distance (PFD) is a measurement used to detect hip instability and avoid the late diagnosis of developmental dysplasia of the hip. It is a reproducible and straightforward sonographic screening test that measures the distance between the medial margin of the epiphysis and the pub...

Axillary web syndrome

Axillary web syndrome (AWS) is a commonly occurring condition after breast cancer surgery involving lymphadenectomy 1. It is characterized by the presence of one or multiple thin cords in the subcutaneous tissues of the axilla, extending down the arm and/or chest wall 1,2. This can lead to disco...

Lung shunt fraction

The hepato-pulmonary lung shunt fraction (LSF) is a parameter that is used to assess the safety of transarterial radioembolization/selective internal radiation therapy of liver tumors. Excessive arteriovenous shunting can cause radiation pneumonitis. The lung shunt fraction = (total lung counts...

Rail guidewires

Rail guidewires, also known as working wires, are interventional procedures wires used during the last steps of interventions and have ideal properties for equipment exchange (e.g. angioplasty balloons, stents). They are inserted in the catheter after reaching the target destination and after re...

Four corners sign (CT chest)

The four corners sign describes an axial CT feature seen in some forms interstitial lung disease where affected regions disproportionately involve the bilateral anterolateral upper lobes and posterosuperior lower lobes. Reticular opacities, ground-glass attenuation and/or honeycombing appear dis...

Bipartite carpal

Bipartite carpals is when one of the carpal bones has divided into two seperate parts. This is considered a normal variant within the wrist. Typically the most frequent bipartite carpals are the scaphoid or triquetrum. However it theoretically can occur in any carpal bone, including the hamate ...

Cauliflower ear

Cauliflower ear, also known as perichondrial hematoma or wrestler's ear, is a deformity of the outer ear that occurs as a result of repeated blunt trauma or injury. It is most commonly seen in participants in contact sports such as wrestling, boxing, rugby, and martial arts. Diagnosis The diag...

CT localizer radiograph

The CT localizer radiograph, also known as scanogram, scout and surview, is the name given to the initial images obtained at the start of a CT before the main volume is obtained. These initial images have two main functions: they ensure that the correct anatomy is being covered by the CT and per...

Yolk stalk sign

The yolk stalk sign is the abnormal sonographic finding of the embryo being separated from the yolk sac in early pregnancy when crown rump length ≤ 5 mm. It is suspicious but not diagnostic of a failed early pregnancy. In early embryonic development, the embryo is typically adjacent to the devel...

Spoke wheel sign (focal nodular hyperplasia)

The spoke wheel sign is described in focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) and describes the pattern of internal vasculature of FNHs seen on color Doppler ultrasound when multiple arteries radiate peripherally from the center of the lesion. This sign was classically applied to the color/power Doppler...

Rectus capitis lateralis muscle

The rectus capitis lateralis muscle is an integral component of the prevertebral muscle group, which plays a pivotal role in head movement and serves as a vital surgical landmark. Summary origin: superior transverse processes of the atlas insertion: inferior to the jugular processes of the oc...

Antitragicus muscle

The antitragicus muscle is an intrinsic muscle of the outer ear that is part of the broader auricular muscle group. Summary origin: posterior surface of the antitragus insertion: tail of the helix innervation: posterior auricular branch of the facial nerve action: assists in ear...

Tragus

The tragus is a small, cartilaginous projection situated anteriorly to the external auditory meatus. Relations The tragus is positioned anteriorly to the external auditory meatus and is surrounded by other components of the external ear, including the antitragus and the helix. Arterial Supply...

Tibia fibula series (pediatric)

The tibia fibula series for pediatrics consists of an anteroposterior and a lateral projection. Indications trauma with a suspected fracture inability to weight-bear suspected foreign body or bony lesions Projections anteroposterior view lateral view Gonadal shielding The use of gonada...

Gastrosplenic fistula

A gastrosplenic fistula is a very rare type of gut fistulation that can occur as a complication with either a gastric or splenic lesion. Pathology Etiology Recognized causes include lymphoma (considered commonest cause) most commonly diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) usually in context...

Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia

Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia (TPE) is a pulmonary condition of an overreactive immune response to microfilaria trapped in the lungs. TPE is a distinct entity with specific symptoms and diagnostic criteria that differentiate it from other types of eosinophilia in tropical regions. This artic...

Fat pad separation sign (knee joint effusion)

Fat pad separation sign refers to the separation of the anterior suprapatellar and posterior suprapatellar (prefemoral) fat pads on lateral knee radiograph. This sign is useful in diagnosis of knee joint effusion on cross-table (horizontal beam) lateral knee radiographs with more sensitivity tha...

Tragicus muscle

The tragicus muscle is an intrinsic muscle of the outer ear that facilitates the opening of the external auditory canal and assists in minor movement of the tragus. Summary: origin: base of tragus insertion: apex of tragus blood supply: branches of facial arteries innervation: f...

Ectopia of the parathyroid glands

Ectopic parathyroid glands involve the atypical location of a parathyroid gland resulting from aberrant migration during early development. Ectopic parathyroid glands are a common cause of recurrent hyperparathyroidism. Epidemiology It is more common for the inferior parathyroid glands to be ...

Levovist

Levovist (Bayer AG) is a first-generation ultrasound contrast agent composed of a microbubble solution filled with a gas that is easily visible on ultrasound scans 1,2. Levovist is commonly used as an ultrasound contrast agent in imaging the liver. The microbubbles in Levovist contain perflubut...

Endobronchial blocker device

An endobronchial blocker (also sometimes referred to a bronchial blocker) is a flexible tube with an inflatable balloon at its distal end. The device is purposefully inserted into the proximal aspect of a main bronchus to induce one lung ventilation. It may be placed via bronchoscopic guidance o...

Bridging vein thrombosis

Bridging vein thrombosis describes thrombosis of the fragile bridging veins that cross the subarachnoid and subdural spaces. The presence of bridging vein thrombosis on imaging has a strong association with non-accidental injury and can hint towards a traumatic etiology behind subdural hematoma ...

Bladder vessel sign

Bladder vessel sign refers to the visualization of tortuous flow voids on MRI traversing space between the urinary bladder and the uterus (vesicouterine space); which normally contains fat and is devoid of blood vessels. The sign is seen in the case of placenta accreta spectrum disorders, where...

Listeria monocytogenes meningoencephalitis

Listeria monocytogenes meningoencephalitis is a relatively common cause of bacterial meningoencephalitis and is more common in the elderly and immunocompromised 2. Epidemiology Listeria meningoencephalitis can occur sporadically or in the setting of foodborne epidemics 1. Where meningoencephal...

Lingual foramen

The lingual foramen is a small, midline, opening on the posterior or lingual surface of the mandible at the level of the symphysis mentis just above the mental spines (genial tubercle) 1-3. It may be round or ovoid and is usually single, however, multiple openings may occur in a vertical order....

Flip-flop (disambiguation)

The term flip-flop in radiology refers to the reversal or inversion of a normally expected phenomenon. This is not to be confused with the footwear. It may refer to the following: flip-flop CT appearance of the liver in Budd-Chiari syndrome flip-flop renal enhancement on CT in a renal infarct ...

Surgical splenorenal shunt

Surgical splenorenal shunts are anastomoses created between the splenic vein and the left renal vein, performed to ameliorate portal hypertension typically in the context of variceal bleeding. Terminology Surgical splenorenal shunts are not to be confused with spontaneous splenorenal shunts, w...

Anti Sjögren syndrome related antigen antibodies

Anti Sjögren’s syndrome related antigen antibodies are a group of antibodies against autoantigens which include Ro/SSA anti-Ro52 anti-Ro60 La/SSB They are currently thought to be associated a number of autoimmune conditions. They were originally identified in patients with Sjögren syndrom...

Helicis minor muscle

The helicis minor muscle is a small, intrinsic auricular muscle responsible for shaping the anterior margin of the ear. Summary origin: base of the helix of the ear insertion: anterior helix blood supply: branches of the facial arteries innervation: posterior and temporal auricular nerves o...

Internal auditory canal atresia

Internal auditory canal atresia, or internal auditory canal stenosis, is characterized by partial or complete bony atresia of the internal auditory canal, often in association with hypoplasia/aplasia of the vestibulocochlear nerve. Epidemiology This is a very rare entity with few cases reporte...

Accessory hepatic sulci

Accessory hepatic grooves (interchangeably referred as accessory hepatic fissures or accessory hepatic sulci) are a common variant, with majority of accessory grooves occurring over the diaphragmatic surface of the liver 1,2. Several hypotheses have been made regarding the process by which an a...

Helicis major muscle

The helicis major muscle is an intrinsic auricular muscle that plays a vestigial role in adjusting the shape of the ear. Summary origin: root of the helix of the ear insertion: anterior border of the helix blood supply: anterior auricular branches of the superficial temporal artery and other...

Akeret staging of neuroepithelial tumors

The Akeret or anatomical staging of neuroepithelial tumors adheres loosely to the general scheme underlying AJCC TNM staging. Like other cancer staging systems it assists in estimating the individual prognosis, in tailoring patient-specific therapy and surveillance, and in improving the comparab...

Gliomatosis peritonei

Gliomatosis peritonei is very rare and is characterized by the implantation of benign mature glial tissue in the peritoneum, omentum, and/or lymph nodes. It is usually associated with ovarian teratoma, although has rarely been seen with other teratomas 1-4. Rarely gliomatosis peritonei has also...

Characteristic curve

The characteristic curve, also known as the H and D curve, is a representation of the response of a screen film radiograph to light. The characteristic curve represents the change in optical density (OD) of the screen film in response to changing exposures (incident x-rays on the screen film). ...

Knuckle pads

Knuckle pads, also known as Garrod pads, Garrod nodes or holoderma, are benign, subcutaneous, fibrofatty growths that overlie the interphalangeal joints of the fingers or toes 1,2. These are a rare form of superficial musculoskeletal fibromatoses. Clinical presentation Knuckle pads present as ...

Median nerve flattening ratio

The median nerve flattening ratio is a parameter used for the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome (usually by ultrasound). It is calculated by dividing the span of the long axis by that of the short axis of the median nerve at around the pisiform level. A ratio of greater then 3 is often consi...

Ageusia

Ageusia refers to a complete loss of taste. In instances where it is partial it is then falls under the spectrum of the conditions such as hypogeusia (decreased sensitivity to all tastants) hyperguesia (enhanced gustatory sensitivity) dysgeusia (unpleasant perception of a tastant) and phanto...

Muhle staging system of cervical canal stenosis

The Muhle staging system is a classification system used to evaluate the severity of cervical canal stenosis. The system was developed based on a study conducted by Muhle et al. who used kinematic MRI to assess the dynamic changes of the cervical spine in patients at different stages of degener...

Congenital rib fusion

Congenital rib fusion refers to the congenital failure of the segmentation of one or more ribs, which can be focal or extended and involve the anterior or posterior arch of the rib. The rib fusion can be complete or accompanied by pseudo articulation and mimic a healing fracture on the chest x...

Brachyphalangia

Brachyphalangia refers to the shortness of one or more phalanges of the hands or feet usually due to the early closure of the phalange's growth plate. This anomaly is one of the most common non-syndromic cause of brachydactyly and may accosiated with clinodactyly.

Mental spines

Mental spines are small, midline, paired, bony protuberances (or eminences) of the posterior lingual surface of the mandible. There are usually two superior and two inferior spines. They represent the anchor points of origin of the superior genioglossus and the inferior geniohyoid muscles 1,2. C...

Ligaments of the larynx

The ligaments of the larynx can be considered as two groups based on whether they attach components of the larynx together internally or externally. Gross anatomy Extrinsic ligaments thyrohyoid membrane median thyrohyoid ligament lateral thyrohyoid ligament hyoepiglottic ligament cricothy...

Rima vestibuli

The rima vestibuli is the V-shaped space formed between the false vocal cords, which allows the passage of air through the larynx. It is larger and located superior to the rima glottidis. It should not be confused for the laryngeal vestibule, which is the entire open space of the supraglottis b...

Hallucal interphalangeal sesamoid

The hallucal interphalangeal sesamoids are accessory ossicles of the interphalangeal joint of the hallux. Although they are termed sesamoids, they do not represent true sesamoids and are rather classified as accessory ossicles1. Terminology It is important to note that there is no clear differ...

Rima glottidis

The rima glottidis is the V-shaped opening formed between the true vocal cords, which permits the passage of air through the larynx. Abduction or adduction of the vocal cords can open or close the rima glottidis. The rima glottidis constitutes part of the glottic region of the larynx. It should...

Confluent centrilobular emphysema

Confluent centrilobular emphysema is one of the proposed subtypes of classifying emphysema (primarily centrilobular emphysema). It is considered the second most severe from (although not as severe as advanced destructive emphysema) and characterized by coalescent centrilobular or lobular lucenci...

Neonatal bowel obstruction

Neonatal bowel obstruction is the most common neonatal abdominal surgical emergency1. It is generally divided into high and low obstruction, according to the level of the transition point, since imaging appearances, underlying pathology, treatment, and prognosis differ. They are divided into: ...

Modified Choi classification of common bile duct duplication

Modified Choi classification of common bile duct duplication is a widely used system for classifying the rare duplication of the extrahepatic biliary tree. 1-3: type I: distal septum splitting the bile duct lumen type II: bifurcation of the distal bile duct with each lumen draining independent...

Lumbar veins

The lumbar veins are paired segmental veins that drain structures of the back and posterior abdominal wall. They are the venous complement of the lumbar arteries. They primarily drain into the inferior vena cava and ascending lumbar veins. Gross anatomy There are usually four pairs of lumbar v...

Spiral mucosal folds

The spiral mucosal folds, also known as the valves of Heister, are spirally arranged mucosal folds on the endoluminal surface of the cystic duct. Although incompletely understood, they contain neurohormonally responsive muscle, and their unique shape is thought to support the patency of the cys...

Kang grading system of cervical canal stenosis

The Kang grading system of cervical canal stenosis is used to grade the severity of cervical canal stenosis as demonstrated on MRI. It is derived from the earlier Muhle staging system 1,2. It categorizes cervical stenosis into four grades from 0 to 3 according to the severity of spinal cord com...

Obturator fascia

The obturator fascia is the fascia of the obturator internus muscle which covers its internal surface and attaches to the bony margins of the obturator foramen. Superomedially, the obturator fascia gives way to the obturator canal, allowing the obturator artery, vein and nerve to communicate b...

Palmar carpal ligament

The palmar carpal ligament (also known as the volar carpal ligament) is a fibrous structure that forms the roof of Guyon's canal. Proximally, it is continuous with the deep fascia of the forearm and attaches to the pisiform, pisiform ligamentous complex and a leaf of the flexor retinaculum over...

Anal columns

The anal columns, also known as columns of Morgagni are a number of longitudinal folds of the anal mucosa. The columns unite inferiorly to form crescentic shaped anal valves. Shallow clefts of mucosa are formed in between the columns and valves, termed the anal sinuses. The anal valves form a c...

Intrauterine device fragmentation

Intrauterine device fragmentation is a rare complication that can be encountered with an intrauterine device. It is usually broken and fragmented during expulsion or removal, including embedded retrieval strings. Radiographic features Ultrasound If it occurs during removal, the fragment may b...

Anteroposterior diameter of the lateral ventricle index

The anteroposterior diameter of the lateral ventricle index (ALVI) is a quantitative metric to evaluate the size of the lateral ventricles, particularly in normal pressure hydrocephalus. Usage The anteroposterior diameter of the lateral ventricle index has only recently been described and is n...

Contractions

Contractions are commonly found in English speech, and is the term for words where apostrophes are used to denote absent letters, e.g. "it's", "don't", and "you're". However, in written English, and therefore Radiopaedia we generally prefer the non-contracted form, e.g. "cannot" instead of "can...

Venous drainage of the upper limb

The venous drainage of the upper limb is highly variable, however the anatomy by which the veins drain the upper limb can be broadly divided into superficial and deep venous systems 1. Superficial venous system cephalic vein accessory cephalic vein basilic vein median cubit...

Deep palmar arch

The deep palmar arch is the terminal branch of the radial artery, usually forming an anastomosis with the ulnar artery 1. The radial artery enters the palm in between the oblique and transverse heads of adductor pollicis muscle, coursing across the palm approximately 1 cm proximal to the superf...

Submandibular gland agenesis

Submandibular gland agenesis, also known as aplasia, is the absence of one or both of the submandibular glands and is rare. Epidemiology Only forty cases of submandibular gland agenesis had been reported in the English literature up to 2014 3. Associations It has been found that aplasia of m...

Mass effect

Mass effect is a general concept in pathology and radiology. Whilst it is most commonly encountered in the intracranial setting 1, it is certainly not restricted to the CNS. It can be used to describe any lesion in the body if it exerts displacement of adjacent structures, for example a musculos...

Pediatric tibia fibula (lateral view)

The pediatric tibia fibula lateral view is part of a two-view series of the entire tibia, fibula, and both the knee and ankle joint. Indications The tibia fibula lateral view is performed for evaluation of the lower leg in pediatric patients. It allows for assessment of fractures in trauma or...

CT abdominal aorta (protocol)

CT abdominal aorta can be performed with or without contrast. The decision is based on the indication, clinical indications provided, and vascular access. Various scanning methods can be utilized depending on the scanner and patient demographics. NB: This article relates to general protocol des...

Pancreatoduodenal space

The pancreaticoduodenal space (PDS) or groove (PDG) is a small anatomical potential space between the pancreatic head and duodenum 1. Gross anatomy Boundaries medial: pancreatic head lateral: 2nd portion of duodenum superior: duodenal bulb inferior 3rd portion of duodenum posterior: infer...

Dorsolateral fasciculus

The dorsolateral fasciculus (also known as Lissaeur's tract or the posterolateral tract) is a bundle of white matter fibers within the posterolateral spinal cord. Summary The dorsolateral fasciculus lies between the apex of the dorsal grey matter and the surface of the cord, surrounding the af...

Hepatic atrophy

Hepatic atrophy is a common appearance on imaging of the liver. It may result from obstruction of a major branch of the portal vein, bile ducts or hepatic veins. It does not usually occur secondary to hepatic arterial flow compromise. Compensatory hypertrophy of the unaffected segments/lobes is ...

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