Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and edited by countless contributing members over a period of time. A global group of dedicated editors oversee accuracy, consulting with expert advisers, and constantly reviewing additions.
15,962 results found
Article
Hebbian learning
Hebbian learning describes a type of activity-dependent modification of the strength of synaptic transmission at pre-existing synapses which plays a central role in the capacity of the brain to convert transient experiences into memory. According to Hebb et al 1, two cells or systems of cells th...
Article
Lower limb radiography (pediatric)
Lower limb radiography involves plain film imaging of the pelvis, hip, knee and ankle bones in pediatric patients. Depending on the patients' age, the difficulty of the examination will vary, often requiring a specialist trained radiographer familiar with a variety of distraction and immobilizat...
Article
Pediatric scaphoid (axial view)
The scaphoid view in pediatrics examines the scaphoid bone in its true anatomical position. Since minimizing radiation dose is essential in pediatric imaging, one posteroanterior angled view of the scaphoid is usually sufficient. The scaphoid bone begins ossification at age 5 and completes aroun...
Article
Cholinergic crisis (mnemonic)
Mnemonics for clinical findings relating to cholinergic crisis comprise:
MDS' BEDBUG LBS
FW HRCT
CDS' CASA
Mnemonics
MDS' BEDBUG LB
Relying on an ampersand as a placeholder, this mnemonic corresponds to the clinical features of acute cholinergic toxicity, relating to the stimulation of mu...
Article
Sugaya classification
The Sugaya classification is a 5-point system used to evaluate rotator cuff repair.
Usage
The Sugaya classification is the most common system used to evaulate rotator cuff repair 2 although intra- and inter-observer reproducibility is variable 3,4.
Classification
The Sugaya classification a...
Article
Cervical foraminal stenosis
Cervical foraminal stenosis is a common condition that is mostly asymptomatic but in some results in cervical radiculopathy.
Clinical presentation
Cervical foraminal stenosis is most commonly asymptomatic but can result in cervical nerve root compression, which in turn results in cervical radi...
Article
Stener-like lesion of the medial collateral ligament of the knee
Stener-like lesions of the medial collateral ligament (MCL) occur when a tear involves the distal fibers of the superficial medial collateral ligament (sMCL) are displaced superficially to the pes anserinus, which can result in compromised healing.
Pathology
Usually, the sMCL runs deep to the p...
Article
Chudley-McCullough syndrome
Chudley-McCullough syndrome is an extremely rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by early-onset sensorineural hearing loss and a distinctive combination of structural brain abnormalities, with relative preservation of psychomotor development.
Epidemiology
Chudley-McCullough syndrome...
Article
Florid
Florid is a descriptive term often used in imaging reports to describe a process/appearance which is severe in degree, often following a subjective assessment.
History and etymology
The term florid derives from the Latin term "floridus" meaning flowery, itself from "flos", a flower 2. From me...
Article
Reynolds pentad
Reynolds pentad is a combination of clinical signs found in acute cholangitis. It consists of Charcot triad 2-4:
fever and/or chills
RUQ pain
jaundice
as well as:
delirium or lethargy, and
shock
Usefulness
Sensitivity of Reynolds pentad from a large systematic review of nine studies was ...
Article
Oral tori
Oral tori (singular torus) are benign bony outgrowths from the maxilla and mandible:
maxillary tori a.k.a. torus palatinus
mandibular tori a.k.a. torus mandibularis
Oral tori are subcategorised according to their shape 1:
flat
spindle
nodular
lobular
Although not usually called tori, fur...
Article
Enlarged hilar periportal space sign
The enlarged hilar periportal space sign refers to the widening of the periportal space seen on MRI in early liver cirrhosis.
Usage
Enlarged hilar periportal space sign is one of the early signs of cirrhosis and may be used to detect fibrotic changes in the liver in patients who do not yet hav...
Article
Triceps tendon rupture
A triceps tendon rupture represents the extreme end of the spectrum of triceps tendon tears where there is complete detachment of the triceps tendon. It most often occurs at the distal end.
Pathology
If can either occur in an acute setting with trauma (e.g. as a result of a sudden forceful elb...
Article
Tracheostomy tube
Tracheostomy tubes, a.k.a. tracheotomy tubes, are inserted through a stoma post-tracheostomy to help patients unable to breathe normally. It may be temporary or permanent depending on the patient's condition, with its insertion where clinically indicated showing a lowered in-hospital mortality r...
Article
Intracranial translucency
Intracranial translucency (IT) is the ultrasound appearance of the fourth ventricle in mid-sagittal plane as seen on 11-13 week antenatal scan. It is used as a marker for neural tube defects. Its absence is reported in open spina bifida 1.
Radiographic features
Technique
the fetus must be in ...
Article
Black hole sign (intracerebral hemorrhage)
The black hole sign refers to the non-contrast CT appearance of acute extravasation of blood into a hematoma, for example, an intracerebral hemorrhage. It represents a well-defined hypodense region (black hole) within hyperdense hematoma and is not connected to the nearby brain parenchyma. The h...
Article
Voriconazole-induced periostitis
Voriconazole-included periostitis is a type of drug-induced periostitis and is a rare cause of diffuse bone pain in those on high dose or prolonged voriconazole therapy.
Epidemiology
Voriconazole-induced periostitis primarily occurs in the immunocompromised and transplant patient populations,...
Article
Yolk sac tumor
A yolk sac tumor (YST) (or an endodermal sinus tumor) is a type of malignant germ cell tumor.
Epidemiology
They usually develop in infants, young children, and young women 1
Pathology
They are non-epithelial tumors of germ-cell origin.
Location
They occur variable sites with the ovary bein...
Article
Zebra sign (disambiguation)
The evocative appearance of the coat of a zebra has been used for several distinctive signs in radiology:
zebra sign: cerebellar hemorrhage 1
zebra sign: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 2
zebra spleen: arterial phase appearance of normal spleen 4,5
zebra stripe sign: treated osteogenesis imper...
Article
Liposuction
Liposuction is a cosmetic procedure to reduce the volume of adipose tissue in the neck, arms, legs and/or abdomen. Areolar fat, a deeper layer of adipose tissue, is the main target and shows a good response to vacuum-assisted liposuction.
There are three types of this procedure 1,2:
power-ass...
Article
Thoracic spine protocol (MRI)
The MRI thoracic spine protocol encompasses a set of MRI sequences for the routine assessment of the thoracic spine.
Note: This article aims to frame a general concept of an MRI protocol for the assessment of the thoracic spine. An MR thoracic spine protocol might be combined with a cervical sp...
Article
Acute flaccid myelitis
Acute flaccid myelitis is an uncommon cause of acute flaccid paralysis similar to poliomyelitis, primarily affecting children and usually seen following a respiratory viral illness.
Epidemiology
Acute flaccid myelitis primarily affects children. Cases appear to be temporally related to respi...
Article
Acute flaccid paralysis
Acute flaccid paralysis is a syndrome resulting from a wide array of underlying conditions. The features are of a fairly rapidly progressing lower motor neuron pattern weakness with potential involvement not only of the limbs but also of muscles of the pharynx, trunk and diaphragm 1.
Historica...
Article
Cervical spine protocol (MRI)
The MRI cervical spine protocol encompasses a set of MRI sequences for the routine assessment of the cervical spine.
Note: This article aims to frame a general concept of an MRI protocol for the assessment of the cervical spine. Protocol specifics will vary depending on MRI scanner type, specif...
Article
Lumbar spine protocol (MRI)
The MRI lumbar spine protocol encompasses a set of MRI sequences for the routine assessment of the lumbar spine.
Note: This article aims to frame a general concept of an MRI protocol for the assessment of the lumbar spine. Protocol specifics will vary depending on MRI scanner type, specific har...
Article
Bone marrow reconversion
Bone marrow reconversion generates a red bone marrow pattern that is in reverse to the normal yellow-to-red distribution.
Pathology
Bone marrow reconversion occurs when there is increased hematopoietic demand, which may be 1,2:
physiological
cigarette smoking
obesity
high endurance athlet...
Article
Encysted spermatic cord hydrocele
Encysted spermatic cord hydroceles are one of the subtypes of spermatic cord hydrocoele where the fluid collection does not communicate with the peritoneum above or the tunica vaginalis below.
Pathology
In this encysted type, a loculated hydrocoele occurs along the spermatic cord due to oblit...
Article
Focal nodular marrow hyperplasia
Focal nodular marrow hyperplasia is a rare, benign condition where there is a localized conversion of red/hematopoietic from yellow/fatty bone marrow. Its main relevance is of having a pseudotumor appearance mimicking skeletal metastases on MRI 1.
Pathology
Location
Most commonly located in t...
Article
Low T1 bone lesion
Low T1 bone lesions or T1 hypointense bone lesions are radiological terms to categorize bone lesions according to their visually perceived low signal on T1 weighted images. Apart from the usual description of a bone lesion seen on MRI they are used to categorize incidentally found solitary bone ...
Article
Persistent dorsal ophthalmic artery
The persistent dorsal ophthalmic artery is a rare anatomical variant of the ophthalmic artery. Instead of arising from the supraclinoid (C6) segment of the internal carotid artery, as is normally the case, the persistent dorsal ophthalmic artery arises from the lateral aspect of the cavernous (C...
Article
Subcutaneous implantable defibrillator
A subcutaneous implantable defibrillator (SICD) is a medical device implanted, typically in the chest wall, It delivers an electric impulse to the heart like a standard cardiac defibrillator (AICD) without leads being inserted into the myocardium.
Article
Hook-like osteophytes
Hook-like osteophytes describe overhanging bone spurs seen at the metacarpal heads, usually at the radial aspect, and characteristically seen with hemochromatosis, although may be seen in other conditions 1.
Differential diagnosis
Hook-like osteophytes are seen in:
hemochromatosis: characteri...
Article
High T1 bone lesion
High T1 bone lesions or T1 hyperintense bone lesions are radiological terms to categorize bone lesions with a high signal on T1 weighted images. Apart from the usual description of a bone lesion seen on MRI they are used to categorize incidentally found solitary bone lesions in the Bone Reportin...
Article
Curtain sign (lung ultrasound)
The curtain sign refers to the normal ultrasound characteristics of lung bases where the lungs are fully aerated. This is because the air in the costophrenic recess will cast a hyperechoic "air curtain" over the recess, obscuring the outline of the lateral diaphragm. The "air curtain" will also ...
Article
Cauldwell Classification
Cauldwell classification is a commonly used classification in assessing bronchial artery branching pattern.
Classification
The bronchial artery branching pattern is classified into four types based on the number of intercostobronchial trunks (ICBT) - that gives rise to right bronchial artery a...
Article
Chemical ablation
Introduction
Chemical ablation is a technique in which chemical ablative substances are used to cause cell death in neoplastic tissue. It is used as a standalone procedure or in combination with other techniques like TACE and radiofrequency ablation.
Agents
Absolute ethanol (most commonly use...
Article
Ossification of the interosseous membrane of the leg
Ossification of the interosseous membrane of the leg is considered a form of heterotopic ossification. It is typically seen as bridging ossification between the tibia and fibula.
Three types have been described.
type I: usually occurs after a syndesmosis ankle sprain
type II: usually from a t...
Article
Internal auditory canal exostosis
Internal auditory canal (IAC) exostoses are bony growths that can narrow the IAC lumen, sometimes causing neurological symptoms due to nerve compression.
Epidemiology
Unlike their counterpart in the external auditory canal, IAC exostoses are uncommon and can be difficult to detect 1.
Clinical...
Article
Bone remodeling
Bone remodeling is the continuous lifelong coupled process of bone resorption and bone formation 1-4. It is the prerequisite for repairing bony microdamage during daily physical activities, the adaption of bone architecture to meet different mechanical demands and the prevention of aging effects...
Article
Pediatric clavicle (AP cephalic view)
The cephalad angulation clavicle view for pediatrics is part of a two view series examining the entirety of the clavicle and the sternoclavicular and acromioclavicular joints. This view is ideally performed erect, but supine may be necessary depending on the patient's level of distress and sever...
Article
Parasellar dark T2 signal sign
The parasellar dark T2 signal sign is a MRI feature where there is parasellar low T2 signal. Some authors describe it as a specific finding in differentiating lymphocytic hypophysitis from a pituitary adenoma.
Article
Retroaortic anomalous coronary sign (echocardiography)
The retroaortic anomalous coronary (RAC) sign describes the sonographic appearance of an anomalous left coronary artery traveling posteriorly to the aortic root. It is most commonly observed with anomalous origin of the left circumflex artery from the right sinus of Valsalva, but is also describ...
Article
Contrast agent pooling sign
The contrast agent pooling sign is a CT sign characterized by dense intravenous contrast agent pooling in veins, and may signal imminent cardiac arrest.
Radiographic features
The contrast agent pooling sign is characterized by dense intravenous iodinated contrast media pooling and layering in ...
Article
Clade
A clade is a taxonomic term which is used to describe organisms which form a distinct group with shared characteristics that distinguish them from other groups of organisms. For example, organisms making up genetic variants within a particular species.
See also
monkeypox
Article
Monkeypox
Monkeypox is a rare zoonosis caused by an orthopoxvirus and in general, produces a mild flu-like illness and rash in humans. Virologically and clinically the condition is similar to smallpox, the first viral disease to be eradicated by humans. In 2022, a new outbreak of monkeypox was identified ...
Article
Secundum atrial septal defect
A secundum atrial septal defect (ASD) is the most common congenital abnormality of the interatrial septum. It describes a defect in the center of the interatrial septum in the region of the fossa ovalis and is most commonly due to a discontinuity in the portion of the septum derived from the emb...
Article
Cervical cerclage
Cervical cerclage is a treatment that is undertaken during pregnancy to reduce the chances of preterm labor. It involves the placement of a suture around the neck of the cervix. It aims to reduce the risk of preterm birth and provides mechanical support to keep the cervix closed 1,2.
Cervical c...
Article
Wilbrand knee (optic radiation)
The Wilbrand knee refers to a small anterior loop of axons from the medial retina passing a short distance into the contralateral prechiasmatic optic nerve after decussating in the optic chiasm. It is said to account for the occurrence of the junctional scotoma caused by lesions at the junction ...
Article
Right gastric vein
The right gastric vein, also known as pyloric vein, forms part of the venous drainage network of the stomach and proximal duodenum. It is a tributary of the portal vein.
Gross anatomy
Location
The right gastric vein courses parallel to the right gastric artery adjacent to the lesser curvature...
Article
Symphyseal fundal height
Symphyseal fundal height (SFH) is commonly used measurement practiced primarily used to detect fetal intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR).
For fetuses after 24 weeks' gestation, it is measured using a tape as the distance
from
- the pubic symphysis (by identifying the upper border of the sy...
Article
Speed test (shoulder)
The Speed test is used to clinically assess for biceps tendon pathology.
Procedure
In this test, the examiner places the patient's arm in shoulder flexion, external rotation, full elbow extension, and forearm supination. Manual resistance is then applied by the examiner in a downward direction...
Article
Aortic valve prolapse
Aortic valve prolapse refers to the improper closure of aortic valve leaflets. Aortic valve prolapse can result in aortic regurgitation, aortic root dilatation, and eccentric remodeling of the left ventricle.
Pathology
Etiology
pulmonary atresia
rheumatic aortic valve disease
bicuspid ao...
Article
Gain of function
Gain of function represents the set of laboratory techniques thanks to which it is possible to genetically modify a pathogen (for example a virus) in order to provide it with new capabilities.The field of application of the gain-of-function, in fact, is virology, in order to improve the understa...
Article
Cyanosis
Cyanosis (plural: cyanoses) is a physical sign represented by bluish discolouration of the skin. It indicates there is reduced oxygen bound to red blood cells in the bloodstream. Diagnosis of the underlying cause of cyanosis is based on a thorough history and physical examination.
Pathology
Et...
Article
Holstein-Lewis fracture
Holstein-Lewis fractures represent a special type of humeral shaft fracture. It is a simple spiral fracture of the distal humerus with a radial displacement of the distal fragment 1,3,4. These fractures are reported to have a higher rate of radial nerve palsy when compared to other humeral shaft...
Article
Pulmonary mycobacterium parascrofulaceum infection
Pulmonary mycobacterium parascrofulaceum infection results from infection by the species Mycobacterium parascrofulaceum, which is a relatively new species of non-tuberculous mycobacterium (NTM) belonging to group 2. Infection by this species is rare and infrequently reported and the lung is cons...
Article
Optic disc edema
Optic disc edema refers to unilateral or bilateral swelling of the optic disc.
Terminology
Optic disc edema describes the swelling of nerve fiber layer at the optic nerve head, and it is the consequence of many different pathological processes. Optic disc edema is sometimes mistaken for papi...
Article
Obsolete imaging techniques
It is almost axiomatic that as time passes, the imaging techniques by which patients are evaluated, eventually become obsolete, due to continued scientific and technological innovations.
Although the reality of new-fangled technology coming along and supplanting established methodology is of c...
Article
Renal large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma
Renal large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas are an extremely rare renal tumor, with only six cases reported in the literature (c. 2022) 1.
Epidemiology
Renal large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma represents <1% of the total reported cases of primary renal cancers. The most affected population i...
Article
Aortic root to right ventricle fistula
An aortic root to right ventricle fistula refers to abnormal fistulous communication between the aortic root and the right ventricle. It results from a defect of the aortic wall usually in the area above the right coronary cusp, where it separates aorta and right ventricular outflow tract. It ca...
Article
Metanephric adenofibroma
Metanephric adenofibroma, originally referred to as 'nephrogenic adenofibroma', is a rare, biphasic, and benign metanephric tumor.
Epidemiology
Metanephric adenofibroma typically occurs in children and young adults with a mean age of 13 years 1,3.
Clinical presentation
Patients present with...
Article
Asbestos related diffuse pleural thickening
Asbestos related diffuse pleural thickening is a form of asbestos-related benign pleural disease and may occur with or without asbestos related fibrosis.
Pathology
They may co-exist with pleural plaques but if thought to occur from a different pathology.
Generation of reactive oxygen and nit...
Article
Complications of radiation therapy
Radiation therapy has the potential to cause complications in many organ systems, many of which, especially in the thorax, are important for radiologists to be aware of.
acute radiation syndrome
complications of cranial radiation therapy
radiation-induced cerebral vasculopathy
radiation-ind...
Article
Paracingulate sulcus
The paracingulate sulcus is a secondary sulcus running anteroposteriorly in the medial surface of the frontal lobe above and parallel to the cingulate sulcus 1. It is only found in the great apes and only identified in 70-89% of humans 1.
Article
Salivary duct carcinoma
Salivary duct carcinomas are a subtype of primary salivary gland tumor. Salivary duct carcinomas show high rates of metastasis and recurrence.
Epidemiology
Salivary duct carcinomas represent 5-10% of salivary gland malignancies and can arise de novo or out of a pleomorphic adenoma 1,2. They t...
Article
Canadian Association of Radiologists
The Canadian Association of Radiologists (CAR) is the national society for radiologists in Canada. Its current president is Gilles Soulez. It publishes the Canadian Association of Radiologists Journal.
History
The Canadian Association of Radiologists was founded in 1937 by Canadian radiologist...
Article
Gastrointestinal stents
Gastrointestinal (GI) stents are increasingly used to treat obstruction of the GI tract, most commonly due to malignancy.
Types of stent
esophageal stent
gastric stent
duodenal stent
enteric stent
colorectal stent
History and etymology
Somewhat surprisingly the word 'stent' is actually a...
Article
Glasgow-Blatchford score
The Glasgow-Blatchford score (GBS) is a widely-used and well-validated scoring system for upper GI bleeding and the need for intervention.
Score
The scoring system relies upon knowing the patient's urea, hemoglobin, systolic blood pressure, and several other criteria. Each criterion is scored,...
Article
Pediatric clavicle (AP view)
The anteroposterior clavicle view for pediatrics is part of a two view series examining the entirety of the clavicle and the sternoclavicular and acromioclavicular joints. This view is ideally performed erect, but supine may be necessary depending on the patient's level of distress and severity ...
Article
Colorectal cancer (TNM staging 7th edition)
The 7th edition of the TNM classification of colorectal carcinomas was proposed in 2010, and has now been updated and replaced by the 8th edition, published in 2016.
Primary tumor staging (T)
Tx: primary tumor cannot be assessed
T0: no evidence of primary tumor
Tis: carcinoma in situ
T1: in...
Article
Feeding artery sign (endometrial polyp)
Feeding artery sign (a.k.a. pedicle artery sign) refers to the presence of a single feeding artery to endometrial lesion using color/power Doppler on ultrasonography. It is often seen in endometrial polyps 1. The feeding vessel indicates the stalk attachment of the polyp to the uterus.
Endometr...
Article
Impacted teeth
Impacted teeth are common with the third molars most common. Other impacted teeth (e.g. maxillary canines, maxillary second molar, mandibular second premolar, and mandibular second molar) are less common 1,2.
Radiographics features
CBCT
Cone beam CT (CBCT) allows for 1,3:
impacted tooth loc...
Article
Tetanus
Tetanus is a rare vaccine-preventable disease caused by Clostridium tetani, a ubiquitous soil bacterium which contaminates open wounds. It secretes a powerful neurotoxin which degrades neuromuscular junction function, producing muscle spasms and, despite intensive intervention, is often fatal.
...
Article
Notch sign (primary CNS lymphoma)
The notch sign refers to abnormally deep depression at the tumor margin in contrast-enhanced MRI in primary CNS lymphoma 1. It is not an uncommon sign in primary CNS lymphoma and can be seen in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients. It suggests an irregular growth pattern as well a...
Article
Metanephric stromal tumor
Metanephric stromal tumor (MST) is a very rare, benign renal neoplasm that predominantly affect children.
Epidemiology
Metanephric stromal tumor is characterized by pure stromal morphology, hyper-differentiation, and no metastasis. The median age of diagnosis was 2 years. Less than fifty cas...
Article
Pseudoendoleak
Pseudoendoleak is a recently described color Doppler ultrasound phenomenon caused by spurious color signal in the aneurysm sac following endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR).
Radiographic features
Pseudoendoleak is defined as flow signal on color Doppler in the aneurysm sac following EVAR. The...
Article
Tronzo classification of trochanteric fractures
The Tronzo classification of trochanteric fractures is a classification system used when assessing intertrochanteric fractures.
The Tronzo classification is proposed to provide a guide to the management of these fractures.
Due to its simplicity, the Tronzo classification has become the preferr...
Article
Vinyl chloride toxicity
Vinyl chloride toxicity (and polyvinyl chloride) may rarely result from occupational exposure, most notably manifesting as chronic liver disease and rare hepatic malignancies. However due to strict regulation of the industrial manufacturing and processing of vinyl chloride since the 1970s, signi...
Article
Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction
Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is a type of heart failure due to left ventricular dysfunction (left heart failure) classified by a left ventricular ejection fraction of 40% or less. Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction occurs when the left ventricle is unable to con...
Article
Effman Classification of urethral duplication
The Effman classification is a widely adopted system to classify the several distinct types of urethral duplication. It's considered to be the most complete classification from a clinical and functional point of view, but it's only based on male forms and does not distinguish sagittal from coron...
Article
Desmoplastic small round cell tumor of the pleura
Desmoplastic small round cell tumor (DSRCT) of the pleura is a rare primary pleural malignancy comprising of mesenchymal cells.
Epidemiology
Tend to occur in younger patients (mean ~ 25.5 years) and with a slightly greater male predilection.
Treatment and prognosis
DSRCT tend to be aggressi...
Article
Herbert classification of scaphoid fractures
The Herbert classification of scaphoid fractures, also known as the Herbert and Fisher classification, is one of the most frequently used classification systems when assessing scaphoid fractures.
The Herbert classification is proposed to provide a guide to the management of these fractures.
Cl...
Article
Ventricular tachycardia
Ventricular tachycardia is a type of ventricular arrhythmia with at least three consecutive ventricular beats occurring at greater than 100 beats per minute. If left untreated, ventricular tachycardia can lead to ventricular fibrillation and cardiac arrest.
Epidemiology
Ventricular tachycardi...
Article
Branch retinal artery occlusion
Branch retinal artery occlusion (BRAO) refers to the acute obstruction of an arteriolar branch of the central retinal artery, which can lead to retinal ischemia and transient or permanent visual loss. The distribution affecting a branch distinguishes this disease from central retinal artery occl...
Article
Ground glass (disambiguation)
The term ground glass may be used to refer to:
ground glass opacity (lungs)
ground glass matrix of fibrous dysplasia
Article
Matrix (bone)
The matrix (plural: matrices) of the bone is used in a general pathological context to refer to the extracellular material in which the cellular components of the bone lie. Indeed the term extracellular matrix, often shortened to matrix, is used for the secreted extracellular components of any t...
Article
Traction esophageal diverticulum
A traction esophageal diverticulum is a true esophageal diverticulum (i.e. includes all layers of the esophageal wall) which occurs secondary to pulling forces (traction) on the esophageal wall.
Causes
pulmonary or mediastinal scarring, fibrosis
inflammatory processes in the mediastinum (for ...
Article
Trigeminal radiofrequency ablation
Trigeminal radiofrequency ablation, also known as trigeminal radiofrequency rhizotomy, is a percutaneous interventional procedure used to treat trigeminal neuralgia. It is the most popular technique for trigeminal ablation.
Indications
trigeminal neuralgia resistant to traditional medical trea...
Article
Mickey Mouse sign (anencephaly)
The Mickey Mouse sign in obstetric ultrasound denotes the characteristic "floating appearance" of the fetal cerebral lobes due to the absence of the cranium due to anencephaly.
Radiographic features
The sign is best seen in the coronal plane (in relation to the fetal head), where the cerebral...
Article
Frog eye sign
The frog eye sign is seen when the orbital structures show a characteristic protrusion due to fetal anencephaly. The term is particularly used in point of care ultrasound (POCUS) 1.
Radiographic features
On obstetric ultrasound the frog eye sign is best appreciated in the coronal plane (in re...
Article
Non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy
Non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) is a form of ischemic optic neuropathy.
Epidemiology
It is considered the most common acute optic neuropathy in patients over 50 years of age (especially in those with vasculopathy risk factors (e.g. diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and ...
Article
Bone Reporting and Data System (Bone-RADS)
The Bone Reporting and Data System (Bone-RADS) is an algorithm developed and proposed by the Practice Guidelines and Technical Standards Committee of the Society of Skeletal Radiology for the diagnostic workup of incidentally encountered solitary bone lesions in adults on MRI and/or CT 1.
Class...
Article
Subperiosteal hematoma
A subperiosteal hematoma occurs between the periosteum and the cortex of a bone and is therefore geographically limited to the affected bone.
Clinical presentation
Clinical presentation varies with location. Subperiosteal hematomas have been described in the calvarium, iliac bone, humerus, fem...