Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and edited by countless contributing members over a period of time. A global group of dedicated editors oversee accuracy, consulting with expert advisers, and constantly reviewing additions.
15,957 results found
Article
Retained products of conception
Retained products of conception (RPOC) refer to the persistence of placental and/or fetal tissue in the uterus following delivery, termination of pregnancy or a miscarriage.
Epidemiology
RPOC complicate ~1-5% of all routine vaginal deliveries 12.
According to one prospective study, RPOC was ...
Article
Perthes disease
Perthes disease, also known as Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease, refers to idiopathic osteonecrosis of the femoral epiphysis seen in children. It should not be confused with Perthes lesion of the shoulder.
It is a diagnosis of exclusion and other causes of osteonecrosis (including sickle cell disease...
Article
Breast imaging-reporting and data system (BI-RADS)
BI-RADS (Breast Imaging-Reporting and Data System) is a risk assessment and quality assurance tool developed by American College of Radiology that provides a widely accepted lexicon and reporting schema for imaging of the breast. It applies to mammography, ultrasound, and MRI. This article refle...
Article
Renal cell carcinoma
Renal cell carcinomas (RCC) (historically also known as hypernephroma or Grawitz tumor) are primary malignant adenocarcinomas derived from the renal tubular epithelium and are the most common malignant renal tumor. They usually occur in 50-70-year old patients and macroscopic hematuria occurs in...
Article
Bosniak classification of cystic renal masses (version 2019)
The Bosniak classification of cystic renal masses (version 2019), or usually simply Bosniak classification, version 2019, is a proposed update of the classic/current Bosniak criteria. The update hopes to improve on the classification's predictive power for malignancy and minimize the number of b...
Article
Unicornuate uterus
A unicornuate uterus or unicornis unicollis is a type of Müllerian duct anomaly (class II) characterized by a banana-shaped uterus usually draining into a single Fallopian tube.
Epidemiology
This type can account for ~10% (range 6-13%) of uterine anomalies and infertility is seen in ~12.5% (ra...
Article
Ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma
Ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma is the malignant form of ovarian serous tumor, the most common type of ovarian epithelial tumor. It is the most common type of ovarian malignancy.
Increasingly, high-grade serous carcinoma and low-grade serous carcinoma are recognized as distinct tumor types ra...
Article
Mature cystic ovarian teratoma
Ovarian dermoid cyst and mature cystic ovarian teratoma are terms often used interchangeably to refer to the most common ovarian neoplasm. These slow-growing tumors contain elements from multiple germ cell layers and can be assessed with ultrasound or MRI.
Terminology
Although they have very ...
Article
Prepatellar bursitis
Prepatellar bursitis is inflammation and fluid collection within the prepatellar bursa, located between the patella and the overlying subcutaneous tissue. It has been historically referred to as "housemaid's knee".
Clinical presentation
Main symptoms are anterior knee pain and swelling.
Patho...
Article
Chronic ankle instability
Chronic ankle instability refers to an unstable ankle joint due to repetitive occasions of ankle instability with concomitant symptoms persisting for longer than one year after an initial ankle injury.
Epidemiology
Ankle injuries are common and not only in the context of sports injuries 1-4. T...
Article
Bennett fracture
A Bennett fracture is a fracture of the base of the thumb resulting from forced abduction of the first metacarpal. It is defined as an intra-articular two-part fracture of the base of the first metacarpal bone.
Radiographic features
Plain radiograph
two piece fracture of the base of the thumb...
Article
Oppenheimer ossicle
Oppenheimer ossicles are accessory ossicles associated with the facet joints found in ~4% (range 1-7%) of lumbar spines 1.
Oppenheimer ossicles are thought to arise as a result of non-union of a secondary ossification center of the articular process. They predominantly occur as a single, unila...
Article
CT predictors of intracerebral hemorrhage expansion
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a type of cerebrovascular stroke that represents an unfortunate consequence of cerebral small vessel disease and is associated with high early mortality. Certain CT markers can be used to predict intracerebral hemorrhage expansion which can help identify patient...
Article
Globe rupture
Globe rupture is an ophthalmologic emergency. A ruptured globe or an open-globe injury must be assessed in any patient who has suffered orbital trauma because open-globe injuries are a major cause of blindness.
In blunt trauma, ruptures are most common at the insertions of the intraocular muscl...
Article
Chudley-McCullough syndrome
Chudley-McCullough syndrome is an extremely rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by early-onset sensorineural hearing loss and a distinctive combination of structural brain abnormalities, with relative preservation of psychomotor development.
Epidemiology
Chudley-McCullough syndrome...
Article
Photon starvation
Photon starvation is one source of streak artifact which may occur in CT. It is seen in high attenuation areas, particularly behind metal implants. Because of high attenuation, insufficient photons reach the detector. During the reconstruction process, the noise is greatly magnified in these are...
Article
Cerebral microhemorrhage
Cerebral microhemorrhages, or cerebral microbleeds, are small focal intracerebral hemorrhages, often only visible on susceptibility-sensitive MRI sequences.
Pathology
Common etiologies
cavernous malformations 1,8
especially Zabramski classification type IV malformations
causes include multi...
Article
Abdominal pain in pregnancy protocol (MRI)
The abdominal pain in pregnancy MRI protocol encompasses a set of MRI sequences for assessment of causes of non-traumatic abdominal pain in pregnancy.
Note: This article aims to frame a general concept of an MRI protocol for the assessment of the abdomen in pregnancy. Protocol specifics will va...
Article
Migration of intrauterine contraceptive device
Migration / displacement of an intrauterine contraceptive device is one of the complications that can occur with an intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD). It can represent either an intra-uterine or extra-uterine migration.
Most intrauterine contraceptive devices are normally positioned in t...
Article
Intracranial dermoid cyst
Intracranial dermoid cysts are uncommon lesions with characteristic imaging appearances. Dermoid cysts can be thought of as along the spectrum: from epidermoid cysts at one end (containing only desquamated squamous epithelium) and teratomas at the other (containing essentially any kind of tissue...
Article
Intracranial lipoma
Intracranial lipomas are not tumors as such, but rather a result of abnormal differentiation of embryologic meninx primitiva. They are frequently associated with abnormal development of adjacent structures.
Terminology
The term intracranial lipoma is used somewhat loosely. The broadest usage w...
Article
Crystalline lens
The crystalline lens (or simply, the lens, plural: lenses) is in the ocular globe between the posterior chamber and the vitreous body. It is transparent and biconvex in morphology, and aids the focusing of light onto the retina.
Gross anatomy
Location
The lens lies in the globe at the poster...
Article
Neurogenic bladder
Neurogenic bladder is a term applied to a dysfunctional urinary bladder that results from any lack of coordination between the central nervous system and the somatic nervous system, 5 including injuries to the central or peripheral nerves that control and regulate urination. Injury to the brain,...
Article
Colo cutaneous fistula
A colo-cutaneous fistula is a form of gut fistula where there is a fistulous communication between the colon and the skin.
Pathology
It can occur from varied etiology inclusive of
trauma
surgery
stoma associated
inflammatory bowel disease - Crohn disease
diverticulitis 2,6
appendiciti...
Article
Optic nerve sheath diameter
Optic nerve sheath diameter has significance in the assessment of papilledema in cases of elevated intracranial pressure.
Pathology
The optic nerve sheath demonstrates changes in diameter with CSF pressure changes as there is a layer of subarachnoid space between the nerve and its sheath, whic...
Article
Saint's triad
Saint's triad is the concurrence of hiatus hernia, cholelithiasis and colonic diverticulosis. It was named after the British-South African general surgeon, Charles Frederick Morris Saint (1886–1973) 2. Although it was first published in 1948 by C J B Muller, later Head of the Department of Radio...
Article
Hickam's dictum
Hickam's dictum is usually stated as "patients can have as many diseases as they damn (or darn) well please". This aphorism has been attributed to John Hickam (1914-1970) an American physician, who was Chair of the Department of Medicine at the University of Indiana 1.
The importance of this d...
Article
Occam's razor
Occam's razor (also known as lex parsimoniae), an often cited principle of parsimony, economy, or succinctness used in problem-solving. It has also been expressed as the KISS principle or "Keep it simple stupid!".
It states that among competing hypotheses, the one with the fewest assumptions sh...
Article
Florid
Florid is a descriptive term often used in imaging reports to describe a process/appearance which is severe in degree, often following a subjective assessment.
History and etymology
The term florid derives from the Latin term "floridus" meaning flowery, itself from "flos", a flower 2. From me...
Article
Rasmussen encephalitis
Rasmussen encephalitis, also known as chronic focal encephalitis, is a chronic inflammatory disease of unknown origin, usually affecting one brain hemisphere.
It is not to be confused with a Rasmussen aneurysm.
Epidemiology
Most cases (85% cases) occur in children under the age of 10 years 1....
Article
Oral tori
Oral tori (singular torus) are benign bony outgrowths from the maxilla and mandible:
maxillary tori a.k.a. torus palatinus
mandibular tori a.k.a. torus mandibularis
Oral tori are subcategorised according to their shape 1:
flat
spindle
nodular
lobular
Although not usually called tori, fur...
Article
Implantable loop recorder
Implantable loop recorders, also known as insertable cardiac monitors, are small insertable devices that continuously monitor and record cardiac rhythms. They are placed subcutaneously and used for the evaluation of patients with recurrent unexplained episodes of palpitations or syncope.
Patien...
Article
Prostatomegaly
Prostatomegaly is a term used to generally describe enlargement of the prostate gland from whatever cause. Usually, the prostate is considered enlarged on imaging when its volume measures beyond 30 cc (mL).
Terminology
The term prostatomegaly is often used interchangeably with benign prostati...
Article
Enlarged hilar periportal space sign
The enlarged hilar periportal space sign refers to the widening of the periportal space seen on MRI in early liver cirrhosis.
Usage
Enlarged hilar periportal space sign is one of the early signs of cirrhosis and may be used to detect fibrotic changes in the liver in patients who do not yet hav...
Article
Leadless cardiac pacemaker
Leadless cardiac pacemakers are a recently introduced type of cardiac conduction device. These pacemakers are self-contained right ventricular single-chamber pacemakers that are implanted percutaneously via a femoral approach 1-3. There are currently two leadless cardiac pacemakers on the market...
Article
PSA density
The PSA density (PSAD), is a calculation performed at diagnosis and is the serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) level (ng/mL) divided by the volume of the prostate gland (mL), resulting in a value with the units, ng/mL2 1. Prostate volume is calculated from TRUS measurements 2,3.
Alternativel...
Article
Medical abbreviations and acronyms (P)
This article contains a list of commonly used medical abbreviations and acronyms that start with the letter P and may be encountered in medicine and radiology (please keep the main list and any sublists in alphabetic order).
A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L -M - N - O - P - Q - R -...
Article
Enchondroma
Enchondromas, also known as chondromas 7, are relatively common intramedullary cartilage neoplasms with benign imaging features. They share histologic features with low-grade chondrosarcoma, and are sometimes classified under the umbrella term low-grade chondral series tumors.
Enchondromas acco...
Article
Reynolds pentad
Reynolds pentad is a combination of clinical signs found in acute cholangitis. It consists of Charcot triad 2-4:
fever and/or chills
RUQ pain
jaundice
as well as:
delirium or lethargy, and
shock
Usefulness
Sensitivity of Reynolds pentad from a large systematic review of nine studies was ...
Article
Benign lymphoepithelial lesions
Benign lymphoepithelial lesions (BLL or BLEL), also misleadingly known as AIDS-related parotid cysts (ARPC), are mixed solid and cystic lesions that enlarge the parotid glands, and are usually associated with cervical lymph node enlargement, and nasopharyngeal lymphofollicular hyperplasia.
Term...
Article
Primary ovarian lymphoma
Primary ovarian lymphoma (POL) refers to the involvement of the ovary with lymphoma but without the involvement of any other site. It is an extremely rare yet well-recognized condition.
Epidemiology
Primary ovarian lymphoma accounts for ~1.5% of ovarian tumors 5.
Pathology
The rarity of this...
Article
Charcot triad
Charcot triad is the finding of pyrexia, right upper quadrant pain and jaundice, and is a traditional clinical sign of acute cholangitis.
A meta-analysis of 4288 patients in 16 studies found that the sensitivity of Charcot triad for acute cholangitis was poor (36.3%) with a much better specific...
Article
Acute cholangitis
Acute cholangitis, or ascending cholangitis, is a form of cholangitis and refers to the acute bacterial infection of the biliary tree. It is a condition with high mortality that necessitates emergent biliary decompression.
Clinical presentation
The classical presentation is the Charcot triad ...
Article
Medical abbreviations and acronyms (B)
This article contains a list of commonly used medical abbreviations and acronyms that start with the letter B and may be encountered in medicine and radiology (please keep both the main list and any sublists in alphabetic order).
A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L -M - N - O - P - Q ...
Article
Cerebral vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage
Cerebral vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage is a major complication of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). It is overtaking rebleed as the major cause of mortality and morbidity in the subgroup of patients with SAH who reach the hospital and receive medical care. It usually occurs after a fe...
Article
Case publishing guidelines
Case publishing guidelines are here to help get an idea of the minimum set of expectations that we, as an editorial board, think are acceptable when uploading a case.
A great way to get to grips with the process of uploading cases is to check out our Creating Cases Learning Pathway.
As Radio...
Article
Hounsfield unit
Hounsfield units (HU) are a dimensionless unit universally used in computed tomography (CT) scanning to express CT numbers in a standardized and convenient form. Hounsfield units are obtained from a linear transformation of the measured attenuation coefficients 1. This transformation (figure 1) ...
Article
Biliary cystadenoma
Biliary cystadenomas are uncommon benign cystic neoplasms of the liver.
Epidemiology
Biliary cystadenomas occur predominantly in middle-aged patients and are more common in women 1.
Clinical presentation
The clinical presentation of biliary cystadenomas is variable, depending on the size and...
Article
Cystic parotid lesions
The differential for cystic parotid lesions includes:
bilateral cystic parotid lesions
Warthin tumor
benign lymphoepithelial lesions of HIV
Sjögren syndrome
sialoceles
unilateral cystic parotid lesion(s)
Warthin tumor
sialocele
first branchial cleft cyst
parotid lymphangioma
parotid m...
Article
Endometrioma
Endometriomas, also known as chocolate cysts or endometriotic cysts, are a localized form of endometriosis and are usually within the ovary. They are readily diagnosed on ultrasound, with most demonstrating classical radiographic features.
Epidemiology
These occur in up to 10% of women of rep...
Article
Scaphoid fat pad sign
The scaphoid fat pad or stripe sign is defined as obliteration or lateral displacement of the normal scaphoid fat pad. A positive sign usually indicates a scaphoid fracture, although it may also be associated with a radial styloid or proximal first metacarpal fracture. Is it best visualized on p...
Article
Interstitial lung disease
Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is an umbrella term that encompasses a large number of disorders that are characterized by diffuse cellular infiltrates in a periacinar location. The spectrum of conditions included is broad, ranging from occasional self-limited inflammatory processes to severe de...
Article
Tuberculous spondylitis versus pyogenic spondylitis
Tuberculous spondylitis and pyogenic spondylitis are both common causes of spinal infection. Imaging findings of these two diseases can be challenging to distinguish, yet crucial because the treatments for these infections are particularly different 2.
Radiographic features
Useful distinguishi...
Article
Colonic diverticulitis
Colonic diverticulitis (plural: diverticulitides), is a complication of colonic diverticulosis, and one of the presentations of diverticular disease. Differentiating one from the other is critical since uncomplicated diverticulosis is mostly asymptomatic and acute diverticulitis is a potentially...
Article
Temporomandibular joint dysfunction
Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) dysfunction is characterized by an abnormal relationship between the disc and the adjacent articular surfaces (condyle below with mandibular fossa and articular eminence above).
Epidemiology
TMJ dysfunction is far more common in women (F:M 8:1).
Clinical present...
Article
Pulmonary artery sarcoma
Pulmonary artery sarcomas are extremely rare tumors that originate from the intimal mesenchymal cells of the pulmonary artery. It is frequently misdiagnosed as pulmonary thromboembolism.
Epidemiology
Primary malignant tumors of the pulmonary arteries are very rare with an incidence of 0.001–...
Article
Gynecomastia
Gynecomastia refers to a benign excess of the male breast tissue, that is usually reversible. It is not a risk factor per se for developing male breast cancer.
Epidemiology
While it can occur at any age, it tends to have greater prevalence in two groups: adolescent boys and older men (some pub...
Article
Maxillary torus
Maxillary tori, cf. mandibular tori, are common benign outgrowths of bone from the maxilla which may project both inwards (in which case they arise from the midline of the hard palate, known as torus palatinus, or inner surface of the alveolar bone) or outwards (from the alveolar bone). They are...
Article
Mandibular torus
Mandibular tori (cf. maxillary tori) are common benign outgrowths of bone from the inner surface of the mandible and are usually bilateral.
Clinical presentation
They are usually asymptomatic but may cause issues with eating and drinking.
Pathology
They are composed of compact bone, densely ...
Article
Torus fracture
Torus fractures, also known as buckle fractures, are incomplete fractures of the shaft of a long bone that is characterized by bulging of the cortex. They result from trabecular compression due to an axial loading force along the long axis of the bone. They are usually seen in children, frequent...
Article
Olecranon spur
Olecranon spurs are extra-articular enthesophytes at the posterior portion of the proximal olecranon within the superficial aspect of the central triceps tendon insertion.
Epidemiology
Olecranon spurs are commonly seen in patients with conditions such as triceps tendinopathy, olecranon bursiti...
Article
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a low-grade destructive metastasizing PEComatous tumor 1 resulting from the proliferation of LAM cells in the lung, kidney and axial lymphatics. The disease is caused by mutations of the TSC2 or TSC1 genes and is more commonly sporadic rather than inherited. Cys...
Article
Dorsal defect of the patella
Dorsal defects of the patella are benign subchondral lesions of unknown etiology and a normal developmental anomaly of the patella, which can be mistaken for a pathological process such as a focus of infection or osteochondritis dissecans.
Epidemiology
Dorsal defect of patella occurs in males ...
Article
Chiari II malformation
Chiari II malformations are relatively common congenital malformations of the spine and posterior fossa characterized by myelomeningocele (lumbosacral spina bifida aperta) and a small posterior fossa with descent of the brainstem, cerebellar tonsils, and vermis through the foramen magnum. Numero...
Article
Enthesophyte
Enthesophytes (less commonly, enthesiophytes) are bony proliferations (spurs) that develop at an enthesis, that is at the attachment of a ligament, tendon or articular capsule onto bone. They are oriented along the direction of pull and develop in response to repetitive mechanical stress or a mo...
Article
Liposuction
Liposuction is a cosmetic procedure to reduce the volume of adipose tissue in the neck, arms, legs and/or abdomen. Areolar fat, a deeper layer of adipose tissue, is the main target and shows a good response to vacuum-assisted liposuction.
There are three types of this procedure 1,2:
power-ass...
Article
Enthesis
An enthesis (plural: entheses), also known as a footprint, generally refers to the anatomic junction where connective tissue (e.g. ligament, tendon, joint capsule, bursa or a combination thereof) attach to bone.
Entheses are commonly classified into two types 1:
fibrous
fibrocartilage
Histol...
Article
Medical abbreviations and acronyms (N)
This article contains a list of commonly used medical abbreviations and acronyms that start with the letter N and may be encountered in medicine and radiology (please keep the main list and any sublists in alphabetic order).
A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L -M - N - O - P - Q - R -...
Article
Appendiceal mucocele
Appendiceal mucoceles occur when there is an abnormal accumulation of mucin causing abnormal distention of the vermiform appendix due to various neoplastic or non-neoplastic causes.
Epidemiology
The reported prevalence at appendectomy is 0.2-0.3%. They are thought to typically present in middl...
Article
Osteochondroma
Osteochondromas are a relatively common imaging finding, accounting for 10-15% of all bone tumors and ~35% of all benign bone tumors. Although usually thought of as a benign bone tumor, they may be thought of as a developmental anomaly. They are frequently asymptomatic and have very low malignan...
Article
Pancreatic lymphoma
Pancreatic lymphoma is most commonly a B-cell subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Epidemiology
Pancreatic lymphoma is typically seen in middle-aged patients with a mean age of around 55 years old and is more common in immunocompromised patients.
Clinical presentation
Symptoms are often non-speci...
Article
Renal lymphoma
Renal lymphoma is usually a part component of multi-systemic lymphoma. Primary renal lymphoma, which is defined as lymphoma involving the kidney exclusively without any manifestation of extra-renal lymphatic disease 3-5. Typical imaging findings are multiple bilateral hypodense or infiltrative r...
Article
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is a catch-all term for lymphomas that are not of the Hodgkin subtype. It is a heterogeneous group of malignancies in terms of histology, clinical presentation, and prognosis.
See 2008 WHO classification for further information on subtypes.
Article
Medical abbreviations and acronyms (M)
This article contains a list of commonly used medical abbreviations and acronyms that start with the letter M and may be encountered in medicine and radiology (please keep the main list and any sublists in alphabetic order).
A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R ...
Article
Rokitansky nodule
A Rokitansky nodule or dermoid plug refers to a solid protuberance projecting from an ovarian cyst in the context of mature cystic teratoma. It often contains calcific, dental, adipose, hair, and/or sebaceous components 1. This region has the highest propensity to undergo malignant transformatio...
Article
Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry
Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA or DXA) is a technique used to aid in the diagnosis of osteopenia and osteoporosis.
Radiographic features
Values are calculated for the lumbar vertebrae and femur preferentially, and if one of those sites is not suitable (e.g. artifact, patient mobility)...
Article
Ankylosing spondylitis
Ankylosing spondylitis (less commonly known as Bechterew disease or Marie Strümpell disease) is a seronegative spondyloarthropathy, which results in fusion (ankylosis) of the spine and sacroiliac (SI) joints, although involvement is also seen in large and small joints.
Epidemiology
Traditional...
Article
Intraocular lens implant
Intraocular lens implants (IOLs) are used to replace the extracted lens as part of the standard surgical treatment for cataracts. The presence of a lens implant is known as pseudophakia (literally, "artificial lens").
Structure
Knowledge of the structure of an intraocular lens implant is requi...
Article
Renal hydatid infection
Renal hydatid infection is a very rare manifestation of hydatid disease.
For a general discussion, and for links to other system specific manifestations, please refer to the article on hydatid disease.
Epidemiology
Renal hydatid infection is seen in less than 5% of patients with hydatid dise...
Article
Hydatid disease
Hydatid cysts result from infection by the Echinococcus tapeworm species and can result in cyst formation anywhere in the body.
Epidemiology
Cystic echinococcosis has a worldwide geographical distribution. The Mediterranean basin is an important endemic area 6,7.
Pathology
There are two main...
Article
Renal oncocytoma
Renal oncocytomas are relatively benign renal tumors. The main clinical importance of this lesion is the difficulty in pre-operatively distinguishing it from renal cell carcinomas, as epidemiology, presentation, imaging and even histology can be very similar.
Epidemiology
Renal oncocytomas ac...
Article
Endometrial polyp
Endometrial polyps are benign nodular protrusions of the endometrial surface, and one of the entities included in a differential of endometrial thickening. Endometrial polyps can either be sessile or pedunculated. They can often be suggested on ultrasound or MRI studies but may require sonohyste...
Article
Colorectal cancer
Colorectal cancer is the most common cancer of the gastrointestinal tract and the second most frequently diagnosed malignancy in adults. CT and MRI are the modalities most frequently used for staging. Surgical resection may be curative although five-year survival rate is 40-50%.
Epidemiology
...
Article
Adenocarcinoma of the seminal vesicle
Adenocarcinomas of the seminal vesicles are the most common malignant primary neoplasm of the seminal vesicles.
Epidemiology
Primary adenocarcinomas of the seminal vesicles are very rare 1,2 and can be observed at a wide age range 2.
Diagnosis
Diagnostic criteria
The following modified diag...
Article
Perilymphatic fistula
A perilymphatic fistula (also known as a labyrinthine fistula) is a pathologic communication between the fluid-filled space of the inner ear and the air-filled space of the middle ear, most commonly occurring at either the round or oval window.
Clinical presentation
Symptoms of perilymphatic ...
Article
Intrauterine contraceptive device
Intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUCD) (also known as intrauterine devices (IUD) and colloquially commonly as the coil) are one of the most frequently used methods of contraception throughout the world. It prevents pregnancy by:
thinning the endometrial lining
preventing sperm motility
pre...
Article
Black hole sign (intracerebral hemorrhage)
The black hole sign refers to the non-contrast CT appearance of acute extravasation of blood into a hematoma, for example, an intracerebral hemorrhage. It represents a well-defined hypodense region (black hole) within hyperdense hematoma and is not connected to the nearby brain parenchyma. The h...
Article
Boutonnière deformity
Boutonnière deformity is the eponymous name of a musculoskeletal manifestation of rheumatoid arthritis presenting in a digit, with the combination of:
flexion contracture of a proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint
extension of a distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint
Pathology
Boutonnière deformi...
Article
Swan neck deformity (fingers)
Swan neck deformity is a musculoskeletal manifestation of rheumatoid arthritis presenting in a digit of the hand, due to the combination of:
hyperextension of a proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint
flexion of a distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint
Pathology
The swan neck deformity, characteriz...
Article
Haemodialysis upper limb arteriovenous fistula
Haemodialysis upper limb arteriovenous fistula (AVF) creation is a procedure performed for haemodialysis access in those with end-stage renal failure. It connects an artery to a vein in the upper limb. This can either be a native connection or a connection using a PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) ...
Article
Bell palsy
Bell palsy, also known as idiopathic peripheral facial paralysis, is characterized by rapid onset facial nerve paralysis, often with resolution in 6-8 weeks, without an identifiable etiology. As there are numerous causes of facial nerve palsy, many acute in onset, it is currently a diagnosis of ...
Article
Passy Muir speaking valve
Passy Muir speaking valve is a common type of one-way speaking valve, allowing patients to speak post-tracheostomy tube placement. They are used in both adults and children 1. With the valve in situ, the patient is able to inhale air normally into the lungs but on exhalation, the valve closes an...
Article
Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome
Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES), also known as acute hypertensive encephalopathy or reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy, is a neurotoxic state that occurs secondary to the inability of the posterior circulation to autoregulate in response to acute changes in blood pressu...