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Lucent liver sign

The lucent liver sign is represented by a reduction of hepatic radiodensity on supine radiograph when there is a collection of free intraperitoneal gas located anterior to the liver.

Greater palatine foramen

The greater palatine foramen is the opening in the posterior hard palate of the greater palatine canal, which is formed between the articulation of maxillary bone and the greater palatine sulcus of palatine bone. The canal is also known as the pterygopalatine canal. A small accessory canal branc...

Sphenopalatine foramen

The sphenopalatine foramen connects the nasal cavity and the pterygopalatine fossa, transmitting the nasopalatine nerve, posterior superior nasal nerves, and sphenopalatine artery and vein. Gross anatomy It is formed at the junction of the sphenopalatine incisure (palatine bone) with the sphen...

Stylomastoid foramen

The stylomastoid foramen is a rounded opening at the inferior end of the facial canal. It is located on the inferior surface of the petrous temporal bone, between the base of the styloid process and the mastoid process of the temporal bone. It transmits the facial nerve and stylomastoid artery (...

Cribriform plate

The cribriform plate (less commonly also called the lamina cribrosa of the ethmoid bone) is a sieve-like structure between the anterior cranial fossa and the nasal cavity. It is a part of ethmoid bone and supports the olfactory bulb, which lies in the olfactory fossa. It is perforated by foramin...

Foramen spinosum

The foramen spinosum (plural: foramina spinosa) is located in the posteromedial part of greater wing of sphenoid bone posterolateral to foramen ovale which connects the middle cranial fossa with the infratemporal fossa. It transmits the middle meningeal artery, middle meningeal vein, and (usuall...

Foramen rotundum

The foramen rotundum (plural: foramina rotunda) is located in the middle cranial fossa, inferomedial to the superior orbital fissure at the base of greater wing of the sphenoid bone. Its medial border is formed by lateral wall of sphenoid sinus. It runs downwards and laterally in an oblique path...

Foramen ovale (skull)

Foramen ovale (plural: foramina ovalia) is an oval shaped opening in the middle cranial fossa located at the posterior base of the greater wing of the sphenoid bone, lateral to the lingula and foramen lacerum, medial to foramen spinosum. It transmits the mandibular division of the trigeminal ner...

Foramen lacerum

The foramen lacerum (plural: foramina lacera) is a triangular opening located in the middle cranial fossa formed by the continuation of the petrosphenoidal and petroclival fissures. Thus, it is a gap between bones, alternatively termed the sphenopetroclival synchondrosis, rather than a true for...

Foramen cecum (skull)

The foramen cecum of the anterior cranial fossa represents a primitive tract into the nasal space. It is located along the anterior cranial fossa, anterior to the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone and posterior to the frontal bone, within the frontoethmoidal suture. It lies at a variable dist...

Condylar canal

The condylar canal, or canalis condylaris, is a skull base canal in the posterior cranial fossa, located in the condylar fossa. It is the largest of the emissary foramina of the skull 1. Summary location: in the condylar fossa of the posterior cranial fossa, posterior to the occipital condyles...

Anterior ethmoidal foramen

The anterior ethmoid foramen is a small opening in the ethmoid bone. It is the anatomical border of the anterior and posterior ethmoid air cells. It transmits the anterior ethmoidal artery, vein and nerve. The anterior ethmoid foramen is situated 25 mm away from the lacrimal crest, 12 mm anteri...

Splenial artery

The splenial artery (or posterior pericallosal artery) arises most commonly from the parieto-occipital branch of the posterior cerebral artery. It represents an important potential collateral supply from the posterior to anterior cerebral arteries via the pericallosal artery. When a sizable dire...

Inferomedial superolateral oblique projection

Inferomedial superolateral oblique projection is useful for stereotactic biopsy positioning. This projection allows access to the inferior aspect of the breast to achieve shortest skin to abnormality distance. It is also useful in the nonconforming patient. Technique Rotate C arm to about 125°...

20° oblique projection

20° oblique projection is a troubleshooting projection used in mammography, especially in young women and in follow-up patients. Technique The C-arm is turned approximately 20° for a superomedial-inferolateral oblique. With the patient's feet pointing towards the unit and her torso turned slig...

Caudal cranial projection

Caudal cranial projection is an additional trouble shooting view. Technique invert the C arm as for a CC projection step the patient forward and have her bend excessively forward at the waist to ensure that the abdomen does not encroach in the x ray field place the image receptor abov...

Elevated craniocaudal projection

Elevated craniocaudal projection is an additional trouble shooting view. Technique direct beam superiorly to inferiroly face patient towards unit, feet forward lean patient inward, relaxing the shoulders bring inferior aspect of breast onto the image receptor pull breast outward...

Step-oblique mammography

Step-oblique mammography is an accurate technique for determining whether a mammographic finding visible on multiple images on only one projection (but not elucidated using standard additional mammographic projections) represents a summation artifact or a true mass and for precisely localizing t...

Triangulation

Triangulation is a technique for localizing lesions seen on at least two views on 2D mammography. Technique hang the CC, MLO, and 90° lateral films (in that order) on the view box the nipple on each film must be at the same level use a ruler and place one end over the lesion on the 90° later...

Anterior choroidal artery syndrome

Anterior choroidal artery syndrome is a rare entity characterized by the triad of: hemiplegia hemianaesthesia contralateral hemianopia This occurs as a result of cerebral infarction in the anterior choroidal artery territory. The syndrome may also be associated with neuropsychological disor...

Anterior choroidal artery

The anterior choroidal artery (AChA) supplies several crucial anatomical structures of the brain important for vision and motor control. Identification of AChA is important because of its strategic and extensive area of supply as well as large variations in the territorial distribution. Gross a...

Lateral view

The lateral view is an additional view obtained at virtually every diagnostic evaluation. A lateral view may be obtained as a mediolateral view (ML) or lateromedial view (LM) view depending on where the imaging tube and detector are located. Technique for an ML view, the tube emitting the x...

Callosomarginal artery

The callosomarginal artery, also known as median artery of corpus callosum, is the largest branch of the pericallosal artery. It courses within or posterior to the cingulate sulcus, in parallel orientation to the pericallosal artery. It divides to give two or more cortical branches to supply the...

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a non-malignant but often fatal disorder of immune dysregulation affecting multiple organs. It is also known as macrophage activation syndrome when occurring in the setting of a rheumatologic disorder. Epidemiology It typically affects infants and yo...

Magnetic resonance parkinsonism index

Magnetic resonance parkinsonism index (MRPI) can be used in MRI studies to distinguish patients with classic and brainstem variants of progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) from those with other movement disorders (e.g. Parkinson disease, clinically unclassifiable parkinsonism, Huntington disease...

Thalamostriate veins

Thalamostriate veins are formed by the joining of anterior caudate vein and the vein of stria terminalis. They join the septal veins and form internal cerebral veins. Related pathology The thalamostriate veins can be compressed in preterm neonates who have had germinal matrix hemorrhage. This ...

Septal cerebral veins

Septal cerebral veins originate at the lateral aspect of the anterior horns of the lateral ventricles then pass medially, inferior to the genu of the corpus callosum. They then turn backwards and traverse along the septum pellucidum and enter the internal cerebral vein behind the foramen of Monr...

Cerebral veins

The cerebral veins drain the brain parenchyma and are located in the subarachnoid space. They pierce the meninges and drain further into the cranial venous sinuses. The cerebral veins lack muscular tissue and valves. The cerebral venous system can be divided into: superficial (cortical) cerebr...

Wrist radiograph (an approach)

Wrist radiographs are ubiquitous on any night of the week in emergency departments, especially when pavements are icy! Systematic review Choosing a search strategy and utilizing it consistently is a helpful method to overcome common errors seen in diagnostic radiology. The order in which you ...

Hip joint

The hip joint is a synovial joint between the femoral head and the acetabulum of the pelvis. This article considers the hip joint specifically, however it is worth noting that the word hip is often used to refer more generally to the anatomical region around this joint. Summary articulation: b...

Left horizontal fissure

The left horizontal (or minor) fissure is an accessory fissure found in 1.6-8% of individuals 1,3. Gross anatomy The left horizontal fissure separates the lingula from the rest of the left upper lobe (anterior-apicoposterior segments). The segmental anatomy of the left lung is preserved, despi...

Cantlie line

Cantlie line is a vertical plane that divides the liver into left and right lobes creating the principal plane used for hepatectomy. It extends from the inferior vena cava posteriorly to the middle of the gallbladder fossa anteriorly. It contains the middle hepatic vein, which divides the liver...

Pseudocirrhosis

Pseudocirrhosis is a radiological term used to convey the imaging findings of cirrhosis, but emphasize that it occurs in the setting of hepatic metastases. It is most commonly reported following chemotherapeutic treatment of breast cancer metastases, although has also been reported before treatm...

Pediatric elbow radiograph (an approach)

Pediatric elbow radiographs are commonly encountered in the emergency department and, when approached in a systematic fashion, are not as difficult to interpret as most people think! Systematic review Ossification Check that the ossification centers are present and in the correct position. Th...

Dural sinus malformations

Dural sinus malformations (DSMs) are congenital vascular malformations characterized by massive dilatation of one or more dural venous sinuses. This condition is typically associated with arteriovenous shunts (DAVS). Subtypes There are two types of dural sinus malformations (DSM): DSMs involv...

Episternal ossicles

Episternal (or suprasternal) ossicles are accessory bones and a normal variant of the sternum. They result from supernumerary ossification centers and are seen in ~4% (range 1-7%) of the population. Gross anatomy Episternal ossicles are usually located posterior or superior to the superior bor...

Dural arteriovenous shunts

Dural arteriovenous shunts (DAVS) are rare congenital arteriovenous malformations (CAVMs). On the basis of clinical and anatomical features DAVS have three different types: dural sinus malformations (DSMs) infantile or juvenile DAVS (IDAVS) adult DAVS (ADAVS)

Cerebral arteriovenous fistula

Cerebral arteriovenous fistulae (CAVF) are cerebral vascular malformations or acquired conditions in which there is an abnormal direct communication between a venous and an arterial channel without the presence of a true nidus. dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF) caroticocavernous fistula (CCF...

Whipple disease (thoracic manifestations)

Thoraco-pulmonary manifestations of Whipple disease are uncommon and present in the late stages of the disease. Epidemiology Lung involvement is seen in 35-60% of patients with gastrointestinal whipple disease. Clinical presentation Majority of patients present with non-specific pulmonary an...

Whipple disease (neurological manifestations)

Neurological manifestations of Whipple disease are rare. Whipple disease may appear as a primary neurological disorder in rare cases. It is rarely found as a cause of progressive neurological deterioration in patients. It has been suggested that neurological involvement will eventually occur in...

Inflammatory cerebral amyloid angiopathy

Inflammatory cerebral amyloid angiopathy is an uncommon cerebral amyloid deposition disease, closely related to the far more common non-inflammatory cerebral amyloid angiopathy, and can present as areas of vasogenic edema. Terminology The term "inflammatory cerebral amyloid angiopathy" can be ...

Hitchhiker thumb deformity

Hitchhiker thumb deformity is a musculoskeletal manifestation of rheumatoid arthritis presenting in the thumb, with the combination of: flexion of the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint hyperextension of the interphalangeal (IP) joint Terminology Hitchhiker thumb deformity, also known as Z-thum...

Cerebrofacial arteriovenous metameric syndrome

Cerebrofacial arteriovenous metameric syndrome (CAMS) encompasses maxillofacial/intracranial vascular malformation complexes including Wyburn-Mason Syndrome and Sturge-Weber syndrome 1-4. Three types are described depending on location 2,6: CAMS I: medial prosencephalic group with involvement o...

Superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle

The superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle is one of the pharyngeal constrictor muscles. Its primary action is constriction of the pharynx (in coordination with the middle pharyngeal constrictor and the inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscles) to deliver a bolus of food into the esophagus. Summ...

Phenylketonuria

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an inborn error of metabolism resulting from abnormal metabolism of phenylalanine. If untreated, patients can develop central nervous system impairment. Epidemiology PKU is inherited as an autosomal recessive disorder with an incidence of 1 in 10,000. It is more commo...

Niemann-Pick disease type C

Niemann-Pick disease type c (NPD-C or just NPC) is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder classed under Niemann-Pick disease on account of clinical similarities, namely hepatosplenomegaly and variable involvement of the central nervous system. Epidemiology NPD-C is inherited as an ...

Niemann-Pick disease

Niemann-Pick disease (NPD) is actually a collection of a number of distinct autosomal recessive lysosomal storage diseases. They are divided into two groups of two based on the underlying metabolic deficiency: deficiency of acid sphingomyelinase 1,3,4 Niemann-Pick disease type A (NPD-A) sever...

Midbrain to pons ratio (PSP)

Midbrain to pons ratios as measured on midline sagittal images have been found useful in confirming midbrain atrophy in the setting of progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). Area ratio A measurement method was described by Oba et al. on the midsagittal MR image using free-hand regions of intere...

Molar tooth sign (abdomen)

The abdominal molar tooth sign refers to the appearance of contrast media which has spilled out of the urinary bladder on CT cystography after extraperitoneal bladder rupture. Contrast flows out of the ruptured bladder, occupying the preperitoneal cavum Retzii and surrounds the bladder in the s...

Aortic pseudoaneurysm

Aortic pseudoaneurysm typically occurs as a result of trauma +/- intervention, and is considered a subset of traumatic aortic injury in the majority of cases. They can be acute or chronic. Pathology Aortic pseudoaneurysms are contained ruptures of the aorta in which the majority of the aortic ...

Schiller-Duval body (histology)

Schiller-Duval body is a perivascular structure that can be found in 50% of testicular yolk sac tumors also known as endodermal sinus tumors. If present it is considered pathognomonic. Pathology A central vessel is surrounded by tumor cells, and the cell-vessel complex is contained in a cysti...

Prostate Imaging-Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS)

PI-RADS (Prostate Imaging–Reporting and Data System) is a structured reporting scheme for multiparametric prostate MRI in the evaluation of suspected prostate cancer in treatment naive prostate glands. This article reflects version 2.1 (v2.1), published in 2019 and developed by an internationall...

Coin lesion (lung)

A coin lesion refers to a round or oval, well-circumscribed solitary pulmonary lesion. It is usually 1-5 cm in diameter and calcification may or may not be present 1,3. Typically but not always the patient is asymptomatic 1. Differential diagnosis The differential diagnosis for such lesions i...

Os acetabuli

Os acetabuli (plural: ossa acetabuli) are small ossicles adjacent to the acetabular roof regions and may represent an unfused secondary ossification center of the acetabulum or pathological sequelae (e.g. acetabular rim fracture, femoroacetabular impingement). Gross anatomy Ossa acetabuli are ...

Tunica albuginea cyst

Tunica albuginea (TA) cysts are the most common extratesticular benign scrotal mass lesion. They are a type of scrotal tunica cyst. Epidemiology The mean age at presentation of tunica albuginea cysts is 40 years (although they may be seen in the 5th and 6th decades). Clinical presentation Tu...

Abnormal bowel wall attenuation patterns

Abnormal bowel wall attenuation patterns on CT scan can be grouped under five categories: white enhancement gray enhancement water halo sign fat halo sign black attenuation The first three patterns are seen on contrast studies. White enhancement It is defined as uniform enhancement of th...

Ingested bones

Ingested bones that become lodged in the throat or gastrointestinal tract are a common presentation to the emergency department. Recognition is important because these cases can be potentially fatal. Clinical presentation Fish bones are more commonly ingested than chicken or pork bones. Patie...

MRI classification system for lumbar disc degeneration

Disc degeneration can be graded on MRI T2 weighted images. Usage The Pfirrmann grading system is the most widely known classification for intervertebral disc degeneration and is used in both clinical and research capabilities 2,3. The intra- and inter-observer agreement of the Pfirrmann gradin...

Airway foreign bodies in children

Airway foreign bodies in children are potentially fatal, which is why immediate recognition is important. Unfortunately, delayed diagnosis is common. Epidemiology Children under the age of four years are at increased risk of foreign body (FB) aspiration, with a slight male predominance 1. Cl...

Fracture-a-la-signature (skull fracture)

Fracture-a-la-signature (or signature fracture) is another term used to described a depressed skull fracture. Fracture-a-la-signature derives its name from forensic medicine because the size and shape of a depressed skull fracture may give information on the type of weapon used. It can be a si...

Cytomegalovirus pulmonary infection

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) pneumonia is a type of viral pneumonitis and occurs due to infection with cytomegalovirus (CMV), which is a member of the Herpetoviridae family. Epidemiology CMV infection is particularly important in those who are immunocompromised (e.g. those with AIDS, allogeneic bone ...

Empty light bulb sign (brain death)

In brain death, on Tc-99m HMPAO imaging there is absent or reduced flow in the internal carotid arteries and increased flow within the external carotid arteries. This leads to absent uptake in the brain with subsequent increased perfusion in the nasal region. This appearance has been called the ...

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), also known as juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, is the most common chronic arthritic disease of childhood and corresponds to a group of different subtypes. Epidemiology The estimated incidence is ~13 per 100,000 per annum 3. By definition, symptoms must start ...

Citrate peak

Citrate is a compound examined in MR spectroscopy in the setting of possible prostate carcinoma. Citrate resonates at 2.6 ppm and is decreased in prostate cancer. For more information go to: MR spectroscopy in prostate cancer

Lactate peak

Lactate is one of the more important compounds assessed on MR spectroscopy, and resonates at 1.3 ppm chemical shift, with a characteristic double peak at long TEs. Lactate is, however, superimposed on the lipid band. Using an intermediate TE (e.g. 144 ms) will invert only lactate, allowing it t...

Lipids peak

Lipids are a collection of related compounds examined in MR spectroscopy. They resonates at 1.3 ppm chemical shift, and are markers of severe tissue damage with liberation of membrane lipids, as is seen in cerebral infarction or cerebral abscesses. It is also encountered in cerebral metastases a...

Alanine peak

Alanine is one of the compounds examined in MR spectroscopy. It resonates at 1.48 ppm chemical shift. It is elevated in meningiomas.

N-acetylaspartate (NAA) peak

N-acetylaspartate (NAA) is one of the more important compounds assessed on MR spectroscopy, and resonates at 2.0 ppm chemical shift (its concentration in healthy adults is 8-10 mM) 1. The synthesis of NAA, adenosine diphosphate-dependent, occurs in the neuronal mitochondria 2. NAA is the acetyl...

Glutamine-Glutamate peak

Glutamate-Glutamine (Glx) peak is one of the regions assessed on MR spectroscopy, and resonates between 2.2 and 2.4 ppm chemical shift. It overlaps with the GABA peak and cannot be routinely separated from each other. The concentration of these two brain metabolites increases in hepatic and hypo...

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) peak

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), produced by the decarboxylation of glutamate 4, is the principle inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system 1 and as such, is one of the compounds examined in MR spectroscopy. It is present in the human brain at a concentration of about 1 mM, a who...

Creatine peak

Creatine is one of the compounds examined in MR spectroscopy. It resonates at 3.0 ppm chemical shift (with a second usually smaller peak at 3.95 ppm 2). It is found in metabolically active tissues (brain, muscle, heart), where it is important in the storage and transfer of energy. It tends to b...

Choline peak

Choline is a precursor of acetylcholine (ACH) and a cell membrane component which is commonly examined in MR spectroscopy. It resonates at 3.2 ppm chemical shift. Choline is a marker of cellular membrane turnover and therefore elevated in neoplasms, demyelination, inflammation and gliosis 1. ...

Cortical laminar necrosis

Cortical laminar necrosis, also known as pseudolaminar necrosis, is necrosis of neurons in the cortex of the brain in situations when the supply of oxygen and glucose is inadequate to meet regional demands. This is often encountered in cardiac arrest, global hypoxia and hypoglycemia. It should...

Bannayan–Riley–Ruvalcaba syndrome

Bannayan–Riley–Ruvalcaba syndrome (BRRS or BRR syndrome) is a very rare autosomal dominant hamartomatous disorder caused by a mutation in the PTEN gene. It is considered in the family of hamartomatous polyposis syndrome. There are no formal diagnostic criteria for this disease, but characterist...

Acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis

Acute hemorrhagic encephalomyelitis (AHEM), also known as acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis (AHLE), Hurst disease or Weston Hurst syndrome, is a very rare form of demyelinating disease. It occurs sporadically and may be considered as the most severe form of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis...

Snowman sign (total anomalous pulmonary venous return)

Snowman sign refers to the configuration of the heart and the superior mediastinal borders resembling a snowman. This is seen in total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR) type I (supracardiac type). It is also referred to as the figure of 8 sign. It is an abnormality of the fetal circulat...

Retropubic space

The retropubic space (also known as the prevesical space, cave of Retzius or cavum Retzii) is an extraperitoneal space located posterior to the pubic symphysis and anterior to the urinary bladder. It is separated from the anterior abdominal wall by the transversalis fascia and extends to the lev...

Lunula

The lunula is an accessory ossicle of the wrist. It lies in the TFCC, between the tip of the ulna styloid process and the triquetrum. It may be fused to the ulna styloid, giving it an elongated appearance. Differential diagnosis os triangulare: lies more radial ulna styloid fracture persist...

Sternal fracture

Sternal fractures occur in ~5% of blunt chest trauma with the manubrium being the most commonly injured part. Epidemiology Fractures of the sternum are seen in between 3-6.8% of all motor vehicle collisions 1. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) often results in sternal fractures, one autopsy...

Prosthetic heart valve

Prosthetic heart valves are common. The four valves of the heart may all be surgically replaced. However, the aortic and mitral valves are the most commonly replaced. Replacements may be tissue or metallic valves, only the latter being visualized on imaging investigations. Sometimes the annulus...

Homer Wright rosettes

Homer Wright rosettes are differentiated tumor cells grouped around a central region containing neuropil (therefore its association with tumors of neuronal origin). Pathology Examples of tumors where these can be seen include: medulloblastoma (the presence of Homer Wright rosettes in a poster...

Fluoroscopic nasojejunal tube insertion

Fluoroscopic nasojejunal (NJT) or nasogastric tube (NGT) insertion is a valuable procedure offered by radiologists in patient care. The majority of nasogastric tubes are inserted on the ward level and nasojejunal tubes may be placed in theater at the time of surgery. In difficult cases, inserti...

Corrosive esophagitis

Corrosive esophagitis is a from of esophagitis and usually occurs from accidental or suicidal ingestion of alkaline substances (e.g. lye, household cleaners, bleaches, washing soda), and is harmful to the esophagus due to their alkali medium. The stomach is not affected as the gastric acid can n...

Bronchial vein

The bronchial veins are counterparts to the bronchial arteries and drain the bronchi, hilar structures and the mid-portion of the esophagus. Gross anatomy There is typically a single bronchial vein at each hilum, formed from the superficial bronchial veins with deep bronchial veins draining in...

CT stair-step artifact

The CT stair-step artifact is found in straight structures which are oriented obliquely with respect to movement of the table and appear around the edges of sagittal and coronal reformatted images when wide collimations and non-overlapping reconstruction intervals are used. It is also seen in c...

Trimalleolar fracture

Trimalleolar fractures refer to a three-part fracture of the ankle. The fractures involve the medial malleolus, the posterior aspect of the tibial plafond (referred to as the posterior malleolus) and the lateral malleolus. Having three parts, this is a more unstable fracture and may be associate...

Hepatic and splenic tuberculosis

Hepatic and splenic tuberculosis refers to tuberculosis affecting the liver and the spleen. It generally occurs due to hematogenous spread from the primary site of infection, commonly from pulmonary tuberculosis. Pathology Two types of lesions are known: micronodular (common) macronodul...

Bullet-shaped vertebra

Bullet-shaped vertebra, also known as ovoid vertebra, refers to the anterior beaking of the vertebral body. It is seen in the following conditions: mucopolysaccharidosis (Morquio disease, Hurler disease) achondroplasia congenital hypothyroidism progressive pseudorheumatoid dysplasia 4 Wils...

Weapon and munition inspired signs

Weapon and munition inspired signs include the following with their corresponding pathologic conditions: arrowhead sign appendicitis bayonet artifact bayonet deformity Turner syndrome chondrodysplasia bullet-shaped vertebra mucopolysaccharidosis achondroplasia cannonball metastases me...

Mondor sign (foot)

The Mondor sign is a sign seen clinically and on CT, and refers to a hematoma that is formed and extends distally along the sole of the foot 1. Its presence is considered pathognomonic for a calcaneal fracture 1. History and etymology It was named after Henri Mondor (1885-1962), a French surge...

Carpal boss

The carpal boss is a hypertrophied bony protuberance on the dorsal surfaces of the base of the second or third metacarpals, near the capitate and trapezoid. It may be bilateral. It can be symptomatic in some instances 5. Pathology The condition may represent one or more of: degenerative oste...

Bladder and ureteric tuberculosis

Bladder and ureteric tuberculosis (TB) refers to infection of ureters and urinary bladder with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Radiographic features Ureteric tuberculosis IVP characteristic beaded appearance due to alternate areas of strictures and dilatation (chronic state) CT acute: ureteral...

Fleischner sign (tuberculosis of ileocecal junction)

The Fleischner sign (also known as the inverted umbrella sign), refers to a widely gaping, thickened, patulous ileocecal valve and a narrowed, ulcerated terminal ileum associated with tuberculous involvement of the ileocecum. See also gastrointestinal tuberculosis Stierlin sign not to be con...

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