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Splenorenal shunt venous aneurysm

Splenorenal shunt venous aneurysms are rare venous aneurysms that usually develop in a setting of portal venous hypertension on a background of cirrhosis in those with an associated inherent venous wall weakness 1. Epidemiology These venous aneurysms are rare, and there are no reported inciden...

Subscapular nerves

The subscapular nerves are a group of nerves that arise from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus to innervate muscles of the scapula. Gross anatomy Components upper subscapular nerve thoracodorsal (middle or long subscapular) nerve lower subscapular nerve Supply The upper subscapula...

Locus coeruleus

The locus coeruleus is a paired pigmented brainstem nucleus and the brain's main noradrenergic nucleus. It is located in the posterior rostral pons near the lateral floor of the fourth ventricle and is the leading site of norepinephrine synthesis in the brain. Locus coeruleus neurons densely i...

Flip-flop fungus sign - FDG PET-CT

The flip-flop fungus sign suggests benign pulmonary disease on FDG-PET 4. Lung cancer nodules demonstrate increasing FDG-avidity as the tumor grows. Lymph node spread occurs later and is therefore at an earlier stage of development and usually exhibits lower FDG-avidity 4. Acutely, FDG-avidity...

Artery of Davidoff and Schechter

The artery of Davidoff and Schechter is the only dural radicle of the posterior cerebral artery (PCA) and supplies parts of the falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli 1. Summary origin: either the P1 or P2 segment of the PCA course: inferior to the superior cerebellar artery and superior to the...

Nerot-Sirveaux classification of scapular notching

The Nerot-Sirveaux classification of scapular notching describes the radiographic extent of bone loss in patients with scapular notching after reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA). An AP glenoid view (tangential to baseplate) is needed to assess for scapular notching, which will allow vis...

Periprosthetic joint infection of shoulder arthroplasties

Periprosthetic joint infection of shoulder arthroplasties is one of the most common reasons for post-operative revision surgery. Propionibacterium acnes is the most commonly associated organism. Epidemiology The mean incidence has been reported to be ~1%; although after reverse total shoulder ...

Bronchial artery collateral inflow artifact

Bronchial artery collateral inflow artifact is a flow-related artifact, seen as pulmonary artery smoke in patients with a background of bronchiectasis and chronic lung disease. It is often overdiagnosed as pulmonary embolism and requires CT aortic angiogram to be confirmed1. Pathology Bronchie...

Pulmonary mycobacterium fortuitum infection

Pulmonary mycobacterium fortuitum infection is considered a rare form of pulmonary non-tuberculous mycobacterial infection occurring from the organism Mycobacterium fortuitum. Presence of Mycobacterium fortuitum in respiratory tracts usually indicates mere colonization or transient infection al...

T-cell and natural killer T-cell lymphomas

T-cell and natural killer T-cell lymphomas are a large group of rare and aggressive lymphoid neoplasms derived from T or natural killer (NK) cells. In the 5th edition (2022) of the WHO classification of haematolymphoid tumors, thirty-six entities are recognized 2. These lymphomas can involve var...

Anti-RO52 antibodies

Anti-Ro52 antibodies are a form of antibodies which are associated with distinct clinical manifestations. They target a protein called TRIM21 protein and can occur in a variety of connective tissue diseases (CTD) which include anti-Ro52-positive antisynthetase syndrome and with lung considered...

Scrotal cellulitis

Cellulitis of the scrotum is an uncommon but essential condition as it can lead to Fournier gangrene, especially in the immunosuppressed or diabetics. Radiographic features thickening of the scrotal skin gross edematous swelling of the scrotum increased blood flow in the scrotum o...

Urinary bladder cyst

Urinary bladder cysts are considered tumor-like lesions and true simple cysts arising from the bladder wall are extremely rare 1. Pathology Three types of cysts have been described 1: urachal cysts: dome and anterior wall cloacal cysts: posterior wall simple cyst of the bladder wa...

Gallbladder folds

Gallbladder folds arise due to the gallbladder wall folding onto itself. They are thick, junctional in nature and incomplete or non-continuous in appearance. The posterior wall is usually involved, however, anterior wall folds may also occur1. The folding may produce a bizarre or unusual shape...

Solitary bone tumor imaging reporting and data system (BTI-RADS)

Solitary bone tumor imaging reporting and data system (BTI-RADS) is a reporting and communication tool designed to stratify benign and malignant bone lesions and to communicate them in a systematic and standardized way 1,2. History and etymology The solitary bone tumor imaging reporting and da...

Essential tremor

Essential tremor describes a chronic, progressive, predominantly bilateral upper limb, action tremor syndrome, present without parkinsonism, dystonia and ataxia. Essential tremor associated with other 'soft' neurological signs is known as essential tremor plus. Epidemiology Essential tremor is...

Brunn's cyst of the urinary bladder

Brunn cysts or mucous cysts of the urinary bladder are considered to originate from von Brunn nests as the result of pinching off of epithelial nests from urothelial buds. Cysts in the urinary bladder are considered as tumor-like lesions. Clinical presentation Most Brunn cysts are asymptomatic...

Von Brunn nests of the bladder

Von Brunn nests are non-neoplastic reactive urothelial lesions that occur in the bladder. They represent clusters of urothelial cells found in the superficial lamina propria resulting from the invagination of the superficial urothelium. Histologically, those nests generally show uniform size a...

Pediatric tibia fibula (AP view)

The pediatric tibia fibula anteroposterior view is part of a two-view series of the entire tibia, fibula, and both the knee and ankle joint. Indications The tibia fibula AP view is performed for evaluation of the lower leg in pediatric patients. It allows for assessment of fractures in trauma...

Pulmonary artery flow artifact

Pulmonary artery flow artifact, also known as pulmonary artery smoke 1, is a non-uniform contrast opacification of pulmonary arteries due to a non-homogenous contrast-blood mixing, generally due to turbulent blood flow or an early acquisition. It is a common pitfall, often overdiagnosed as a pu...

Lung pulse sign (ultrasound)

The lung pulse sign refers to the sonographic finding of apparent oscillations of the pleural line occurring secondary to transmitted vibrations from cardiac contractile activity 1. Typically obscured by the more apparent “lung sliding” as a result of ventilated lung expanding and contracting ...

CT myelography

CT myelography is a myelography technique used mainly to assess for potential spinal canal stenosis when MRI is contraindicated or when dynamic imaging is required. History CT myelography was first performed in 1976 2. Indications spinal canal stenosis when MRI is contraindicated dorsal tho...

Overshunting-associated myelopathy

Overshunting-associated myelopathy, also known as Miyazaki syndrome, is a very rare form of compressive myelopathy that is a complication of intracranial hypotension due to excessive cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) diversion. Clinical presentation Patients present with progressive cervical myelopath...

Core decompression of osteonecrosis of humeral head

Core decompression is the first-line surgical option for symptomatic and low-grade osteonecrosis of the humeral head. Core decompression is a treatment for improving symptoms and preventing progression and humeral head collapse (crescent sign). Without treatment, the osteonecrosis of the humeral...

Optical density

Optical density is a measure of the degree of radiographic film darkening, and is related to the proportion of incident x-ray photons that are transmitted through the tissue and strike the film 1. Usage Optical density is used to describe the level of film exposure in film-screen radiography. ...

Third branchial cleft fistula

Third branchial cleft fistulae arise from abnormal development of the third pharyngeal cleft, when the cyst forms a tract to the skin. As third branchial cleft fistulae are rare, there is no standardized diagnosis or treatment of the condition. Epidemiology The third branchial cleft fistula is...

International Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine

The International Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine (ISMRM) is an international multidisciplinary society of radiologists, radiographers and scientists with an interest in the applications and advancement of MRI as used in clinical medicine and biology. The society holds scientific meeti...

Pediatric ankle (lateral view)

The lateral ankle view for pediatrics is one of three views to examine the distal tibia, distal fibula, proximal talus and proximal fifth metatarsal. Indications The lateral projection demonstrates the ankle joint orthogonal to the AP ankle view. It is useful in diagnosing fractures, joint sp...

Subscapularis insufficiency after shoulder arthroplasty

Subscapularis insufficiency after shoulder arthroplasty is a complication that can cause severe loss of function and implant longevity. Exposure of the glenohumeral joint during surgical total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) procedures is associated with a risk of causing iatrogenic damage to the su...

Reverse rugger jersey spine

Reverse rugger jersey spine describes the low endplate densities at multiple contiguous vertebral levels producing an alternating lucent-sclerotic-lucent appearance. It's the reverse counterpart of the rugger jersey spine and also mimics the horizontal stripes of a rugby jersey. Pathology The ...

Rings and arcs enhancement

Rings and arcs enhancement is an MRI enhancement pattern described as curvilinear post-contrast T1-hyperintensities. This pattern is generally observed in hyaline cartilage-containing tumors (e.g. enchondroma, chondrosarcoma)1,2 Pathology This pattern is due to the enhancement of the capillari...

Immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS)

Immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS), previously known as cytokine release encephalopathy syndrome (CRES) or chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell-related encephalopathy syndrome, is a neuropsychiatric syndrome that can occur days to weeks following the administration ...

Leddy and Packer classification of jersey finger injuries

The Leddy and Packer classification of jersey finger injuries, which is an avulsion injury of the flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) from its insertion at the base of the distal phalanx, is based on the level of tendon retraction and presence of fracture 2,3. Classification Leddy and Packer clas...

Inferior tympanic artery

The inferior tympanic artery is a small branch of the ascending pharyngeal artery that supplies the tympanic cavity. Summary origin: proximal neuromeningeal trunk of ascending pharyngeal artery course: passage through tympanic canaliculus termination: anastomosis with caroticotympanic arter...

Soap bubble appearance (DNET)

The soap bubble appearance, also known as the bubbly appearance, has been described in dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumors (DNET). It describes a multi-loculated pseudocystic appearance of the DNET on T2 weighted images 1,2. These areas show partial suppression on FLAIR and are often associa...

Wright and Cofield classification of postoperative periprosthetic humeral fractures

The Wright and Cofield classification system can be used for postoperative periprosthetic humeral fractures. Humeral periprosthetic fractures may be intraoperative or postoperative shoulder arthroplasty complications, which can lead to loosening and migration of the prosthesis 1. Classification...

Cruess classification of humeral head osteonecrosis

The Cruess classification of humeral head osteonecrosis uses plain radiographs, CT and/or MRI for its staging system. Early Cruess stage osteonecrosis may only be detected on MRI. Classification The Cruess classification is the best-known system and is composed of five stages 1: stage I: pre-...

Acromial and scapular spine fractures after reverse total shoulder arthroplasty

Acromial and scapular spine fractures after reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA) can occur intraoperatively or postoperatively with post-operative stress fractures the most common. Epidemiology Acromial and scapular spine fractures complicated ~5% (range 3.1-11.2%) of RTSAs 1,2. Patholo...

Pico method

The Pico method is a CT-based calculation of glenoid bone loss in terms of an area (expressed in mm 2 or surface percentage). Before treatment, glenoid bone defect quantification with PICO method is required to select the best option (i.e. arthroscopy vs open surgery with bone transposition). M...

Organ displacement techniques

Organ displacement techniques are used to create free access for percutaneous procedures that would otherwise be blocked by non-target organs. They can also be used as thermoprotection techniques during thermal ablations (microwave, radiofrequency, or cryoablation) Three techniques are describ...

Carbodissection

Carbodissection is an organ displacement technique that consists of percutaneous carbon dioxide (CO2) insufflation to displace non-target structures and deviate them from needle trajectory during biopsies and/or to prevent thermal injury during microwave, radiofrequency, or cryoablation. Indica...

Hydrodissection

Hydrodissection is an organ displacement technique consisting of percutaneous fluid injection to displace non-target structures and deviate them from needle trajectories during biopsies and/or to prevent thermal injury during microwave, radiofrequency, or cryoablation. Procedure Equipment flu...

Murphey's teat

Murphey’s teat, also known as Murphey’s tit or Murphey’s excrescence, refers to the cerebral angiographic finding of a focal outpouching within an intracranial aneurysm that indicates the likely site of rupture in a patient with subarachnoid hemorrhage 1,2. This sign, when present, is particular...

Caffeine

Caffeine (1,3,7- trimethylxanthine) blocks adenosine receptors via its properties as a competitive antagnoist of adenosine. This has flow on diffuse physiological effects, given the abundance of four distinct adenosine receptor subtypes throughout the body. The normal physiological effects of ad...

Stellate crease

A stellate crease, also known as a stellate lesion, is an indentation in the acetabular roof composed of radiating lines caused by a focal area of hyaline cartilage deficiency, which is in continuity with the acetabular notch 1,2. They are found above the anterosuperior aspect of the acetabulum...

Perianal genital warts

Perianal genital warts, also known as condyloma acuminata (singular: condyloma acuminatum), are a complication of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. They are diagnosed clinically and are usually painless and benign, but can rarely undergo malignant transformation into squamous cell carcinoma....

Left atrial appendage thrombus

Left atrial appendage thrombus is a site of intra-cardiac thrombus and refers to presence of thrombus within left atrial appendage. The left atrial appendage is considered the main location of thrombus formation, predominantly in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation. Radiographic fea...

Dark-field radiography

Dark-field radiography is an emerging medical imaging technology. While conventional x-ray imaging is based on the differential attenuation of various organs and tissues, dark-field radiography utilizes ultra-small angle x-ray scattering similarly to dark-field computed tomography. Physics Whi...

Hand-foot-genital syndrome

Hand-foot-genital syndrome (previously known as hand-foot-uterus syndrome) refers to a hereditary disorder with abnormalities involving the hands and feet and uterus. Affected patients can have urogenital abnormalities in females bicornuate uterus vaginal septum ectopic localization of uret...

Numb chin syndrome

Numb chin syndrome describes a sensory neuropathy occurring in the distribution of either the mental nerve or inferior alveolar nerve. While numb chin syndrome has a multitude of causes, it is considered an ominous entity due to its strong association with heralding advanced malignancy 1. Clini...

Osseous Tumor Reporting and Data System (OT-RADS)

Osseous Tumor Reporting and Data System (OT-RADS) is a reporting and communication tool designed to reliably identify benign and malignant bone tumors and to communicate them in a standardized way, using BI-RADS as an example 1-3. History and etymology The Osseous Tumor Reporting and Data Syst...

Navigation guidewires

Navigation guidewires are interventional procedure guidewires used to navigate, maneuver and subselect structures and vessel targets. They are inserted after securing access with a sheath/catheter and are often exchanged for a rail wire after reaching the target destination 1. Properties Navig...

Access guidewires

Access guidewires are interventional procedures wires used during the first steps of interventions, to secure stable access and sheaths/catheter insertion. They are quickly exchanged for a navigation wire thereafter. The most common access wires are1: Cope Mandril wire Nitrex wire Properties...

Guidewires

Guidewires are interventional procedures wires used to guide access, maneuver, or work through structures (e.g. vessels, urinary or biliary system). They come in different shapes, lengths, diameters, stiffness, and hydrophilicity, and are classified according to their main use into: access wir...

CNS tumor with BCOR internal tandem duplication

CNS tumor with BCOR internal tandem duplication (BCOR-ITD) is a rare and relatively new brain tumor type that has been added to the WHO classification of CNS tumors 5th edition as part of the embryonal family of tumors. Originally identified through molecular analysis of tumors classified as pri...

Microcephaly with a simplified gyral pattern

Microcephaly with a simplified gyral pattern (MSG) is a congenital malformation characterized by microcephaly accompanied by a simplified gyral pattern. The term “simplified gyral pattern” often describes a reduced number of gyri and shallow sulci with a normal cortical thickness and architectur...

Canal-to-body ratio of Torg and Pavlov

The canal-to-body ratio of Torg and Pavlov is a method of evaluating the degree of cervical canal stenosis on lateral cervical spine radiographs. Terminology This ratio is variously referred to as the Torg ratio 3, the Pavlov ratio 3,4, the Torg-Pavlov ratio 5, or the canal-to-body ratio 3. M...

Foot pain

Foot pain is a very common symptom. The differential diagnosis depends mainly on age, weight, level of physical activity, and the exact location of the pain. As neoplastic lesions are ubiquitary, they will not be added to the sections below. Hindfoot pain inferior heel pain trauma and bone b...

Glottic web

Glottic webs are focal narrowings of the airway due to the formation of a membranous connection at the level of the true vocal folds 1. Clinical presentation Symptoms include exercise intolerance, dysphonia, hoarseness, stridor, respiratory distress and airway obstruction7. Infants may also p...

Garcin syndrome

Garcin syndrome, also known as hemibasal syndrome or Guillain-Alajouanine-Garcin syndrome, is characterized by progressive ipsilateral cranial neuropathies of at least seven cranial nerves, with no evidence of raised intracranial pressure, long-tract signs, or cerebellar signs, classically attri...

Scapulohumeral arthrodesis with a reconstruction plate

Shoulder arthrodesis with reconstruction plate aims to relieve pain and provide a stable site for elbow and hand function and also to allow for active and limited elevation of the shoulder with scapulothoracic motion. Plates are a useful method for glenohumeral salvage in cases without severe bo...

Tracheoesophageal voice prosthesis

A tracheoesophageal voice prosthesis is a medical device that connects the trachea and esophagus to restore voice and speech communication following a total laryngectomy. It allows patients to generate the most natural and intelligible sound and voice compared to other laryngeal speech technique...

Thoraco-abdominal aneurysm

A thoraco-abdominal aortic aneurysm (TAAA) refers to an aneurysm that involves thoracic and abdominal aorta. The usually comprise of result from continuous dilation of the descending thoracic aorta extending into the abdominal aorta. Pathology Multiple configurations occur anywhere along the ...

Branched endovascular aneurysm repair

A branched endovascular aneurysm repair (BEVAR) is a type of endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) which where are fenestrations placed in the endograft allowing cannulation and stenting of the visceral and renal arteries to maintain branch patency in a segment of treated aorta.

Chronic granulomatous inflammatory process

Chronic granulomatous inflammation is a disease process that mostly affects the soft tissues and is an inflammation where a compact collection of cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system, chiefly activated macrophages and cells derived from them are predominant 1. Pathology There are two majo...

Eckhardt score

The Eckhardt score is a clinical scoring system commonly used to characterize the severity of achalasia. It is a 12-point score which is as follows: recent weight loss (kg) none = 0 <5 kg = 1 5-10 kg = 2 >10 kg = 3 dysphagia none = 0 occasional = 1 daily = 2 each meal = 3 retrosterna...

Polyether-ether-ketone (PEEK)

Polyether-ether-ketone (PEEK) is a special thermoplastic engineering plastic with biological, mechanical, and chemical properties that provides an alternative to titanium alloys in the development of implantable load-bearing medical devices, which require extra strength and biocompatibility 1,2....

Autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants

Autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants (ASIA syndrome) encompasses non-specific symptoms that occur following exposure to inert material (e.g. silicone, aluminum salts), which are thought to trigger an abnormal autoimmune response 1-3. Whether this is association or causation is s...

Menstrual cup

The menstrual cup is a reusable silicone device designed to be an alternative to tampons and sanitary pads. Various different brands are available but they all have the same shape. It can be observed on all forms of abdominal imaging and it is worth being familiar with its normal appearances. ...

Short humeral stem arthroplasthy

A short humeral stem arthroplasty is less than 100 mm in length (standard-length > 100 mm) and comprises titanium with a proximal porous surface coating and metaphyseal press-fit fixation Advantages and disadvantages Advantages preserving bone stock eliminates damaging biological effects of ...

Infraspinatus tendon tear

Infraspinatus tendon tears are rotator cuff injuries affecting the infraspinatus tendon generally associated with other rotator cuff tears and are usually due to degenerative processes, trauma, or constant overhead motion strain 1. Epidemiology Isolated full-thickness infraspinatus tendon tear...

Periosteum

The periosteum is a thin membrane of connective tissue composed of different layers covering the surface of a bone, providing structural integrity and contributing to growth and development as well as the repair of bone 1-3. Gross anatomy The periosteum consists of different layers in particul...

Arias-Stella reaction

An Arias-Stella reaction is a common gynecological histological finding in curettage specimens of gestational endometrium describing a non-neoplastic lesion that is easily confused with uterine malignancy 1,2. Pathology An Arias-Stella reaction is due to hormonal hyperstimulation causing atypi...

Overstuffing (shoulder arthroplasty)

Overstuffing of the total shoulder arthroplasty or shoulder hemiarthroplasty is secondary to an oversized humeral component or inaccurate positioning of the prosthetic humeral head, which can lead to subacromial impingement from malposition with attritional rotator cuff tears. Medial overstuffi...

Stress shielding after fracture fixation

Stress shielding after fracture fixation is a result of the higher stiffness of the implant, which results in bone loss as a consequence of decreased physiologic loading of the bone according to Wolff's law. Stainless steel, although leads to an excellent union rate, eliminates dynamic loading t...

Peripheral intermediate and high-grade chondrosarcoma

Peripheral chondrosarcomas grade 2 and 3 are malignant intermediate and high-grade chondrogenic neoplasms originating from the bony surface in the chondral cap of pre-existing osteochondromas as a result of malignant transformation, thus the name secondary peripheral chondrosarcoma 1,2. Secondar...

Pediatric ankle (mortise view)

The mortise ankle view for pediatrics is one of three views to examine the distal tibia, distal fibula, proximal talus and proximal fifth metatarsal. Depending on the child's age and the departmental protocol, the mortise view may or may not be performed. Terminology Mortise and mortice are va...

Peripheral atypical cartilaginous tumor/ low-grade peripheral chondrosarcoma

Peripheral atypical cartilaginous tumors/chondrosarcomas grade 1 (ACT/CS1) or low-grade peripheral chondrosarcomas are locally aggressive chondral neoplasms that grow within the cartilaginous cap of pre-existing osteochondromas as a result of malignant transformation. Thus these peripheral chond...

Titanium elastic nail system

Titanium elastic nail system (TENS) is a form of intramedullary nailing typically used in the pediatric population because of the presence of a thick periosteum and the increased potential for bone remodeling in children. They are not routinely used in adults due to a lack of resistance to rota...

Tertiary esophageal contractions

Tertiary esophageal contractions are a type of contractions of the esophagus often described as as the irregular contraction or indentations of the distal esophageal wall. Isolated tertiary esophageal waves of the non-repetitive type are thought to occur in normal subjects. Swallowing induced re...

Stress shielding of the proximal humerus

Stress shielding of the proximal humerus after total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) is a bone resorption around the proximal prosthesis stem. Pathology According to Wolff's Law, bone remodels in response to stress. After a TSA or shoulder hemiarthroplasty, intact bone previously responsible for b...

Rocking-horse phenomenon

Rocking-horse phenomenon occurs in total shoulder arthroplasty when there is an abnormal glenoid version angle positioning that causes glenoid component failure. The glenoid component is stable when the load applied by the humeral head is centered, whereas anterior or posterior translation of ...

iNPH Radscale

The iNPH Radscale is a reproducible semiquantified grading scale for the imaging findings of normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH). Scale The iNPH Radscale uses the following imaging findings on both CT and MRI 1,4: Evans index ≤0.25: 0 points 0.26-0.3: 1 point >0.3: 2 points narrow parieta...

Ganglion

A ganglion (plural: ganglia) is a group of neuronal cell bodies and processes located in the peripheral nervous system 1. Ganglia can be categorized into two groups - sensory ganglia and autonomic ganglia. Sensory ganglia primarily contain the cell bodies of neurons as well as their central an...

Parotid liposubstitution

Parotid liposubstitution is a fatty degeneration of the parotid gland, sometimes increasing in volume. Associations Parotid liposubstitution is physiological with age but which may be associated with local or systemic conditions that include: hypertriglyceridemia may be associated with fat in...

Pyrocarbon

Pyrocarbon or pyrolytic carbon is a synthetic material that, due to its tribological properties and biocompatibility, particularly with blood, was initially used in the medical field for mechanical heart valves. To make pyrocarbon-coated orthopedic implants, a graphite substrate is coated with ...

Persistent sciatic vein

Persistent sciatic vein is one of two known embryonic veins in the lower limb which may persist, the other being the lateral marginal vein. Although both are associated with Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome 1-3, only the lateral marginal vein is also referred to as the Klippel-Trenaunay vein. The sci...

Otalgia

Otalgia refers to the clinical symptoms of ear pain. It is broadly divided in two categories which are primary otalgia (~ 50% 3) - ear pain originating from causes within or near to the ear itself. secondary otalgia / referred otalgia (~50% 3)- ear pain due to causes remote from the ear. Path...

Disseminated histoplasmosis

Disseminated histoplasmosis, also known as progressive disseminated histoplasmosis, is a severe form of histoplasmosis infection typically seen in immunosuppressed patients, especially in the setting of HIV infection. It results from hematogenous dissemination of the infection, involving multipl...

Posterior meniscofemoral ligament (of Wrisberg)

The posterior meniscofemoral ligament or ligament of Wrisberg is one of the two variably present bands of the meniscofemoral ligament. Gross anatomy The posterior meniscofemoral ligament has insertions proximally at the lateral intercondylar aspect of the medial femoral condyle and distally a...

Central intermediate and high-grade chondrosarcoma

Central chondrosarcomas grade 2 and 3 (CS2/CS3) are malignant intermediate- and high-grade conventional chondrosarcomas that arise intramedullary 1-3. Epidemiology Similar to low-grade chondrosarcoma, the incidence of central intermediate and high-grade chondrosarcomas has also risen compared ...

Glenoiditis

Glenoiditis or glenoid wear is the progressive erosion/wear of the native glenoid and is the most common complication of shoulder hemiarthroplasty. It may be caused by oversized humeral heads and insufficient joint release. Epidemiology Glenoiditis after shoulder hemiarthroplasty occurs in one...

Root dilaceration

Root dilaceration is a dental deformity presenting as an acute angulation, deviation or curvature of the crown-root axis. Etiology Possible causes include: trauma during root development adjacent dentigerous cyst or tumor can lead to an abnormal angle in a developing tooth hereditary factor...

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