Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and edited by countless contributing members over a period of time. A global group of dedicated editors oversee accuracy, consulting with expert advisers, and constantly reviewing additions.
16,441 results found
Article
Splenorenal shunt venous aneurysm
Splenorenal shunt venous aneurysms are rare venous aneurysms that usually develop in a setting of portal venous hypertension on a background of cirrhosis in those with an associated inherent venous wall weakness 1.
Epidemiology
These venous aneurysms are rare, and there are no reported inciden...
Article
Subscapular nerves
The subscapular nerves are a group of nerves that arise from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus to innervate muscles of the scapula.
Gross anatomy
Components
upper subscapular nerve
thoracodorsal (middle or long subscapular) nerve
lower subscapular nerve
Supply
The upper subscapula...
Article
Locus coeruleus
The locus coeruleus is a paired pigmented brainstem nucleus and the brain's main noradrenergic nucleus.
It is located in the posterior rostral pons near the lateral floor of the fourth ventricle and is the leading site of norepinephrine synthesis in the brain.
Locus coeruleus neurons densely i...
Article
Flip-flop fungus sign - FDG PET-CT
The flip-flop fungus sign suggests benign pulmonary disease on FDG-PET 4.
Lung cancer nodules demonstrate increasing FDG-avidity as the tumor grows. Lymph node spread occurs later and is therefore at an earlier stage of development and usually exhibits lower FDG-avidity 4.
Acutely, FDG-avidity...
Article
Artery of Davidoff and Schechter
The artery of Davidoff and Schechter is the only dural radicle of the posterior cerebral artery (PCA) and supplies parts of the falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli 1.
Summary
origin: either the P1 or P2 segment of the PCA
course: inferior to the superior cerebellar artery and superior to the...
Article
Nerot-Sirveaux classification of scapular notching
The Nerot-Sirveaux classification of scapular notching describes the radiographic extent of bone loss in patients with scapular notching after reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA).
An AP glenoid view (tangential to baseplate) is needed to assess for scapular notching, which will allow vis...
Article
Periprosthetic joint infection of shoulder arthroplasties
Periprosthetic joint infection of shoulder arthroplasties is one of the most common reasons for post-operative revision surgery. Propionibacterium acnes is the most commonly associated organism.
Epidemiology
The mean incidence has been reported to be ~1%; although after reverse total shoulder ...
Article
Bronchial artery collateral inflow artifact
Bronchial artery collateral inflow artifact is a flow-related artifact, seen as pulmonary artery smoke in patients with a background of bronchiectasis and chronic lung disease. It is often overdiagnosed as pulmonary embolism and requires CT aortic angiogram to be confirmed1.
Pathology
Bronchie...
Article
Pulmonary mycobacterium fortuitum infection
Pulmonary mycobacterium fortuitum infection is considered a rare form of pulmonary non-tuberculous mycobacterial infection occurring from the organism Mycobacterium fortuitum.
Presence of Mycobacterium fortuitum in respiratory tracts usually indicates mere colonization or transient infection al...
Article
T-cell and natural killer T-cell lymphomas
T-cell and natural killer T-cell lymphomas are a large group of rare and aggressive lymphoid neoplasms derived from T or natural killer (NK) cells. In the 5th edition (2022) of the WHO classification of haematolymphoid tumors, thirty-six entities are recognized 2. These lymphomas can involve var...
Article
Anti-RO52 antibodies
Anti-Ro52 antibodies are a form of antibodies which are associated with distinct clinical manifestations.
They target a protein called TRIM21 protein and can occur in a variety of connective tissue diseases (CTD) which include anti-Ro52-positive antisynthetase syndrome and with lung considered...
Article
Scrotal cellulitis
Cellulitis of the scrotum is an uncommon but essential condition as it can lead to Fournier gangrene, especially in the immunosuppressed or diabetics.
Radiographic features
thickening of the scrotal skin
gross edematous swelling of the scrotum
increased blood flow in the scrotum o...
Article
Urinary bladder cyst
Urinary bladder cysts are considered tumor-like lesions and true simple cysts arising from the bladder wall are extremely rare 1.
Pathology
Three types of cysts have been described 1:
urachal cysts: dome and anterior wall
cloacal cysts: posterior wall
simple cyst of the bladder wa...
Article
Gallbladder folds
Gallbladder folds arise due to the gallbladder wall folding onto itself. They are thick, junctional in nature and incomplete or non-continuous in appearance. The posterior wall is usually involved, however, anterior wall folds may also occur1.
The folding may produce a bizarre or unusual shape...
Article
Solitary bone tumor imaging reporting and data system (BTI-RADS)
Solitary bone tumor imaging reporting and data system (BTI-RADS) is a reporting and communication tool designed to stratify benign and malignant bone lesions and to communicate them in a systematic and standardized way 1,2.
History and etymology
The solitary bone tumor imaging reporting and da...
Article
Essential tremor
Essential tremor describes a chronic, progressive, predominantly bilateral upper limb, action tremor syndrome, present without parkinsonism, dystonia and ataxia. Essential tremor associated with other 'soft' neurological signs is known as essential tremor plus.
Epidemiology
Essential tremor is...
Article
Brunn's cyst of the urinary bladder
Brunn cysts or mucous cysts of the urinary bladder are considered to originate from von Brunn nests as the result of pinching off of epithelial nests from urothelial buds. Cysts in the urinary bladder are considered as tumor-like lesions.
Clinical presentation
Most Brunn cysts are asymptomatic...
Article
Von Brunn nests of the bladder
Von Brunn nests are non-neoplastic reactive urothelial lesions that occur in the bladder. They represent clusters of urothelial cells found in the superficial lamina propria resulting from the invagination of the superficial urothelium.
Histologically, those nests generally show uniform size a...
Article
Pediatric tibia fibula (AP view)
The pediatric tibia fibula anteroposterior view is part of a two-view series of the entire tibia, fibula, and both the knee and ankle joint.
Indications
The tibia fibula AP view is performed for evaluation of the lower leg in pediatric patients. It allows for assessment of fractures in trauma...
Article
Pulmonary artery flow artifact
Pulmonary artery flow artifact, also known as pulmonary artery smoke 1, is a non-uniform contrast opacification of pulmonary arteries due to a non-homogenous contrast-blood mixing, generally due to turbulent blood flow or an early acquisition.
It is a common pitfall, often overdiagnosed as a pu...
Article
Lung pulse sign (ultrasound)
The lung pulse sign refers to the sonographic finding of apparent oscillations of the pleural line occurring secondary to transmitted vibrations from cardiac contractile activity 1.
Typically obscured by the more apparent “lung sliding” as a result of ventilated lung expanding and contracting ...
Article
CT myelography
CT myelography is a myelography technique used mainly to assess for potential spinal canal stenosis when MRI is contraindicated or when dynamic imaging is required.
History
CT myelography was first performed in 1976 2.
Indications
spinal canal stenosis when MRI is contraindicated
dorsal tho...
Article
Overshunting-associated myelopathy
Overshunting-associated myelopathy, also known as Miyazaki syndrome, is a very rare form of compressive myelopathy that is a complication of intracranial hypotension due to excessive cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) diversion.
Clinical presentation
Patients present with progressive cervical myelopath...
Article
Core decompression of osteonecrosis of humeral head
Core decompression is the first-line surgical option for symptomatic and low-grade osteonecrosis of the humeral head. Core decompression is a treatment for improving symptoms and preventing progression and humeral head collapse (crescent sign). Without treatment, the osteonecrosis of the humeral...
Article
Optical density
Optical density is a measure of the degree of radiographic film darkening, and is related to the proportion of incident x-ray photons that are transmitted through the tissue and strike the film 1.
Usage
Optical density is used to describe the level of film exposure in film-screen radiography. ...
Article
Third branchial cleft fistula
Third branchial cleft fistulae arise from abnormal development of the third pharyngeal cleft, when the cyst forms a tract to the skin. As third branchial cleft fistulae are rare, there is no standardized diagnosis or treatment of the condition.
Epidemiology
The third branchial cleft fistula is...
Article
International Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
The International Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine (ISMRM) is an international multidisciplinary society of radiologists, radiographers and scientists with an interest in the applications and advancement of MRI as used in clinical medicine and biology. The society holds scientific meeti...
Article
Pediatric ankle (lateral view)
The lateral ankle view for pediatrics is one of three views to examine the distal tibia, distal fibula, proximal talus and proximal fifth metatarsal.
Indications
The lateral projection demonstrates the ankle joint orthogonal to the AP ankle view. It is useful in diagnosing fractures, joint sp...
Article
Subscapularis insufficiency after shoulder arthroplasty
Subscapularis insufficiency after shoulder arthroplasty is a complication that can cause severe loss of function and implant longevity. Exposure of the glenohumeral joint during surgical total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) procedures is associated with a risk of causing iatrogenic damage to the su...
Article
Reverse rugger jersey spine
Reverse rugger jersey spine describes the low endplate densities at multiple contiguous vertebral levels producing an alternating lucent-sclerotic-lucent appearance. It's the reverse counterpart of the rugger jersey spine and also mimics the horizontal stripes of a rugby jersey.
Pathology
The ...
Article
Rings and arcs enhancement
Rings and arcs enhancement is an MRI enhancement pattern described as curvilinear post-contrast T1-hyperintensities. This pattern is generally observed in hyaline cartilage-containing tumors (e.g. enchondroma, chondrosarcoma)1,2
Pathology
This pattern is due to the enhancement of the capillari...
Article
Immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS)
Immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS), previously known as cytokine release encephalopathy syndrome (CRES) or chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell-related encephalopathy syndrome, is a neuropsychiatric syndrome that can occur days to weeks following the administration ...
Article
Leddy and Packer classification of jersey finger injuries
The Leddy and Packer classification of jersey finger injuries, which is an avulsion injury of the flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) from its insertion at the base of the distal phalanx, is based on the level of tendon retraction and presence of fracture 2,3.
Classification
Leddy and Packer clas...
Article
Inferior tympanic artery
The inferior tympanic artery is a small branch of the ascending pharyngeal artery that supplies the tympanic cavity.
Summary
origin: proximal neuromeningeal trunk of ascending pharyngeal artery
course: passage through tympanic canaliculus
termination: anastomosis with caroticotympanic arter...
Article
Soap bubble appearance (DNET)
The soap bubble appearance, also known as the bubbly appearance, has been described in dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumors (DNET). It describes a multi-loculated pseudocystic appearance of the DNET on T2 weighted images 1,2. These areas show partial suppression on FLAIR and are often associa...
Article
Wright and Cofield classification of postoperative periprosthetic humeral fractures
The Wright and Cofield classification system can be used for postoperative periprosthetic humeral fractures. Humeral periprosthetic fractures may be intraoperative or postoperative shoulder arthroplasty complications, which can lead to loosening and migration of the prosthesis 1.
Classification...
Article
Cruess classification of humeral head osteonecrosis
The Cruess classification of humeral head osteonecrosis uses plain radiographs, CT and/or MRI for its staging system. Early Cruess stage osteonecrosis may only be detected on MRI.
Classification
The Cruess classification is the best-known system and is composed of five stages 1:
stage I: pre-...
Article
Acromial and scapular spine fractures after reverse total shoulder arthroplasty
Acromial and scapular spine fractures after reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA) can occur intraoperatively or postoperatively with post-operative stress fractures the most common.
Epidemiology
Acromial and scapular spine fractures complicated ~5% (range 3.1-11.2%) of RTSAs 1,2.
Patholo...
Article
Pico method
The Pico method is a CT-based calculation of glenoid bone loss in terms of an area (expressed in mm 2 or surface percentage). Before treatment, glenoid bone defect quantification with PICO method is required to select the best option (i.e. arthroscopy vs open surgery with bone transposition).
M...
Article
Organ displacement techniques
Organ displacement techniques are used to create free access for percutaneous procedures that would otherwise be blocked by non-target organs.
They can also be used as thermoprotection techniques during thermal ablations (microwave, radiofrequency, or cryoablation)
Three techniques are describ...
Article
Carbodissection
Carbodissection is an organ displacement technique that consists of percutaneous carbon dioxide (CO2) insufflation to displace non-target structures and deviate them from needle trajectory during biopsies and/or to prevent thermal injury during microwave, radiofrequency, or cryoablation.
Indica...
Article
Hydrodissection
Hydrodissection is an organ displacement technique consisting of percutaneous fluid injection to displace non-target structures and deviate them from needle trajectories during biopsies and/or to prevent thermal injury during microwave, radiofrequency, or cryoablation.
Procedure
Equipment
flu...
Article
Murphey's teat
Murphey’s teat, also known as Murphey’s tit or Murphey’s excrescence, refers to the cerebral angiographic finding of a focal outpouching within an intracranial aneurysm that indicates the likely site of rupture in a patient with subarachnoid hemorrhage 1,2. This sign, when present, is particular...
Article
Caffeine
Caffeine (1,3,7- trimethylxanthine) blocks adenosine receptors via its properties as a competitive antagnoist of adenosine. This has flow on diffuse physiological effects, given the abundance of four distinct adenosine receptor subtypes throughout the body. The normal physiological effects of ad...
Article
Stellate crease
A stellate crease, also known as a stellate lesion, is an indentation in the acetabular roof composed of radiating lines caused by a focal area of hyaline cartilage deficiency, which is in continuity with the acetabular notch 1,2.
They are found above the anterosuperior aspect of the acetabulum...
Article
Perianal genital warts
Perianal genital warts, also known as condyloma acuminata (singular: condyloma acuminatum), are a complication of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. They are diagnosed clinically and are usually painless and benign, but can rarely undergo malignant transformation into squamous cell carcinoma....
Article
Left atrial appendage thrombus
Left atrial appendage thrombus is a site of intra-cardiac thrombus and refers to presence of thrombus within left atrial appendage.
The left atrial appendage is considered the main location of thrombus formation, predominantly in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation.
Radiographic fea...
Article
Dark-field radiography
Dark-field radiography is an emerging medical imaging technology. While conventional x-ray imaging is based on the differential attenuation of various organs and tissues, dark-field radiography utilizes ultra-small angle x-ray scattering similarly to dark-field computed tomography.
Physics
Whi...
Article
Hand-foot-genital syndrome
Hand-foot-genital syndrome (previously known as hand-foot-uterus syndrome) refers to a hereditary disorder with abnormalities involving the hands and feet and uterus.
Affected patients can have
urogenital abnormalities in females
bicornuate uterus
vaginal septum
ectopic localization of uret...
Article
Numb chin syndrome
Numb chin syndrome describes a sensory neuropathy occurring in the distribution of either the mental nerve or inferior alveolar nerve. While numb chin syndrome has a multitude of causes, it is considered an ominous entity due to its strong association with heralding advanced malignancy 1.
Clini...
Article
Osseous Tumor Reporting and Data System (OT-RADS)
Osseous Tumor Reporting and Data System (OT-RADS) is a reporting and communication tool designed to reliably identify benign and malignant bone tumors and to communicate them in a standardized way, using BI-RADS as an example 1-3.
History and etymology
The Osseous Tumor Reporting and Data Syst...
Article
Navigation guidewires
Navigation guidewires are interventional procedure guidewires used to navigate, maneuver and subselect structures and vessel targets. They are inserted after securing access with a sheath/catheter and are often exchanged for a rail wire after reaching the target destination 1.
Properties
Navig...
Article
Access guidewires
Access guidewires are interventional procedures wires used during the first steps of interventions, to secure stable access and sheaths/catheter insertion. They are quickly exchanged for a navigation wire thereafter.
The most common access wires are1:
Cope Mandril wire
Nitrex wire
Properties...
Article
Guidewires
Guidewires are interventional procedures wires used to guide access, maneuver, or work through structures (e.g. vessels, urinary or biliary system).
They come in different shapes, lengths, diameters, stiffness, and hydrophilicity, and are classified according to their main use into:
access wir...
Article
CNS tumor with BCOR internal tandem duplication
CNS tumor with BCOR internal tandem duplication (BCOR-ITD) is a rare and relatively new brain tumor type that has been added to the WHO classification of CNS tumors 5th edition as part of the embryonal family of tumors. Originally identified through molecular analysis of tumors classified as pri...
Article
Microcephaly with a simplified gyral pattern
Microcephaly with a simplified gyral pattern (MSG) is a congenital malformation characterized by microcephaly accompanied by a simplified gyral pattern. The term “simplified gyral pattern” often describes a reduced number of gyri and shallow sulci with a normal cortical thickness and architectur...
Article
Canal-to-body ratio of Torg and Pavlov
The canal-to-body ratio of Torg and Pavlov is a method of evaluating the degree of cervical canal stenosis on lateral cervical spine radiographs.
Terminology
This ratio is variously referred to as the Torg ratio 3, the Pavlov ratio 3,4, the Torg-Pavlov ratio 5, or the canal-to-body ratio 3.
M...
Article
Foot pain
Foot pain is a very common symptom. The differential diagnosis depends mainly on age, weight, level of physical activity, and the exact location of the pain.
As neoplastic lesions are ubiquitary, they will not be added to the sections below.
Hindfoot pain
inferior heel pain
trauma and bone b...
Article
Glottic web
Glottic webs are focal narrowings of the airway due to the formation of a membranous connection at the level of the true vocal folds 1.
Clinical presentation
Symptoms include exercise intolerance, dysphonia, hoarseness, stridor, respiratory distress and airway obstruction7.
Infants may also p...
Article
Garcin syndrome
Garcin syndrome, also known as hemibasal syndrome or Guillain-Alajouanine-Garcin syndrome, is characterized by progressive ipsilateral cranial neuropathies of at least seven cranial nerves, with no evidence of raised intracranial pressure, long-tract signs, or cerebellar signs, classically attri...
Article
Scapulohumeral arthrodesis with a reconstruction plate
Shoulder arthrodesis with reconstruction plate aims to relieve pain and provide a stable site for elbow and hand function and also to allow for active and limited elevation of the shoulder with scapulothoracic motion. Plates are a useful method for glenohumeral salvage in cases without severe bo...
Article
Tracheoesophageal voice prosthesis
A tracheoesophageal voice prosthesis is a medical device that connects the trachea and esophagus to restore voice and speech communication following a total laryngectomy. It allows patients to generate the most natural and intelligible sound and voice compared to other laryngeal speech technique...
Article
Thoraco-abdominal aneurysm
A thoraco-abdominal aortic aneurysm (TAAA) refers to an aneurysm that involves thoracic and abdominal aorta. The usually comprise of result from continuous dilation of the descending thoracic aorta extending into the abdominal aorta.
Pathology
Multiple configurations occur anywhere along the ...
Article
Branched endovascular aneurysm repair
A branched endovascular aneurysm repair (BEVAR) is a type of endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) which where are fenestrations placed in the endograft allowing cannulation and stenting of the visceral and renal arteries to maintain branch patency in a segment of treated aorta.
Article
Chronic granulomatous inflammatory process
Chronic granulomatous inflammation is a disease process that mostly affects the soft tissues and is an inflammation where a compact collection of cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system, chiefly activated macrophages and cells derived from them are predominant 1.
Pathology
There are two majo...
Article
Eckhardt score
The Eckhardt score is a clinical scoring system commonly used to characterize the severity of achalasia.
It is a 12-point score which is as follows:
recent weight loss (kg)
none = 0
<5 kg = 1
5-10 kg = 2
>10 kg = 3
dysphagia
none = 0
occasional = 1
daily = 2
each meal = 3
retrosterna...
Article
Polyether-ether-ketone (PEEK)
Polyether-ether-ketone (PEEK) is a special thermoplastic engineering plastic with biological, mechanical, and chemical properties that provides an alternative to titanium alloys in the development of implantable load-bearing medical devices, which require extra strength and biocompatibility 1,2....
Article
Autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants
Autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants (ASIA syndrome) encompasses non-specific symptoms that occur following exposure to inert material (e.g. silicone, aluminum salts), which are thought to trigger an abnormal autoimmune response 1-3. Whether this is association or causation is s...
Article
Menstrual cup
The menstrual cup is a reusable silicone device designed to be an alternative to tampons and sanitary pads. Various different brands are available but they all have the same shape.
It can be observed on all forms of abdominal imaging and it is worth being familiar with its normal appearances.
...
Article
Short humeral stem arthroplasthy
A short humeral stem arthroplasty is less than 100 mm in length (standard-length > 100 mm) and comprises titanium with a proximal porous surface coating and metaphyseal press-fit fixation
Advantages and disadvantages
Advantages
preserving bone stock
eliminates damaging biological effects of ...
Article
Infraspinatus tendon tear
Infraspinatus tendon tears are rotator cuff injuries affecting the infraspinatus tendon generally associated with other rotator cuff tears and are usually due to degenerative processes, trauma, or constant overhead motion strain 1.
Epidemiology
Isolated full-thickness infraspinatus tendon tear...
Article
Periosteum
The periosteum is a thin membrane of connective tissue composed of different layers covering the surface of a bone, providing structural integrity and contributing to growth and development as well as the repair of bone 1-3.
Gross anatomy
The periosteum consists of different layers in particul...
Article
Arias-Stella reaction
An Arias-Stella reaction is a common gynecological histological finding in curettage specimens of gestational endometrium describing a non-neoplastic lesion that is easily confused with uterine malignancy 1,2.
Pathology
An Arias-Stella reaction is due to hormonal hyperstimulation causing atypi...
Article
Overstuffing (shoulder arthroplasty)
Overstuffing of the total shoulder arthroplasty or shoulder hemiarthroplasty is secondary to an oversized humeral component or inaccurate positioning of the prosthetic humeral head, which can lead to subacromial impingement from malposition with attritional rotator cuff tears.
Medial overstuffi...
Article
Stress shielding after fracture fixation
Stress shielding after fracture fixation is a result of the higher stiffness of the implant, which results in bone loss as a consequence of decreased physiologic loading of the bone according to Wolff's law. Stainless steel, although leads to an excellent union rate, eliminates dynamic loading t...
Article
Peripheral intermediate and high-grade chondrosarcoma
Peripheral chondrosarcomas grade 2 and 3 are malignant intermediate and high-grade chondrogenic neoplasms originating from the bony surface in the chondral cap of pre-existing osteochondromas as a result of malignant transformation, thus the name secondary peripheral chondrosarcoma 1,2. Secondar...
Article
Pediatric ankle (mortise view)
The mortise ankle view for pediatrics is one of three views to examine the distal tibia, distal fibula, proximal talus and proximal fifth metatarsal. Depending on the child's age and the departmental protocol, the mortise view may or may not be performed.
Terminology
Mortise and mortice are va...
Article
Peripheral atypical cartilaginous tumor/ low-grade peripheral chondrosarcoma
Peripheral atypical cartilaginous tumors/chondrosarcomas grade 1 (ACT/CS1) or low-grade peripheral chondrosarcomas are locally aggressive chondral neoplasms that grow within the cartilaginous cap of pre-existing osteochondromas as a result of malignant transformation. Thus these peripheral chond...
Article
Titanium elastic nail system
Titanium elastic nail system (TENS) is a form of intramedullary nailing typically used in the pediatric population because of the presence of a thick periosteum and the increased potential for bone remodeling in children.
They are not routinely used in adults due to a lack of resistance to rota...
Article
Tertiary esophageal contractions
Tertiary esophageal contractions are a type of contractions of the esophagus often described as as the irregular contraction or indentations of the distal esophageal wall. Isolated tertiary esophageal waves of the non-repetitive type are thought to occur in normal subjects. Swallowing induced re...
Article
Stress shielding of the proximal humerus
Stress shielding of the proximal humerus after total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) is a bone resorption around the proximal prosthesis stem.
Pathology
According to Wolff's Law, bone remodels in response to stress. After a TSA or shoulder hemiarthroplasty, intact bone previously responsible for b...
Article
Rocking-horse phenomenon
Rocking-horse phenomenon occurs in total shoulder arthroplasty when there is an abnormal glenoid version angle positioning that causes glenoid component failure.
The glenoid component is stable when the load applied by the humeral head is centered, whereas anterior or posterior translation of ...
Article
iNPH Radscale
The iNPH Radscale is a reproducible semiquantified grading scale for the imaging findings of normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH).
Scale
The iNPH Radscale uses the following imaging findings on both CT and MRI 1,4:
Evans index
≤0.25: 0 points
0.26-0.3: 1 point
>0.3: 2 points
narrow parieta...
Article
Ganglion
A ganglion (plural: ganglia) is a group of neuronal cell bodies and processes located in the peripheral nervous system 1.
Ganglia can be categorized into two groups - sensory ganglia and autonomic ganglia. Sensory ganglia primarily contain the cell bodies of neurons as well as their central an...
Article
Parotid liposubstitution
Parotid liposubstitution is a fatty degeneration of the parotid gland, sometimes increasing in volume.
Associations
Parotid liposubstitution is physiological with age but which may be associated with local or systemic conditions that include:
hypertriglyceridemia may be associated with fat in...
Article
Pyrocarbon
Pyrocarbon or pyrolytic carbon is a synthetic material that, due to its tribological properties and biocompatibility, particularly with blood, was initially used in the medical field for mechanical heart valves.
To make pyrocarbon-coated orthopedic implants, a graphite substrate is coated with ...
Article
Persistent sciatic vein
Persistent sciatic vein is one of two known embryonic veins in the lower limb which may persist, the other being the lateral marginal vein. Although both are associated with Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome 1-3, only the lateral marginal vein is also referred to as the Klippel-Trenaunay vein.
The sci...
Article
Otalgia
Otalgia refers to the clinical symptoms of ear pain. It is broadly divided in two categories which are
primary otalgia (~ 50% 3) - ear pain originating from causes within or near to the ear itself.
secondary otalgia / referred otalgia (~50% 3)- ear pain due to causes remote from the ear.
Path...
Article
Disseminated histoplasmosis
Disseminated histoplasmosis, also known as progressive disseminated histoplasmosis, is a severe form of histoplasmosis infection typically seen in immunosuppressed patients, especially in the setting of HIV infection. It results from hematogenous dissemination of the infection, involving multipl...
Article
Posterior meniscofemoral ligament (of Wrisberg)
The posterior meniscofemoral ligament or ligament of Wrisberg is one of the two variably present bands of the meniscofemoral ligament.
Gross anatomy
The posterior meniscofemoral ligament has insertions proximally at the lateral intercondylar aspect of the medial femoral condyle and distally a...
Article
Central intermediate and high-grade chondrosarcoma
Central chondrosarcomas grade 2 and 3 (CS2/CS3) are malignant intermediate- and high-grade conventional chondrosarcomas that arise intramedullary 1-3.
Epidemiology
Similar to low-grade chondrosarcoma, the incidence of central intermediate and high-grade chondrosarcomas has also risen compared ...
Article
Glenoiditis
Glenoiditis or glenoid wear is the progressive erosion/wear of the native glenoid and is the most common complication of shoulder hemiarthroplasty. It may be caused by oversized humeral heads and insufficient joint release.
Epidemiology
Glenoiditis after shoulder hemiarthroplasty occurs in one...
Article
Root dilaceration
Root dilaceration is a dental deformity presenting as an acute angulation, deviation or curvature of the crown-root axis.
Etiology
Possible causes include:
trauma during root development
adjacent dentigerous cyst or tumor can lead to an abnormal angle in a developing tooth
hereditary factor...