Articles

Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and edited by countless contributing members over a period of time. A global group of dedicated editors oversee accuracy, consulting with expert advisers, and constantly reviewing additions.

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Double-arc sign

The double-arc sign, also known as the McKee double-arc sign, is a radiographic indication of a coronal shear fracture of the distal humerus, which involves the capitellum and extends beyond the lateral trochlear ridge to include a part of the trochlea 1,2. The double-arc sign is characterized ...

Systemic illness

A systemic illness, a.k.a. systemic disease, is any disease that causes a generalized disturbance in bodily function rather than just affecting its organ of origin. Clinical presentation Systemic illness tend to produce systemic symptoms and signs including: fever chills loss of appetite l...

Testicular torsion-detorsion syndrome

Testicular torsion-detorsion syndrome or intermittent testicular torsion refers to acute and periodic testicular pain due to limited blood flow, integrated with asymptomatic periods 1. Testicular torsion-detorsion syndrome has increasingly been reported in the literature. Epidemiology Testic...

PET-MRI

PET-MRI is a hybrid imaging technique utilizing the functional uptake information of positron emission tomography (PET) with the anatomical and soft tissue detail of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Early systems were tested in the late 2000s with commercial availability from 2010 1,2. The ava...

Multiple pulmonary nodules >5 mm (differential diagnosis)

The differential diagnosis of multiple larger pulmonary nodules (>5 mm) is broad, but includes: neoplastic: metastases (most common) lymphoma synchronous primary lung cancers infections: multiple lung abscesses septic emboli fungal infections histoplasmosis coccidioidomycosis aspergil...

Anti SRP autoantibody associated interstitial lung disease

Anti SRP autoantibody associated interstitial lung disease is a form of autoimmune related interstitial lung disease. Clinical presentation It is thought to usually present with mild respiratory symptoms although some patients have been reported to have severe disease 1. Pathology It is repo...

Immune mediated necrotizing myopathy

Immune mediated necrotizing myopathy (IMNM) is classified as a form or myopathy and sometimes a form of myositis. Epidemiology Associations interstitial lung disease - anti-SRP autoantibody associated interstitial lung disease 3 cardiomyopathy 7 Clinical presentation It is clinically chara...

Modified Frey procedure

Modified Frey procedure is a surgery that includes pancreaticojejunostomy with Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery and splenectomy. It is designed to treat patients with chronic pancreatitis and persistent hyperbilirubinemia. The fundamental technique is similar to the Frey procedure, with a trans...

Basivertebral nerve

The basivertebral nerve supplies the vertebral endplates and can be a target for treating back pain. Gross anatomy The basivertebral nerve is a paired nerve arising from the sinuvertebral nerve. It ascends from its origin to enter the spinal canal, traversing centrally 1. It courses with the ...

Fibulotalocalcaneal ligament

The fibulotalocalcaneal ligament is part of the deep crural fascia and runs medially from the posteromedial border of the lateral malleolus (anterior malleolar groove) with two sheet-like laminae that insert on the superolateral surface of the calcaneus and the lateral tubercle of the posterior ...

Paraventricular nucleus

The paraventricular nucleus is a group of neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus that produce the hormones oxytocin and vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). Gross anatomy The paraventricular nucleus is found in the medial area of the anterior hypothalamus immediately medial to the column of t...

Broca aphasia

Broca aphasia, also known as expressive aphasia or motor aphasia, is a type of non-fluent aphasia usually caused by injury (e.g. stroke) to Broca's area and the surrounding frontal fields 1,2. Clinical presentation Broca aphasia has classic effects on speech 1,2: fluency: non-fluent and effor...

Pulmonary artery intramural hematoma

Pulmonary artery intramural hematoma (PA-IMH) refers to a hemorrhage within the wall of the pulmonary arteries. It can occur alone in the setting of a thoracic aortic injury or as a complication of an acute aortic dissection for example in a setting where the posterior wall of the aortic root is...

Overriding aorta

Overriding aortas are congenital heart defects in which the aorta is situated directly superior to a ventricular septal defect (VSD) rather than the normal position (i.e. left ventricle). As a result, the amount of oxygenated blood received by the aorta for distribution to the body is reduced. I...

Cardinal ligament

The cardinal ligaments, also known as transverse cervical ligaments or Mackenrodt ligaments, are paired structures that act to support the pelvic organs of the female pelvis. These along with the uterosacral and pubocervical ligaments, provide support to prevent pelvic organ prolapse 1. Gross ...

Hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia describes an abnormally low blood glucose level (<4 mmol/L). It is a common clinical problem in diabetics overtreated with glucose lowering agents. Clinical presentation Signs of hypoglycemia include: dizziness tremors, palpitations and anxiety hunger sweating confusion fati...

Hebbian learning

Hebbian learning describes a type of activity-dependent modification of the strength of synaptic transmission at pre-existing synapses which plays a central role in the capacity of the brain to convert transient experiences into memory. According to Hebb et al 1, two cells or systems of cells th...

Lower limb radiography (pediatric)

Lower limb radiography involves plain film imaging of the pelvis, hip, knee and ankle bones in pediatric patients. Depending on the patients' age, the difficulty of the examination will vary, often requiring a specialist trained radiographer familiar with a variety of distraction and immobilizat...

Pediatric scaphoid (axial view)

The scaphoid axial view in pediatrics examines the scaphoid bone in its true anatomical position. Since minimizing radiation dose is essential in pediatric imaging, one posteroanterior angled view of the scaphoid is usually sufficient. The scaphoid bone begins ossification at age 5 years and com...

Cholinergic crisis (mnemonic)

Mnemonics for the clinical features associated with cholinergic crisis comprise: MDS' BEDBUG LB FW HRCT CDS' CASA Mnemonics MDS' BEDBUG LB Colloquially denoting "MDs' Bedbug Pound," with pound semantically signaled by the letters "Lb", this mnemonic corresponds to the clinical features of...

Sugaya classification

The Sugaya classification is a 5-point system used to evaluate rotator cuff repair. Usage The Sugaya classification is the most common system used to evaulate rotator cuff repair 2 although intra- and inter-observer reproducibility is variable 3,4. Classification The Sugaya classification a...

Cervical foraminal stenosis

Cervical foraminal stenosis is a common condition that is mostly asymptomatic but in some patients results in cervical radiculopathy. Clinical presentation Cervical foraminal stenosis is most commonly asymptomatic (found in ~20% of the population 8,10) but can result in cervical nerve root com...

Stener-like lesion of the medial collateral ligament of the knee

Stener-like lesions of the medial collateral ligament (MCL) occur when a tear involves the distal fibers of the superficial medial collateral ligament (sMCL) are displaced superﬁcially to the pes anserinus, which can result in compromised healing. Pathology Usually, the sMCL runs deep to the p...

Chudley-McCullough syndrome

Chudley-McCullough syndrome is an extremely rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by early-onset sensorineural hearing loss and a distinctive combination of structural brain abnormalities, with relative preservation of psychomotor development. Epidemiology Chudley-McCullough syndrome...

Florid

Florid is a descriptive term often used in imaging reports to describe a process/appearance which is severe in degree, often following a subjective assessment. History and etymology The term florid derives from the Latin term "floridus" meaning flowery, itself from "flos", a flower 2. From me...

Reynolds pentad

Reynolds pentad is a combination of clinical signs found in acute cholangitis. It consists of Charcot triad 2-4: fever and/or chills RUQ pain jaundice as well as: delirium or lethargy, and shock Usefulness Sensitivity of Reynolds pentad from a large systematic review of nine studies was ...

Oral tori

Oral tori (singular torus) are benign bony outgrowths from the maxilla and mandible: maxillary tori a.k.a. torus palatinus mandibular tori a.k.a. torus mandibularis Oral tori are subcategorised according to their shape 1: flat spindle nodular lobular Although not usually called tori, fur...

Enlarged hilar periportal space sign

The enlarged hilar periportal space sign refers to the widening of the periportal space seen on MRI in early liver cirrhosis. Usage Enlarged hilar periportal space sign is one of the early signs of cirrhosis and may be used to detect fibrotic changes in the liver in patients who do not yet hav...

Triceps tendon rupture

A triceps tendon rupture represents the extreme end of the spectrum of triceps tendon tears where there is complete detachment of the triceps tendon. It most often occurs at the distal end. It is more common in males and seen in age groups 30-50. Pathology If can either occur in an acute set...

Tracheostomy tube

Tracheostomy tubes, a.k.a. tracheotomy tubes, are inserted through a stoma post-tracheostomy to help patients unable to breathe normally. It may be temporary or permanent depending on the patient's condition, with its insertion where clinically indicated showing a lowered in-hospital mortality r...

Intracranial translucency

Intracranial translucency (IT) is the ultrasound appearance of the fourth ventricle in mid-sagittal plane as seen on 11-13 week antenatal scan. It is used as a marker for neural tube defects. Its absence is reported in open spina bifida 1. Radiographic features Technique the fetus must be in ...

Black hole sign (intracerebral hemorrhage)

The black hole sign refers to the non-contrast CT appearance of acute extravasation of blood into a hematoma, for example, an intracerebral hemorrhage, and therefore is a predictor of hemorrhage expansion 3. It can be thought of as an encapsulated swirl sign. Radiographic features The black ho...

Voriconazole-induced periostitis

Voriconazole-included periostitis is a type of drug-induced periostitis and is a rare cause of diffuse bone pain in those on high dose or prolonged voriconazole therapy. Epidemiology Voriconazole-induced periostitis primarily occurs in the immunocompromised and transplant patient populations,...

Yolk sac tumor

Yolk sac tumor (YST), also known as an endodermal sinus tumor, is a type of malignant germ cell tumor. Epidemiology Yolk sac tumors usually develop in infants, young children, and young women 1. Pathology Yolk sac tumors are non-epithelial tumors of germ-cell origin. Location Yolk sac tumo...

Zebra sign (disambiguation)

The evocative appearance of the coat of a zebra has been used for several distinctive signs in radiology: zebra sign: cerebellar hemorrhage 1 zebra sign: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 2 zebra spleen: arterial phase appearance of normal spleen 4,5 zebra stripe sign: treated osteogenesis imper...

Liposuction

Liposuction is a cosmetic procedure to reduce the volume of adipose tissue in the neck, arms, legs and/or abdomen. Areolar fat, a deeper layer of adipose tissue, is the main target and shows a good response to vacuum-assisted liposuction. There are three types of this procedure 1,2: power-ass...

Thoracic spine protocol (MRI)

The MRI thoracic spine protocol encompasses a set of MRI sequences for the routine assessment of the thoracic spine. Note: This article aims to frame a general concept of an MRI protocol for the assessment of the thoracic spine. An MR thoracic spine protocol might be combined with a cervical sp...

Acute flaccid myelitis

Acute flaccid myelitis is an uncommon cause of acute flaccid paralysis similar to poliomyelitis, primarily affecting children and usually seen following a respiratory viral illness. Epidemiology Acute flaccid myelitis primarily affects children. Cases appear to be temporally related to respi...

Acute flaccid paralysis

Acute flaccid paralysis is a syndrome resulting from a wide array of underlying conditions. The features are of a fairly rapidly progressing lower motor neuron pattern weakness with potential involvement not only of the limbs but also of muscles of the pharynx, trunk and diaphragm 1. Historica...

Cervical spine protocol (MRI)

The MRI cervical spine protocol encompasses a set of MRI sequences for the routine assessment of the cervical spine. Note: This article aims to frame a general concept of an MRI protocol for the assessment of the cervical spine. Protocol specifics will vary depending on MRI scanner type, specif...

Lumbar spine protocol (MRI)

The MRI lumbar spine protocol encompasses a set of MRI sequences for the routine assessment of the lumbar spine. Note: This article aims to frame a general concept of an MRI protocol for the assessment of the lumbar spine. Protocol specifics will vary depending on MRI scanner type, specific har...

Bone marrow reconversion

Bone marrow reconversion generates a red bone marrow pattern that is in reverse to the normal yellow-to-red distribution. Pathology Bone marrow reconversion occurs when there is increased hematopoietic demand, which may be 1,2: physiological cigarette smoking obesity high enduran...

Encysted spermatic cord hydrocele

Encysted spermatic cord hydroceles are one of the subtypes of spermatic cord hydrocoele where the fluid collection does not communicate with the peritoneum above or the tunica vaginalis below. Pathology In this encysted type, a loculated hydrocoele occurs along the spermatic cord due to oblit...

Focal nodular marrow hyperplasia

Focal nodular marrow hyperplasia is a rare, benign condition where there is a localized conversion of red/hematopoietic from yellow/fatty bone marrow. Its main relevance is of having a pseudotumor appearance mimicking skeletal metastases on MRI 1. Pathology Location Most commonly located in t...

Low T1 bone lesion

Low T1 bone lesions or T1 hypointense bone lesions are radiological terms to categorize bone lesions according to their visually perceived low signal on T1 weighted images. Apart from the usual description of a bone lesion seen on MRI they are used to categorize incidentally found solitary bone ...

Persistent dorsal ophthalmic artery

The persistent dorsal ophthalmic artery is a rare anatomical variant of the ophthalmic artery. Instead of arising from the supraclinoid (C6) segment of the internal carotid artery, as is normally the case, the persistent dorsal ophthalmic artery arises from the lateral aspect of the cavernous (C...

Subcutaneous implantable defibrillator

A subcutaneous implantable defibrillator (SICD) is a medical device implanted, typically in the chest wall, It delivers an electric impulse to the heart like a standard cardiac defibrillator (AICD) without leads being inserted into the myocardium.

Hook-like osteophytes

Hook-like osteophytes describe overhanging bone spurs seen at the metacarpal heads, usually at the radial aspect, and characteristically seen with hemochromatosis, although may be seen in other conditions 1. Differential diagnosis Hook-like osteophytes are seen in: hemochromatosis: characteri...

High T1 bone lesion

High T1 bone lesions or T1 hyperintense bone lesions are radiological terms to categorize bone lesions with a high signal on T1 weighted images. Apart from the usual description of a bone lesion seen on MRI the terms can be used to categorize incidentally found solitary bone lesions in the Bone ...

Curtain sign (lung ultrasound)

The curtain sign refers to the normal ultrasound characteristics of lung bases where the lungs are fully aerated. This is because the air in the costophrenic recess will cast a hyperechoic "air curtain" over the recess, obscuring the outline of the lateral diaphragm. The "air curtain" will also ...

Cauldwell classification

Cauldwell classification is a commonly used classification in assessing bronchial artery branching pattern. Classification The bronchial artery branching pattern is classified into four types based on the number of intercostobronchial trunks (ICBT) - that gives rise to right bronchial artery a...

Chemical ablation

Chemical ablation is a technique in which chemical ablative substances are used to cause cell death in neoplastic tissue. It is used as a standalone procedure or in combination with other techniques like TACE and radiofrequency ablation. Agents absolute ethanol (most commonly used) acetic aci...

Ossification of the interosseous membrane of the leg

Ossification of the interosseous membrane of the leg is considered a form of heterotopic ossification. It is typically seen as bridging ossification between the tibia and fibula. Three types have been described. type I: usually occurs after a syndesmosis ankle sprain type II: usually from a t...

Internal auditory canal exostosis

Internal auditory canal (IAC) exostoses are bony growths that can narrow the IAC lumen, sometimes causing neurological symptoms due to nerve compression. Epidemiology Unlike their counterpart in the external auditory canal, IAC exostoses are uncommon and can be difficult to detect 1. Clinical...

Bone remodeling

Bone remodeling is the continuous lifelong coupled process of bone resorption and bone formation 1-4. It is the prerequisite for repairing bony microdamage during daily physical activities, the adaption of bone architecture to meet different mechanical demands and the prevention of aging effects...

Pediatric clavicle (AP cephalic view)

The cephalad angulation clavicle view for pediatrics is part of a two view series examining the entirety of the clavicle and the sternoclavicular and acromioclavicular joints. This view is ideally performed erect, but supine may be necessary depending on the patient's level of distress and sever...

Parasellar dark T2 signal sign

The parasellar dark T2 signal sign is a MRI feature where there is parasellar low T2 signal. Some authors describe it as a specific finding in differentiating lymphocytic hypophysitis from a pituitary adenoma.

Retroaortic anomalous coronary sign (echocardiography)

The retroaortic anomalous coronary (RAC) sign describes the sonographic appearance of an anomalous left coronary artery traveling posteriorly to the aortic root. It is most commonly observed with anomalous origin of the left circumflex artery from the right sinus of Valsalva, but is also describ...

Contrast agent pooling sign

The contrast agent pooling sign is a CT sign characterized by dense intravenous contrast agent pooling in veins, and may signal imminent cardiac arrest. Radiographic features The contrast agent pooling sign is characterized by dense intravenous iodinated contrast media pooling and layering in ...

Clade

A clade is a taxonomic term which is used to describe organisms which form a distinct group with shared characteristics that distinguish them from other groups of organisms. For example, organisms making up genetic variants within a particular species. See also monkeypox

Mpox

Mpox, previously known as monkeypox, is a rare zoonosis caused by an orthopoxvirus and in general, produces a mild flu-like illness and rash in humans. Virologically and clinically the condition is similar to smallpox, the first and only viral disease to be eradicated by humans. In 2022, a new o...

Secundum atrial septal defect

A secundum atrial septal defect (ASD) is the most common congenital abnormality of the interatrial septum. It describes a defect in the center of the interatrial septum in the region of the fossa ovalis and is most commonly due to a discontinuity in the portion of the septum derived from the emb...

Cervical cerclage

Cervical cerclage is a treatment that is undertaken during pregnancy to reduce the chances of preterm labor. It involves the placement of a suture around the neck of the cervix. It aims to reduce the risk of preterm birth and provides mechanical support to keep the cervix closed 1,2. Cervical c...

Wilbrand knee (optic radiation)

The Wilbrand knee refers to a small anterior loop of axons from the medial retina passing a short distance into the contralateral prechiasmatic optic nerve after decussating in the optic chiasm. It is said to account for the occurrence of the junctional scotoma caused by lesions at the junction ...

Right gastric vein

The right gastric vein, also known as pyloric vein, forms part of the venous drainage network of the stomach and proximal duodenum. It is a tributary of the portal vein. Gross anatomy Location The right gastric vein courses parallel to the right gastric artery adjacent to the lesser curvature...

Symphyseal fundal height

Symphyseal fundal height (SFH) is commonly used measurement practiced primarily used to detect fetal intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). For fetuses after 24 weeks' gestation, it is measured using a tape as the distance from - the pubic symphysis (by identifying the upper border of the sy...

Speed test (shoulder)

The Speed test is used to clinically assess for biceps tendon pathology. Anatomy The actions of biceps brachii are supination of forearm and flexion at elbow joint. It is supplied by the musculocutaneous nerve. Procedure In this test, the examiner places the patient's arm in shoulder flexio...

Aortic valve prolapse

Aortic valve prolapse refers to the improper closure of aortic valve leaflets. Aortic valve prolapse can result in aortic regurgitation, aortic root dilatation, and eccentric remodeling of the left ventricle. Pathology Etiology pulmonary atresia rheumatic aortic valve disease bicuspid ao...

Gain of function

Gain of function represents the set of laboratory techniques thanks to which it is possible to genetically modify a pathogen (for example a virus) in order to provide it with new capabilities.The field of application of the gain-of-function, in fact, is virology, in order to improve the understa...

Cyanosis

Cyanosis (plural: cyanoses) is a physical sign represented by bluish discolouration of the skin. It indicates there is reduced oxygen bound to red blood cells in the bloodstream. Diagnosis of the underlying cause of cyanosis is based on a thorough history and physical examination. Pathology Et...

Holstein-Lewis fracture

Holstein-Lewis fractures represent a special type of humeral shaft fracture. It is a simple spiral fracture of the distal humerus with a radial displacement of the distal fragment 1,3,4. These fractures are reported to have a higher rate of radial nerve palsy when compared to other humeral shaft...

Pulmonary mycobacterium parascrofulaceum infection

Pulmonary mycobacterium parascrofulaceum infection results from infection by the species Mycobacterium parascrofulaceum, which is a relatively new species of non-tuberculous mycobacterium (NTM) belonging to group 2. Infection by this species is rare and infrequently reported and the lung is cons...

Optic disc edema

Optic disc edema refers to unilateral or bilateral swelling of the optic disc. Terminology Optic disc edema describes the swelling of nerve fiber layer at the optic nerve head, and it is the consequence of many different pathological processes. Optic disc edema is sometimes mistaken for papi...

Obsolete imaging techniques

It is almost axiomatic that as time passes, the imaging techniques by which patients are evaluated, eventually become obsolete, due to continued scientific and technological innovations. Although the reality of new-fangled technology coming along and supplanting established methodology is of c...

Renal large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma

Renal large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas are an extremely rare renal tumor, with only six cases reported in the literature (c. 2022) 1. Epidemiology Renal large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma represents <1% of the total reported cases of primary renal cancers. The most affected population i...

Aortic root to right ventricle fistula

An aortic root to right ventricle fistula refers to abnormal fistulous communication between the aortic root and the right ventricle. It results from a defect of the aortic wall usually in the area above the right coronary cusp, where it separates aorta and right ventricular outflow tract. It ca...

Metanephric adenofibroma

Metanephric adenofibroma, originally referred to as 'nephrogenic adenofibroma', is a rare, biphasic, and benign metanephric tumor. Epidemiology Metanephric adenofibroma typically occurs in children and young adults with a mean age of 13 years 1,3. Clinical presentation Patients present with...

Asbestos related diffuse pleural thickening

Asbestos related diffuse pleural thickening is a form of asbestos-related benign pleural disease and may occur with or without asbestos related fibrosis. Pathology They may co-exist with pleural plaques but if thought to occur from a different pathology. Generation of reactive oxygen and nit...

Complications of radiation therapy

Radiation therapy has the potential to cause complications in many organ systems, many of which, especially in the thorax, are important for radiologists to be aware of. acute radiation syndrome complications of cranial radiation therapy radiation-induced cerebral vasculopathy radiation-ind...

Paracingulate sulcus

The paracingulate sulcus is a secondary sulcus running anteroposteriorly in the medial surface of the frontal lobe above and parallel to the cingulate sulcus 1. It is only found in the great apes and only identified in 70-89% of humans 1.

Salivary duct carcinoma

Salivary duct carcinomas are a subtype of primary salivary gland tumor. Salivary duct carcinomas show high rates of metastasis and recurrence. Epidemiology Salivary duct carcinomas represent 5-10% of salivary gland malignancies and can arise de novo or out of a pleomorphic adenoma 1,2. They t...

Canadian Association of Radiologists

The Canadian Association of Radiologists (CAR) is the national society for radiologists in Canada. Its current president is Gilles Soulez. It publishes the Canadian Association of Radiologists Journal. History The Canadian Association of Radiologists was founded in 1937 by Canadian radiologist...

Gastrointestinal stents

Gastrointestinal (GI) stents are increasingly used to treat obstruction of the GI tract, most commonly due to malignancy. Types of stent esophageal stent gastric stent duodenal stent enteric stent colorectal stent History and etymology Somewhat surprisingly the word 'stent' is actually a...

Glasgow-Blatchford score

The Glasgow-Blatchford score (GBS) is a widely-used and well-validated scoring system for upper GI bleeding and the need for intervention. Score The scoring system relies upon knowing the patient's urea, hemoglobin, systolic blood pressure, and several other criteria. Each criterion is scored,...

Pediatric clavicle (AP view)

The anteroposterior clavicle view for pediatrics is part of a two view series examining the entirety of the clavicle and the sternoclavicular and acromioclavicular joints. This view is ideally performed erect, but supine may be necessary depending on the patient's level of distress and severity ...

Colorectal cancer (TNM staging 7th edition)

The 7th edition of the TNM classification of colorectal carcinomas was proposed in 2010, and has now been updated and replaced by the 8th edition, published in 2016. Primary tumor staging (T) Tx: primary tumor cannot be assessed T0: no evidence of primary tumor Tis: carcinoma in situ T1: in...

Feeding artery sign (endometrial polyp)

Feeding artery sign (a.k.a. pedicle artery sign) refers to the presence of a single feeding artery to endometrial lesion using color/power Doppler on ultrasonography. It is often seen in endometrial polyps 1. The feeding vessel indicates the stalk attachment of the polyp to the uterus. Endometr...

Impacted teeth

Impacted teeth are common with the third molars most common. Other impacted teeth (e.g. maxillary canines, maxillary second molar, mandibular second premolar, and mandibular second molar) are less common 1,2. Radiographics features CBCT Cone beam CT (CBCT) allows for 1,3: impacted tooth loc...

Tetanus

Tetanus is a rare vaccine-preventable disease caused by Clostridium tetani, a ubiquitous soil bacterium which contaminates open wounds. It secretes a powerful neurotoxin which degrades neuromuscular junction function, producing muscle spasms and, despite intensive intervention, is often fatal. ...

Notch sign (primary CNS lymphoma)

The notch sign refers to an abnormally deep depression at the tumor margin in contrast-enhanced MRI in primary CNS lymphoma 1. It is not an uncommon sign in primary CNS lymphoma and can be seen in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients. It suggests an irregular growth pattern as wel...

Metanephric stromal tumor

Metanephric stromal tumor (MST) is a very rare, benign renal neoplasm that predominantly affect children. Epidemiology Metanephric stromal tumor is characterized by pure stromal morphology, hyper-differentiation, and no metastasis. The median age of diagnosis was 2 years. Less than fifty cas...

Pseudoendoleak

Pseudoendoleak is a color Doppler ultrasound phenomenon caused by spurious color signal in the aneurysm sac following endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR). Radiographic features Pseudoendoleak is defined as flow signal on color Doppler in the aneurysm sac following EVAR, without evidence of lea...

Tronzo classification of trochanteric fractures

The Tronzo classification of trochanteric fractures is a classification system used when assessing intertrochanteric fractures. The Tronzo classification is proposed to provide a guide to the management of these fractures. Due to its simplicity, the Tronzo classification has become the preferr...

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