Articles

Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and edited by countless contributing members over a period of time. A global group of dedicated editors oversee accuracy, consulting with expert advisers, and constantly reviewing additions.

Create new article

758 results found

Chronic coronary syndrome

Chronic coronary syndrome (CCS) is a term that defines coronary artery disease as a chronic progressive course that can be altered, stabilized or improved by lifestyle modifications, pharmacotherapy and coronary revascularization. It has been introduced to replace the previous term ‘stable coron...

Coronary in-stent restenosis

Coronary in-stent restenosis (ISR) is referred to as an increasing loss of the stented arterial lumen after a percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and coronary stent placement which requires revascularization. Terminology However, there are different clinical and angiographic definitions: ...

Roesler sign

Roesler sign is the name given to the inferior rib notching seen in coarctation of the aorta. Although by no means pathognomonic, the sign is fairly specific. Although many other causes of inferior rib notching have been recorded most of them are very rare 1. Strictly-speaking it is only called...

Adenosine

Adenosine is a vasodilating agent, which acts on the vascular smooth muscle surface and leads to vasodilation and a considerable increased vascular flow. NB: This article aims to give a summarized description of adenosine. For detailed and exact information please refer to the information and d...

Coronary stent thrombosis

Coronary stent thrombosis or scaffold thrombosis refers to a recent acute thrombus or occlusion in a coronary segment previously treated with a coronary stent or scaffold. It is a severe complication of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and a major adverse cardiovascular event. Epidemiol...

Neoplastic pericardial disease

Neoplastic pericardial disease, neoplastic pericardial involvement or neoplastic pericarditis refers to a pericardial infiltration by tumor cells usually associated with a variably sized pericardial effusion and is a form of non-infectious pericarditis. It needs to be differentiated from other c...

Cardiac ischemia protocol (MRI)

The cardiac MRI ischemia or stress protocol encompasses a set of different MRI sequences for the assessment of myocardial ischemia. Note: This article aims to frame a general concept of a cardiac MRI protocol in the setting of vasodilator stress perfusion testing. Protocol specifics will vary ...

Purulent pericarditis

Purulent pericarditis or pericardial empyema is a serious form of a bacterial, fungal or parasitic infection of the pericardium associated with a neutrophilic pericardial effusion. Epidemiology Purulent pericarditis is rare nowadays and makes up <1% of pericarditis cases. Risk factors Factor...

Coronary stent

Coronary stents or coronary artery stents are expandable tubular medical meshwork devices used for interventional treatment of coronary artery disease and prevention of negative remodeling and vascular recoil, restenosis as well as abrupt vessel occlusion from local coronary artery dissection af...

Cardiac arrest

Cardiac arrest is the term used for the abrupt loss of cardiac pump function such that an adequate circulation cannot be maintained. Despite recent modest improvements in survival, it usually leads to death, if not immediately treated. Arrests may be in-hospital or out-of-hospital. Epidemiolog...

Valve of Vieussens

The valve of Vieussens is one of two valves of the coronary sinus, which can be found at the junction to the great cardiac vein in the majority of individuals and might be of clinical importance for specific cardiac catheterization procedures. Variant anatomy It can be found in 60-90% of indiv...

Left marginal vein

The left marginal vein also known as the left obtuse marginal vein is one of the tributary veins of the coronary sinus and belongs to the greater coronary venous system. Gross anatomy Located on the lateral wall of the left ventricle, usually courses along with the obtuse marginal branch of th...

Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion

Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) also known as tricuspid annular motion refers to the displacement of the tricuspid valvular plane in the z-direction, reflects right ventricular longitudinal contraction or shortening. Usage Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion can be me...

Sudden cardiac death

Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is a term used for an unexpected, non-traumatic fatal event in an otherwise healthy subject. Epidemiology Sudden cardiac death is estimated to account for about 50% of all cardiac deaths with first-time events making up more than 25% 1. The incidence ranges between 0...

Rheumatoid arthritis (cardiac manifestations)

Cardiac manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis are an extra-articular feature of rheumatoid arthritis and are considered prognostically more severe. For a general discussion of rheumatoid arthritis and a particular discussion of its respiratory and musculoskeletal manifestations, please refer t...

Subendocardial fat infiltration

Subendocardial fat infiltration is a finding that can be seen with thoracic and cardiac imaging. It forms a part of myocardial fat infiltration and can sometimes be seen in the setting of a long-gone myocardial infarction 1 especially if seen in the distribution territory of a coronary artery an...

Atrial septum

The atrial or interatrial septum (IAS) is a fibromuscular anatomical structure dividing the left and right atrium and is of substantial importance for intra- and interatrial conduction. Gross anatomy The true atrial septum is defined by the septal area which could be pierced or crossed without...

Hypoplastic left anterior descending artery

A hypoplastic left anterior descending artery (LAD) refers to a luminal narrowing or a short course of the left anterior descending artery. Epidemiology Not many cases of a hypoplastic left anterior descending coronary artery are described in the literature. Associations Clinical conditions ...

Triangle of Koch

The triangle of Koch or Koch’s triangle is an important landmark for atrioventricular catheter ablation procedures for the localization of the atrioventricular node. Gross anatomy From a right atrial viewpoint, the triangle of Koch is delineated by the hinge of the septal tricuspid valve leafl...

Inferior pyramidal space of the heart

The inferior pyramidal space of the heart is an area filled with epicardial adipose tissue at the backside or diaphragmatic side of the heart immediately beneath the crux cordis. Gross anatomy The inferior pyramidal space is a pyramid-shaped fibrofatty structure between the two septal atrial w...

Atrioventricular nodal artery

The atrioventricular (AV) nodal artery is a small artery supplying the atrioventricular septal area and the atrioventricular node. Gross anatomy The atrioventricular nodal artery usually courses through the inferior pyramidal space of the heart. Origin The origin of the atrioventricular noda...

Atrioventricular septum

The atrioventricular (AV) septum or septal atrioventricular junction forms a central part of the heart, where the interatrial and interventricular septum crosses the atrioventricular annular plane and join with the septal tricuspid and anterior mitral leaflet attachments. On a four-chamber view...

Congenital absence of the circumflex artery

Congenital absence of the circumflex artery describes the lack of development of the circumflex artery within the atrioventricular groove. Epidemiology Congenital absence of the circumflex artery is a very rare coronary artery anomaly. Associations Congenital absence of the circumflex artery...

Segmental anatomy of the coronary arteries

The segmental anatomy of the coronary arteries has been originally developed and published by the Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and the American Heart Association (AHA). It is widely used for the description of coronary findings in particular within the scope of coronary artery disease. Cor...

Coronary hypoplasia

Coronary hypoplasia or hypoplastic coronary artery disease (HCAD) is a congenital coronary artery anomaly of intrinsic anatomy and can be defined as one or more coronary arteries being abnormally small or underdeveloped. Epidemiology Hypoplastic coronary artery disease is described as a rare c...

Congenital coronary ostial stenosis or atresia

Congenital coronary ostial stenosis and coronary atresia are intrinsic congenital coronary artery anomalies in which there is either an intrinsic narrowing or an absent coronary ostium. Epidemiology Coronary ostial stenosis and atresia are reportedly extremely rare conditions 1,2. Association...

Dual right coronary artery

Dual or split right coronary artery also known as duplication of the right coronary artery is a congenital coronary artery anomaly of intrinsic coronary anatomy in which the right coronary artery is divided into two branches early. Epidemiology This is very common if not the most common corona...

Coronary artery-to-pulmonary artery fistula

A coronary artery-to-pulmonary artery fistula is a type of coronary arteriovenous fistula where there is a fistula (aberrant communicating vessel) between a coronary artery and either a pulmonary artery or the pulmonary trunk. Epidemiology They may account for around 15-30% of cases of all cor...

Anomalous aortic origin of coronary artery

Anomalous aortic origin of coronary artery (AAOCA) refers to a congenital coronary artery anomaly in which a coronary artery arises from a different coronary sinus. Terminology Anomalous origin of the coronary artery arising from the opposite sinus (ACAOS) is a narrower definition and refers t...

Venae cavae

In human anatomy, the venae cavae is the collective term for the main venous great vessels that return deoxygenated blood to the right heart from the venous side of the systemic circulation, i.e. the superior vena cava (SVC) and inferior vena cava (IVC). Both venae cavae do not contain any valve...

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

Electrocardiography is the process of recording an electrocardiogram (ECG). An ECG is a recording of the heart's electrical activity carried out by measuring the potential difference across different points on the skin surface using electrodes. Technique This is often carried out as a '12 lead...

Transseptal coronary course

A transseptal, intraseptal or subpulmonic course refers to a coronary artery passing anteriorly and inferiorly to the aortic valve in a subpulmonic route through the interventricular septal myocardium and is mostly described as a ‘benign anomalous course’ without hemodynamic significance. Epide...

Retroaortic coronary course

A retroaortic course refers to a coronary artery taking its route posteriorly between the non-coronary sinus and the interatrial septum and is considered as a ‘benign anomalous course’. Epidemiology Associations Clinical conditions associated with a retroaortic course of a coronary artery inc...

Prepulmonic coronary course

A prepulmonic course refers to a coronary artery course anterior to the right ventricular outflow tract or main pulmonary artery and is considered as a ‘benign course’. Epidemiology Associations Clinical conditions associated with a prepulmonic course of a coronary artery include 1-4: other ...

Atriclip device

A left atrial appendage epicardial clip or AtriClip® device is a type of left atrial appendage closure device used for treatment of conditions such as atrial fibrillation. It is applied epicardially, with no foreign body contact to the bloodstream, and applied to the base of the appendage, and t...

Hypoplastic circumflex artery

A hypoplastic circumflex artery refers to a small-sized circumflex artery (Cx) with a small lumen and a short course. Epidemiology Hypoplastic circumflex arteries are rarely described in the literature. Associations Clinical conditions associated with a hypoplastic circumflex artery include ...

Hypoplastic right coronary artery

A hypoplastic right coronary artery refers to an underdeveloped or small-sized right coronary artery (RCA) with a narrowed lumen or a short course. Epidemiology Associations Clinical conditions associated with a hypoplastic right coronary artery include 1,2: left coronary arterial dominanc...

Cardiac CT (an approach)

Cardiac CT can be a more or less frequent examination faced in daily practice also depending on the institution and the CT scanner technology available. With technological advances and improved dose reduction techniques in the last decade, cardiac CT has become increasingly popular. What is pre...

Coronary cameral fistula

A coronary cameral fistula is a type of coronary artery fistula and is defined as a fistulous communication or communicating vessel from the coronary artery into any of the cardiac chambers. Epidemiology It is considered the most common type of coronary artery fistula. They may be present in l...

IgG4-related coronary disease

IgG4-related coronary disease is a form of inflammatory arteritis and/or periarteritis of the coronary arteries and a form of IgG4-related disease. Epidemiology Similar to atherosclerotic coronary artery disease IgG4-related coronary disease affects older people above 60 years of age. There is...

Absent pulmonary valve syndrome

Absent pulmonary valve syndrome (APVS) also known as congenital absence of pulmonary valve or pulmonary valve agenesis is a rare cardiac outflow tract anomaly. Pathology It is characterized by a completely absent or rudimentary pulmonary valve. It can be associated with aneurysmal dilatation ...

Cardiac function

Cardiac function refers to the hearts capability to fulfill its task as the motor or pump of the blood circuit satisfying the bodies demands of oxygen and nutritive substances as well as the removal of waste products. A direct measure of cardiac function is cardiac output which can be increased...

Mistletoe sign

The mistletoe sign refers to solid enhancing perivascular masses around the coronary arteries in the presence of idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis (Ormond's disease). The presence of the mistletoe sign on cardiac MRI and coronary CT angiography is relatively rare, but it might be a characteri...

Vieussens' arterial ring

Vieussens' arterial ring is a rare anatomic variant consisting of an anastomotic connection between the conus artery and branch vessels of the left coronary artery. Gross anatomy The artery arises from the conus artery, a branch of the right coronary artery, and connects to the proximal right...

Hypertensive heart disease

Hypertensive heart disease (HHD) refers to a condition covering morphological and physiological changes of the heart, the coronary arteries and the aorta. Epidemiology Over 1.1 billion people worldwide, one-fourth of all men and one-fifth of all women suffer from hypertension and the condition...

Major adverse cardiovascular event

A major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE), forming part of the larger category of major adverse clinical events, refers to a combined or composite clinical endpoint that is used for outcome evaluations in clinical trials for cardiovascular research. A major adverse cardiovascular/clinical even...

Mitral annular plane systolic excursion

Mitral annular plane systolic excursion (MAPSE) refers to the displacement of the mitral valvular plane in the z-direction and reflects left ventricular longitudinal contraction or shortening, which has been attributed to account for about 60% of the stroke volume 1. Terminology Mitral annular...

MR tagging

Cardiac MR tagging or myocardial tagging refers to a MRI based acquisition method designed for myocardial deformation analysis. Methodology The method exploits tissue magnetization as a tissue property. A local magnetic saturation grid of dark lined tissue markers known as tags are induced ont...

Cardiac strain

Cardiac strain or myocardial strain describes the deformation of the cardiac wall or chamber from a relaxed to a contracted condition more precisely the alteration of length in one dimension or spatial orientation. It can be expressed by a mathematical principle with the following formula 1,2: ...

MR feature tracking

MR feature tracking refers to an MRI based post-processing method, used on normal cine SFFP sequences for the analysis of myocardial deformation and the determination of myocardial strain parameters. Methodology MRI feature tracking is a two-dimensional software algorithm applied on standard c...

Fabry disease (cardiac manifestations)

Fabry disease or Anderson-Fabry disease is the most frequent X-linked lysosomal disorder with cardiac involvement and the isolated ‘cardiac variant’ is next in frequency after the ‘classic phenotype’. Diagnosis of cardiac involvement is important because of the potentially adverse outcome otherw...

Epicardium

The epicardium is the visceral part of the serous pericardium and forms the outer layer of the cardiac wall. Gross anatomy The epicardium is the visceral part of the serous pericardium, envelopes the heart, contains a variable amount of epicedial fatty tissue adjoining the myocardium at its ou...

Myocardium

The myocardium defines the middle layer of the cardiac wall between the endocardium and the pericardium and forms the muscular part of the heart. Gross anatomy The myocardium represents the middle layer of the cardiac wall. It is located between the endocardium and the epicardial layer of the ...

Endocardium

The endocardium defines the inner soft tissue lining of the heart within the cardiac chambers and constitutes the superficial surface of the cardiac valves. It apparently serves as a regulatory mechanism on myocardial contractility. Gross anatomy The endocardium represents the inner layer of t...

Holodiastolic flow reversal

Holodiastolic flow reversal (HDR) refers to a backward flow typically observed in the descending aorta during the whole diastolic phase and has been observed in the setting of moderate to severe aortic regurgitation. Usage It has been found to predict severe aortic regurgitation with high sens...

Velocity encoding

Velocity encoding or Venc is referred to as an operator-controlled parameter for the determination of the maximum velocity within a velocity encoded phase contrast imaging study. Usage Velocity-encoding (Venc) gradients are used to generate a phase shift in magnetic resonance phase contrast im...

Regurgitant volume and regurgitant fraction

The regurgitant volume refers to the volume of blood flowing backwards or in the reverse direction through the valvular plane within a beat or cardiac cycle. The regurgitant fraction is referred to as the backflowing blood volume divided by the forward flow volume and is expressed in percent [%...

Cardiac volumes and measurements

Quantitative cardiac volumes and measurements can be obtained for the left and right cardiac chambers and include the following 1-3: end-diastolic diameter interventricular septum thickness end-diastolic volume (EDV) [mL] and end-diastolic volume index (EDVI) [mL/m2] end-systolic volume (ESV...

Cardiac output and cardiac index

Cardiac output (CO) and cardiac index (CI) are important hemodynamic parameters characterizing cardiac function and reflecting body metabolism. Usage Cardiac output and cardiac index are used in the evaluation of patients with heart disease and critically ill patients as well as patients under...

Stroke volume

The stroke volume (SV) is referred to as the volume of blood ejected into the aorta or main pulmonary artery during each cardiac cycle. The stroke volume index (SVI) is the stroke volume corrected for the body surface area (BSA). Usage The stroke volume is another integral parameter used for t...

End-systolic volume

The end-systolic volume (ESV) is referred to as the volume of blood in the left or right ventricle at the end of the systolic ejection phase immediately before the beginning of diastole or ventricular filling. The end-systolic volume index (ESVI) is the end-systolic volume corrected for the body...

End-diastolic volume

The end-diastolic volume (EDV) is referred to as the volume of blood in the left or right ventricle at the end of the diastolic filling phase immediately before the beginning of systole. The end-diastolic volume index (EDVI) is the end-diastolic volume corrected for the body surface area (BSA). ...

Myocardial ischemia

Myocardial ischemia refers to the result of a mismatch between myocardial oxygen supply and demand as a consequence of the cessation of blood flow resulting in reversible injury or myocardial cell death if prolonged associated with a loss of contractile function. Epidemiology The total prevale...

Cardiac MRI (an approach)

A cardiac MRI can be a more or less frequent examination faced in daily practice also depending on the institution. In general radiological practices and institutions other than cardiac imaging centers, cardiac MRI examinations are not necessarily gladly enlisted into the appointment schedule pa...

Pericardiocentesis

Pericardiocentesis is a procedure that can be performed to withdraw pericardial fluid as a therapeutic intervention or a diagnostic modality. Indications diagnostic pericardial effusion of an unknown etiology therapeutic relief of pericardial tamponade Contraindications absolute none (gi...

Double inlet left ventricle

Double inlet left ventricle (DILV) describes a congenital cardiac anomaly in which both atrioventricular valves are associated with a single ventricle which demonstrates left ventricular morphology. Epidemiology This uncommon entity constituents 1% of all congenital cardiac anomalies, and is o...

Thebesian valve

The Thebesian valve, also known as the valve of the coronary sinus, is a fold in the right atrium at the opening of the coronary sinus 1. The valve can create difficulties and interfere with the cannulation of the coronary sinus during cardiac resynchronisation therapy (CRT) 1. Gross anatomy ...

Cardiac position

The cardiac position in the thorax may be described as: levocardia: left-sided heart dextrocardia: right-sided heart mesocardia: midline heart These terms purely describe the anatomic position of the left ventricular apex in the chest and their use does not indicate anything about the struct...

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy protocol (MRI)

The MRI hypertrophic cardiomyopathy protocol encompasses a set of different MRI sequences for the cardiac assessment in case of suspected hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Note: This article aims to frame a general concept of a cardiac MRI protocol in the assessment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy or...

Cardiac gating (MRI)

Cardiac gating or cardiac triggering refers to the gain of information about specific time points and their use for image acquisition during the cardiac cycle. Technique Cardiac synchronization can be achieved by the ECG signal or with a peripheral pulse transducer. The following two types of ...

Cine imaging (MRI)

Cine imaging, a.k.a. cine sequences or cine MRI, are a type of MRI sequence acquired to capture motion. Imaging technique Cine images are obtained by repeatedly imaging the area of interest for a certain time typically within a single slice, although 3D solutions already exist 3. For the hear...

Cardiac iron overload protocol (MRI)

The cardiac MRI iron overload protocol encompasses a set of different MRI sequences for the cardiac assessment in case of suspected iron overload cardiomyopathy. Note: This article aims to frame a general concept of a cardiac MRI protocol in the above setting. Protocol specifics will vary dep...

Myocardial viability protocol (MRI)

The MRI myocardial viability protocol encompasses a set of different MRI sequences for the assessment of myocardial viability. Note: This article aims to frame a general concept of a cardiac MRI protocol in the setting of acute or chronic myocardial infarction. Protocol specifics will vary de...

ARVC protocol (MRI)

The cardiac MRI ARVC protocol encompasses a set of different MRI sequences for the cardiac assessment in case of suspected arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. Note: This article aims to frame a general concept of a cardiac MRI protocol in the above setting. Protocol specifics wil...

Myocarditis protocol (MRI)

The MRI myocarditis protocol encompasses a set of different MRI sequences for the cardiac assessment in case of suspected myocardial inflammation. Note: This article aims to frame a general concept of a cardiac MRI protocol in the above setting. Protocol specifics will vary depending on addit...

Myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries

Myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA) is referred to as a syndrome characterized by the clinical characteristics of myocardial infarction but with normal coronary arteries or no significant coronary stenosis on coronary angiography. Epidemiology The suggested pr...

Snoopy sign

The Snoopy sign is a chest radiographic appearance in pericardial agenesis. It is due to combination of cardiac levoposition (heart shifted to the left), lengthening and flattening of the border of the left ventricle, radiolucency separating the left ventricle and left hemidiaphragm, radiolucenc...

Myocardial injury

Myocardial injury is defined by an elevation of cardiac troponin values above the 99th percentile upper reference limit. It is considered a prerequisite for the diagnosis of myocardial infarction but also an entity in itself and can arise from non-ischemic or non-cardiac conditions 1,2. Termino...

Intramyocardial hemorrhage

Intramyocardial hemorrhage is referred to as the extravasation of erythrocytes and/or blood products into the myocardium. Epidemiology Intramyocardial hemorrhage occurs in 35-50% of the patients with successful coronary revascularization of ST-elevation myocardial infarction 1-4. Associations...

Myocardial scar tissue

Myocardial scar tissue or myocardial scar is referred to as the final result and pathological correlate of myocardial infarction or myocardial injury and typically develops from the infarcted myocardium. Terminology Myocardial scar tissue is the result of replacement fibrosis and is also calle...

Cardiac strain imaging

Strain imaging is a cardiac imaging technique that detects ventricular deformation patterns and functional abnormalities before they become obvious as regional wall motion abnormalities on conventional cine imaging or echo. It has become more popular lately due to several technological improveme...

Rhabdomyoma

Rhabdomyomas are rare benign mesenchymal tumors that can be classified as: cardiac rhabdomyoma extracardiac (non-cardiac) rhabdomyoma adult rhabdomyoma fetal rhabdomyoma genital rhabdomyoma

Cardiac tissue characterization

Cardiac tissue characterization is a term for an approach in cardiac imaging used for the evaluation of the myocardial tissue in respect to its inherent properties as opposed to cardiac function e.g. in cine or strain imaging. In cardiac magnetic resonance imaging tissue characterization typica...

Late gadolinium enhancement

Late gadolinium enhancement is a technique used in cardiac MRI for cardiac tissue characterization, in particular, the assessment of myocardial scar formation and regional myocardial fibrosis 1-5. Terminology Late gadolinium enhancement is also known under the terms ‘late enhancement’ or ‘dela...

T2* mapping - myocardium

T2* mapping is a magnetic resonance imaging technique used to calculate the T2* time of tissue and display them voxel-vice on a parametric map. It is used for myocardial tissue characterization 1-4 and has been investigated for other tissues 5,6. Methodology T2* mapping is usually based on gra...

Myocardial salvage

Myocardial salvage is referred to as the reversibly injured myocardium in a setting of myocardial ischemia and/or myocardial infarction, which remains non-infarcted after reperfusion 1-7. Usage The assessment of myocardial salvage is an important measure in the evaluation of the efficacy of th...

Myocardial area at risk

The myocardial area at risk (AAR) is defined by the ischemic proportion of the myocardium after coronary occlusion and reflects the potential size of the myocardial infarction 1-9. Usage The assessment of the myocardial area at risk is an important measure in the evaluation of the potentially ...

Myocardial fibrosis

Myocardial fibrosis refers to an increase in collagen volume within the extracellular interstitium of the myocardium 1-3. Clinical presentation Myocardial fibrosis leads to diastolic and or systolic dysfunction and patients can present with symptoms associated with cardiac insufficiency arrhyt...

Myocardial edema

Myocardial edema refers to an increased water content of the myocardium particularly within the extracellular interstitium 1. Clinical presentation Myocardial edema often reflects an acute or subacute cardiac event, most often either ischemic or inflammatory and thus can be associated with che...

Hypoattenuated leaflet thickening

Hypoattenuated leaflet thickening (HALT) is an imaging feature seen on cardiac CT in the setting of subclinical leaflet thrombosis of prosthetic heart valves. In the setting of surgical or transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR), the evaluation for hypoattenuated leaflet thickening should...

T2 mapping - myocardium

T2 mapping is a magnetic resonance imaging technique used to calculate the T2 times of a certain tissue and display them voxel-vice on a parametric map. It has been used for tissue characterization of the myocardium 1-5 and has been investigated for cartilage 6,7 and other tissues 4. The T2 tim...

Extracellular volume - myocardium

Extracellular volume (ECV) refers to the space or volume of a tissue, which is not occupied by cells. Apart from the usual extracellular space, which surrounds the cells of a specific tissue it also includes the intracapillary plasma volume 1,2. It measures the space, which is occupied by the ex...

T1 mapping - myocardium

T1 mapping is a magnetic resonance imaging technique used to calculate the T1 time of a certain tissue and display them voxel-vice on a parametric map. It has been used for myocardial tissue characterization 1-6 and has been investigated for other tissues 5. T1 is the spin-lattice or longitudin...

Filtered (1)Done (clear)

+Systems

+Article Sections

+Sort By

ADVERTISEMENT: Supporters see fewer/no ads

Updating… Please wait.

Unable to process the form. Check for errors and try again.

Thank you for updating your details.