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Perugini grading scale

The Perugini grading scale is a semi-quantitative method of scoring cardiac uptake following injection of 99mTc-DPD, 99mTc-Pyrophosphate or 99mTc-HMDP scintigraphy in the investigation of cardiac amyloidosis (particularly ATTR amyloidosis). The grading scale visually compares tracer uptake in th...

Ventricular fibrillation

The diagnosis of ventricular fibrillation (VF) refers to a cardiac arrhythmia in which disorganized electrical activity within the heart causes uncoordinated contraction of the ventricular myocardium. The heart is subsequently unable to pump blood normally to the body, leading to cardiac arrest....

HIV associated pulmonary arterial hypertension

HIV associated pulmonary arterial hypertension (HIV-PAH) is a specific form of pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with HIV. Epidemiology It is thought that approximately 0.5% of patients with HIV infection can develop moderate to severe pulmonary arterial hypertension. This is consider...

Calcium mass score

The calcium mass score was introduced to determine the absolute mass of coronary artery calcium with the help of a cardiac calibration phantom and the use of correction factors 1,4. The method itself comprises the integration of signal above a given threshold 3. Even though higher sensitivity a...

Calcium density score

The calcium density score is a measure to quantify coronary artery calcium. Measurement Calcium density itself describes the concentration of calcium in a specific atherosclerotic plaque 1. Calcium density can be calculated by dividing the Agatston score by the total area of calcium. The latte...

Calcium volume score

The calcium volume score is a measure to quantify and calculate coronary artery calcium 1-3. Its calculation includes all voxels with a Hounsfield attenuation >130 and this is done by multiplying the volume of each voxel, determined by the area and the slice thickness with the number of voxels ...

Diastolic dysfunction assessment (echocardiography)

According to the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging, diastolic dysfunction assessment on echocardiography is divided into two different groups based on left ventricular systolic function. Normal left ventricular systolic function There ...

Interventricular septal bulge

Interventricular septal bulge (also known as a sigmoid septum) is a common finding in imaging studies in the elderly population and refers to an isolated thickened basal septum resulting in a sigmoid configuration. Although it is currently unclear whether this entity is part of the normal agin...

Hyperlipidemia

Hyperlipidemia is a condition in which elevated levels of lipids circulating in the blood. Clinical presentation Hyperlipidemia is usually asymptomatic. However, certain forms may be associated with types of xanthomas. Pathology Several genetic disorders (e.g. familial hypercholesterolemia) ...

Vulnerable plaque

Vulnerable or high-risk plaque refers to coronary artery atherosclerotic lesions with features associated with future acute coronary events, independent of luminal stenosis. Clinical presentation The relevant clinical sequelae of vulnerable plaque are acute coronary syndromes, which present as...

Napkin ring sign (disambiguation)

The napkin ring sign may refer to either of the following imaging findings: napkin ring sign (colon): colonic stenosis such as due to colon cancer napkin ring sign (coronary): coronary artery vulnerable plaque A clinical napkin ring sign of myotonia (e.g. in myotonic dystrophy) also exists, w...

Asystole

The diagnosis of asystole refers to a cardiac arrest rhythm with no electrical activity of the heart. It is the cardiac arrest rhythm with the poorest prognosis and is often irreversible 1. Asystole is one of the non-shockable rhythms, the other being pulseless electrical activity (PEA). Clinic...

Filling defect

A filling defect is a general term used to refer to any abnormality on an imaging study which disrupts the normal opacification (filling) of a cavity or lumen. The opacification maybe physiological, for example, bile in the gallbladder or blood in a dural venous sinus, or maybe due to the instal...

Hunter syndrome

Hunter syndrome, also known as mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPS II) is a rare genetic mucopolysaccharidosis disorder characterized by specific clinical features 1. Epidemiology Hunter syndrome is an X-linked recessive disease and therefore much more common in males. It is a rare disorder wit...

Left dominant arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy

Left dominant arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy is a variant of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy that predominantly affects the left ventricle of the heart. It may also be known as arrhythmogenic left ventricular cardiomyopathy 4. Clinical presentation The main clinical diagnostic f...

Angiotensin converting enzyme

Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) is a central component of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) which assists in blood pressure control by regulating the volume of fluids in the body. Normal individuals may have a small volume of the angiotensin converting enzyme circulating in their blood. M...

Scleroderma (cardiac manifestations)

Cardiac manifestations of scleroderma are highly variable, seen in approximately 15% of patients and are associated with a poor prognosis 2. For a discussion of scleroderma in general, refer to parent article: scleroderma. Clinical presentation Patients may present with: myocardial infarctio...

Inferior cavoatrial junction

The inferior cavoatrial junction (ICAJ) is the term given to the point at which the inferior vena cava (IVC) enters the right atrium. It is less commonly used/seen, in contradistinction to the superior cavoatrial junction. Accurate localization of the inferior cavoatrial junction is of practic...

Right ventricular outflow tract

The right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) refers to the region of blood outflow from the right ventricle between the supraventricular crest and the pulmonary valve. It is comprised of the conus arteriosus (infundibulum), ventricular septum and right ventricular free wall. It is commonly assesse...

Myocardial mapping

Myocardial mapping or parametric mapping of the heart is one of various magnetic resonance imaging techniques, which has evolved and been increasingly used in the last decade for non-invasive tissue characterization of the myocardium 1-5. Unlike normal T1-, T2- or T2*- images, parametric mapping...

Starling forces

Starling forces describe the movement of fluids between the vasculature and interstitial spaces. Fluid movement is determined by the balance of hydrostatic and osmotic pressure gradients 1. Starling forces Net pressure = [ (Pc - Pi) - (pc - pi) ] where: Pc = hydrostatic pressure of the capil...

Five Ts of cyanotic congenital heart disease (mnemonic)

A mnemonic to remember the most important congenital heart defects associated with cyanosis is: 5 Ts Mnemonic T: tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) T: transposition of the great arteries (TGA) T: truncus arteriosus T: total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR) T: tricuspid valve abnormalities...

Ammonia (N-13)

13NH3 is a PET tracer used for studies of myocardial perfusion imaging. It is produced in a cyclotron by proton irradiation of the enriched water of the oxygen-16. Ammonia (N-13) is administered intravenously, at a dose of 10-20 mCi (370-740 Mbq) in adults; its physical half-life is 10 minutes. ...

Chen sign

Chen sign on chest radiography is the prominence of the left basal pulmonary vasculature, compared to the right, seen in valvular pulmonary stenosis. It is due to the asymmetric increase in pulmonary blood flow to the left lung due to preferential blood flow into the left pulmonary artery after ...

Fallen contrast sign

The fallen contrast sign refers to a trace of concentrated contrast material layering along the dependent left atrial wall during contrast-enhanced cardiac CT, suggestive of a right-to-left shunt. The finding has primarily been described as an indirect sign in sinus venosus atrial septal defect ...

Crus (disambiguation)

A crus (plural: crura) is an anatomical term used for a structure which resembles a leg. crus (auricle) crus (cerebrum) crus (clitoris) crus (diaphragm) crus (fornix) crus (heart) crus (incus) crus (internal capsule) crus (nose) crus (penis) crus (semicircular duct) crus (stapes) cr...

Great vessels

The great vessels is the collective term given to the major arteries and veins that convey blood to and away from the heart: aorta pulmonary artery pulmonary veins superior vena cava inferior vena cava The branches and tributaries of these named vessels are not great vessels, e.g. brachioc...

Pulmonary interstitial edema

Pulmonary interstitial edema represents a form of pulmonary edema resulting from pathological fluid buildup in the interstitial spaces due to increased hydrostatic driving pressure. Pathology Interstitial lung edema arises almost exclusively due to an increase of the pulmonary capillary hydros...

Non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema

Non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema is a classification of pulmonary edema where the underlying etiology is not due to left ventricular dysfunction. Causes include: fluid overload pulmonary edema with acute asthma post-obstructive pulmonary edema/postintubation pulmonary edema/negative pressure ...

Cardiogenic pulmonary edema

Cardiogenic pulmonary edema is a subtype of pulmonary edema where the underlying etiology is due to left ventricular dysfunction. Pathology Etiology left heart failure congestive cardiac failure mitral regurgitation aortic stenosis arrhythmias myocardial pathology myo...

Double density sign (disambiguation)

The double density sign can refer to several radiological signs: double density sign (left atrial enlargement) double density sign (berry aneurysm) double density sign (osteoid osteoma)

Systolic anterior motion (SAM) of the mitral valve

Systolic anterior motion (SAM) of the mitral valve is defined as displacement of the distal portion of the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve toward the left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. It can occur in patients with and without hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

Left heart failure

Left heart failure or left ventricular failure is the type of heart failure attributed to left ventricular dysfunction. When the left ventricle is unable to pump blood effectively out of the heart, pulmonary edema develops. Congestion can progress to right heart failure, with manifestations such...

Fetal tricuspid regurgitation

Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) (also known as tricuspid insufficiency) is a common finding in imaging of the fetus. Tricuspid regurgitation represents the abnormal backflow of blood into the right atrium during right ventricular contraction due to valvular leakage (i.e. it is a valvulopathy). Ep...

Pulseless electrical activity

The diagnosis of pulseless electrical activity (PEA), also known as electromechanical dissociation (EMD), refers to the presence during cardiac arrest of electrical activity of the heart, in the absence of a ventricular tachyarrhythmia, but no measurable cardiac output 1,2. PEA is one of the non...

Aortomitral continuity

The aortomitral continuity (also known as the aortomitral curtain, aorticomitral junction, intervalvular fibrous body) is a fibrous sheet located between the noncoronary and left coronary leaflets of the aortic valve and anterior leaflet of the mitral valve. It is attached by the left and right ...

Coronary Artery Calcium Data and Reporting System

Coronary Artery Calcium Data and Reporting System (CAC-DRS) is a structured reporting scheme for all non-contrast CT scans in the evaluation of coronary artery disease, which can help in communication between clinicians and radiologists. These guidelines have been recommended by the Society of C...

Anaphylaxis

Anaphylaxis (also known as anaphylactic shock or reaction) is an acute severe systemic type I hypersensitivity reaction, commonly presenting with urticaria/angioedema, hypotension and bronchial hyperreactivity. It may be fatal. Terminology Anaphylactoid reactions result from non-immune system ...

Fat containing cardiac lesions

Fat containing cardiac lesions have a limited differential diagnosis. These include 1-4: normal aging/physiologic: mostly subepicardial, more in the right ventricle (especially right ventricular outflow tract) than left ventricle lipomatous hypertrophy of the interatrial septum chronic myocar...

Right ventricular false tendons

Right ventricular false tendons (RFTs), also known as right ventricular muscular bands, are a much less well-known entity than left ventricular false tendons (LFTs). They are fibromuscular structures that arise from the inner trabeculated myocardial layer of the right ventricle, with a range of ...

Dual left anterior descending coronary artery

A dual left anterior descending coronary arteries are a group of rare variants of the left anterior descending artery. Almost all dual variants have short and long LAD branches. Subtypes Several (up to 11) subtypes have been described including the 4 initial types originally described by Spind...

Sinus of Valsalva

The sinuses of Valsalva, also known as aortic sinuses, are the anatomic spaces at the aortic root bounded internally by the aortic valve leaflets and externally by outward bulges of the aortic wall. The normal sinus diameter upper limit is usually taken as 40 mm (with some publications suggesti...

Left ventricular hypertrophy

Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is present when the left ventricular mass is increased. It is a common condition, typically due to systemic hypertension, and it increases with age, obesity and severity of hypertension. Epidemiology Studies have demonstrated a prevalence on echocardiography ...

Systemic hypotension

Systemic hypotension - or often just - hypotension - is the presence of an abnormally low blood pressure. This may be relative, so that a poorly-controlled hypertensive patient who runs a normal blood pressure at 160/100, may be severely hypotensive at 80/60. Hypotension is usually defined with...

Blood pressure

The blood pressure (BP) is defined as the force exerted by the circulating blood on the walls of the blood vessels. Fundamentally the blood pressure depends upon the interaction of: blood volume cardiac contractility compliance of the arterial walls Blood pressure is traditionally measured i...

Pericardial thickening

Pericardial thickening refers to an abnormally thickened state of the pericardium and may occur in inflammatory (i.e. pericarditis) as well as non-inflammatory situations. Many consider a maximum thickness ~2 mm (as measured on CT/MRI) as the upper limit of normal, with a thickness greater than...

Barlow disease (disambiguation)

Barlow disease could refer to: infantile scurvy - named after Sir Thomas Barlow (1845-1945) who demonstrated infantile scurvy to be the same disease as adult scurvy Barlow disease - mitral valve: form of mitral valve prolapse - named after John Brereton Barlow (1924-2008) 2

Coaptation

Coaptation refers to a joining or reuniting of two surfaces. This can be in the setting of ends of a broken bone or the edges of a wound or edges of a valve. See also coaptation zone

Personalised external aortic root support (PEARS)

Personalised external aortic root support (PEARS) is a procedure is where a computer designed mesh sleeve is manufactured to match the aortic root and aortic morphology of the individual patient and then placed to repair pathological aortic morphology such as those with Marfan syndrome. It was i...

Acute abdominal pain

Acute abdominal pain is a common acute presentation in clinical practice. It encompasses a very broad range of possible etiologies and diagnoses, and imaging is routinely employed as the primary investigative tool in its modern management. Terminology A subgroup of patients with acute abdomina...

Cardiac calcification

Cardiac calcification is a broad term for any calcification affecting the valves, coronary arteries, aortic root, endocardium, myocardium, and/or pericardium. Pathology Causes of cardiac calcification are: coronary artery disease (most common) coronary artery aneurysms, e.g. in Kawasaki dise...

Ventricular assist device

Ventricular assist devices (VAD) are a mechanical circulatory support device, which is providing an effective therapy for a significant number of patients with advanced heart failure. There are mostly left VADs, although right VADs are also implanted. Device elements inflow cannulas electri...

Chiari network

A Chiari network refers to a filamentous, weblike structure in the right atrium that results from incomplete resorption of the embryonic sinus venosus. It is an uncommon anatomical variant. Epidemiology Prevalence estimates for the general population vary widely, ranging from 2%-10% of randoml...

Creatine kinase

Creatine kinase (CK), also known as creatine phosphokinase (CPK), is a key enzyme, for energy production in mitochondria and muscle tissues. It is important as a diagnostic assay in clinical practice, primarily because inflamed/injured muscle releases creatine kinase into the circulation 1. Phy...

Constrictive pericardial syndrome

Constrictive pericardial syndromes include 1: transient constrictive pericarditis a complication of acute (inflammatory) pericarditis in which the inflamed pericardium causes constrictive hemodynamics resolution occurs within several weeks chronic constrictive pericarditis persistence of c...

Effusive-constrictive pericarditis

Effusive-constrictive pericarditis is a rare constrictive pericardial syndrome of a constellation of findings in which a fibrotic visceral pericardium and a pericardial effusion contribute to cardiac tamponade pathophysiology. It is most often encountered after the performance of a pericardiocen...

Tissue Doppler imaging (echocardiography)

A variant of pulsed wave Doppler, tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) is a modality in echocardiography that allows measurement of the velocity of myocardial movement throughout the cardiac cycle. Physics Color flow, pulsed wave, and continuous wave Doppler are designed to analyze the Doppler shifts ...

Wall motion score index (echocardiography)

Calculation of the left ventricular wall motion score index (WMSI) with transthoracic echocardiography allows the semi-quantification of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Calculation of the LVEF with a WMSI demonstrates stronger agreement with measures obtained by cardiac MRI, the gold ...

Single chamber cardiac pacers

Single chamber cardiac pacemakers are cardiac conduction devices with one lead terminating in (most commonly) the right ventricular apex or the right atrium. Components Includes one of the following: lead in the right atrium lead in the right ventricle Function Single chamber atrial pac...

Pulmonary tumor embolism

Pulmonary tumor embolism refers to a specific type of pulmonary embolism where the embolic constituents comprise of tumor components/particles or tumor thrombus. It can either be microscopic or macroscopic. Pathology Microscopic tumor embolism Thought to occur from two distinct pathophysiolog...

Pyrexia

Pyrexia (or fever) is a clinical sign, indicated by an abnormally elevated core body temperature, which is defined by several medical societies as ≥38.3°C (≥≈101°F). The temperature elevation may be persistent or episodic. If the body temperature is greater than 41.5°C - a rare phenomenon - it i...

Fetal ventricular tachycardia

A rare entity, fetal ventricular tachycardia presents with a rapid ventricular rate exceeding, and occurring independently from, the atrial rate. The ventricular rate is typically over 180 beats per minute 1. Atrioventricular dissociation is characteristic; two separate pacemakers dictate the a...

Left bundle branch block

A form of interventricular conduction defect most often diagnosed on the electrocardiogram, the presence of a left bundle branch block (LBBB) disrupts the normal sequence of ventricular depolarization. Epidemiology Aberrant conduction in the left bundle branch producing a conduction block is ...

Blunt cardiac injury

Most commonly a result of sudden deceleration or direct precordial impact, blunt cardiac injury (BCI) encompasses a spectrum of structural and functional cardiac derangements which may occur after trauma to the heart 7. Terminology While sometimes referred to with general terms such as "cardia...

Thiamine deficiency

Thiamine deficiency is caused by a low level of thiamine (vitamin B1) in the body, and when severe, a deficiency may manifest in adults as beriberi. There are two main forms: wet beriberi: high-output cardiac failure predominates Shoshin beriberi 3: severe acute wet form with high mortality d...

Spectral Doppler (ultrasound)

Utilizing automated Fourier analysis to convert returning sound waves into a series of individual frequencies, spectral Doppler refers to ultrasound modalities which yield graphical representations of flow velocity over time. Terminology The frequency of the sound waves returned to an ultraso...

Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome

The Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome describes paroxysmal tachydysrhythmias in the presence of a specific accessory pathway which allows direct electrical connection between the atria and ventricles, which usually exclusively occurs via the atrioventricular (AV) node. The accessory pathway is usua...

De Winter pattern (electrocardiogram)

An electrocardiographic finding suggestive of impending myocardial infarction, the de Winter's pattern (or "de Winter's T-waves") describes an abnormality thought to be indicative of acute occlusion of the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) 2. Timely recognition of this patt...

Brugada syndrome

A cardiac "channelopathy" resulting from mutations in genes coding for cardiac sodium (Na+) channels, the Brugada syndrome is a common cardiac cause of sudden death in patients with structurally normal hearts. Epidemiology Age of diagnosis ranges from 2 days to 84 years old. It is estimated to...

Papillary muscle calcification

Papillary muscle calcification in the heart in small amounts can be a common finding in elderly patients and are often located at the apex. Large calcifications involving the papillary muscles are, however, rare. They have been associated with conditions such as: coronary artery disease dilate...

Approach to shock (echocardiography)

An organized approach to shock is critical in the management of these often very sick patients. Shock - of any form - manifests as inadequate tissue perfusion, the end-point of which is multisystem organ failure and death. Echocardiography at the point-of-care is fast, non-invasive, and often p...

Interventricular septum

The interventricular septum divides the right and left ventricles, running in the plane of the anterior and posterior interventicular grooves. Septation of the ventricles occurs in the fetus within 7 weeks of gestation, achieved by the formation of this embryologically heterogenous structure 6. ...

Aortic valve calcification

Aortic valve calcification can be an important incidental observation in thoracic radiography or CT imaging. It is considered a marker for clinically significant aortic stenosis. Epidemiology According to some reports, aortic valve calcification may be prevalent as an incidental finding in up ...

Normal pulmonary venous Doppler

Normal pulmonary venous blood flow in the pulmonary veins may be investigated during echocardiography with spectral Doppler analysis. Perturbations in the normal pulmonary venous waveform may indicate the presence of diastolic dysfunction and elevated filling pressures in the left atrium and ven...

Ankylosing spondylitis - cardiovascular manifestations

Cardiovascular manifestations of ankylosing spondylitis may affect approximately 2-10% of all patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Cardiac complications had been traditionally classified into 3 main categories which include 2: aortitis and aortic insufficiency aortic root dilatation: relative...

Kugel's artery

An uncommon variant of coronary arterial anatomy, Kugel's artery was originally described as an anastomotic communication between branches of the proximal left circumflex artery with the distal right coronary artery. These coronary trunks often communicate indirectly through atrial anastomotic n...

Left ventricular outflow tract obstruction in echocardiography (differential)

Left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction describes a state in which the egress of blood from the left ventricle to the systemic circulation is impeded as it traverses the anatomic LVOT to the aortic arch. Echocardiography, particularly with the use of spectral Doppler, may be used to de...

Isthmus (disambiguation)

Isthmus (plural: isthmi) is an anatomical term and refers to a slender structure joining two larger components. Some of these uses of the word isthmus are now rarely used or only seen in older texts and articles: isthmus (aorta) isthmus (auditory tube) isthmus (auricle of the ear) isthmus (c...

Atrial fibrillation

A common consequence of atrial enlargement and/or inflammation, atrial fibrillation is a dysrhythmia originating from the atria, typically recognized on the electrocardiogram. It most commonly presents as a tachyarrhythmia, with ventricular rates between 120-130 beats per minute. Defining electr...

Congenital heart disease in echocardiography (an approach)

The diagnosis of congenital heart disease in echocardiography is outside the scope of basic echocardiography, however, several common features may be recognized at the point of care which allow for initial stablization and management before a complete echocardiography exam may be performed. In ...

Aortic arch view (fetal echocardiogram)

An aortic arch view is one of the additional views performed on fetal obstetric ultrasound - fetal echocardiography. It is an oblique sagittal view which is obtained similar to a left anterior oblique angiogram or the sagittal arch view obtained in CT arteriography. The isthmus, after the origin...

Right-to-left shunt (mnemonic)

A useful mnemonic to remember the differential diagnoses associated with right-to-left cardiovascular shunts is: 1-5 Mnemonic 1: a combination vessel; truncus arteriosus 2: number of arteries involved; transposition of the great arteries 3: "tri-" means 3, the number of leaflets involved; t...

60/60 sign (echocardiography)

The 60/60 sign in echocardiography refers to the coexistence of a truncated right ventricular outflow tract acceleration time (AT <60 ms) with a pulmonary arterial systolic pressure (PASP) of less than 60 mmHg (but more than 30 mmHg). In the presence of right ventricular failure, it is consisten...

Transesophageal echocardiography

A standard transesophageal echocardiography (TOE, or TEE in US English) is a type of echocardiography using an endoscopic transducer, which is advanced into the thoracic esophagus, offering generally superior visualization of the great vessels and posterior cardiac structures than the standard t...

Diastolic dysfunction (point of care ultrasound)

Assessment for diastolic dysfunction is an advanced application of point-of-care ultrasonography, most commonly used as a supplemental non-invasive estimate of left atrial pressure in hemodynamically complex patients 1. Of note, this article will discuss the simplified, binary approach used in c...

Septal flash

Septal flash, also known as septal beaking, is a sign of interventricular dyssynchrony seen on echocardiography or cinematographic cardiac CT/MRI. It represents an abnormal rapid movement pattern of the interventricular septum during pre-ejection systole (i.e. isovolumic contraction): septal mo...

Porcelain aorta

A porcelain aorta refers to circumferential calcification of the ascending aorta. This finding is important to recognize in the preoperative evaluation of cardiac surgery as it complicates cardiac surgeries that require cross-clamping or accessing the aorta (such as open aortic valve replacement...

Sigmoid shaped interventricular septum

A sigmoid-shaped interventricular septum is considered an anatomical variant that gives the interventricular septum a sigmoid or S like contour. It may be more common in elderly patients. It has occasionally been associated with syncope 1 and mild ventricular obstruction 2.

Post-sternotomy complications

Post-sternotomy complications comprise a varied range of complications that can occur at varying intervals following a median sternotomy. Epidemiology Complication rates for median sternotomy have been reported to range from 0.5-5% and mortality rates ranging from 7-80%. Pathology They are ...

IgG4-related cardiovascular disease

IgG4-related cardiovascular disease is one of the many manifestations of IgG4-related disease and may present as: aortitis and periaortitis arteritis and periarteritis of small to medium-sized arteries coronary arteritis and periarteritis inflammatory aneurysms pericarditis

Pigs-in-a-blanket sign

Pigs-in-a-blanket sign refers to the CT appearance of coronary pseudotumors, which are observed in IgG4-related coronary periarteritis. This appears as a soft tissue mass surrounding the involved segment of the coronary artery.

Keshan disease

Keshan disease is a selenium-deficient condition characterized primarily by a dilated cardiomyopathy, resulting in congestive cardiac failure, cardiomegaly, and, on occasion, fulminant cardiogenic shock. It most commonly presents in young children and menstruating women. Historically it was ori...

Selenium deficiency

Selenium deficiency (or hyposelenemia) when severe may present with arthritic and cardiac-related symptoms. Epidemiology Up to one billion people globally are thought to have some degree of selenium deficiency. Phenylketonuria patients are more likely to experience selenium deficiency as man...

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