Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and edited by countless contributing members over a period of time. A global group of dedicated editors oversee accuracy, consulting with expert advisers, and constantly reviewing additions.
2,769 results found
Article
Broca aphasia
Broca aphasia, also known as expressive aphasia or motor aphasia, is a type of non-fluent aphasia usually caused by injury (e.g. stroke) to Broca's area and the surrounding frontal fields 1,2.
Clinical presentation
fluency: non-fluent and effortful speech with agrammatism 1,2
comprehension: r...
Article
Hypoglycemia
Hypoglycemia describes an abnormally low blood glucose level (<4 mmol/L). It is a common clinical problem in diabetics overtreated with glucose lowering agents.
Clinical presentation
Signs of hypoglycemia include:
dizziness
tremors, palpitations and anxiety
hunger
sweating
confusion
fati...
Article
Cholinergic crisis (mnemonic)
Mnemonics for clinical findings relating to cholinergic crisis comprise:
MDS' BEDBUG LBS
FW HRCT
CDS' CASA
Mnemonics
MDS' BEDBUG LB
Relying on an ampersand as a placeholder, this mnemonic corresponds to the clinical features of acute cholinergic toxicity, relating to the stimulation of mu...
Article
Chudley-McCullough syndrome
Chudley-McCullough syndrome is an extremely rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by early-onset sensorineural hearing loss and a distinctive combination of structural brain abnormalities, with relative preservation of psychomotor development.
Epidemiology
Chudley-McCullough syndrome...
Article
Black hole sign (intracerebral hemorrhage)
The black hole sign refers to the non-contrast CT appearance of acute extravasation of blood into a hematoma, for example, an intracerebral hemorrhage. It represents a well-defined hypodense region (black hole) within hyperdense hematoma and is not connected to the nearby brain parenchyma. The h...
Article
Zebra sign (disambiguation)
The evocative appearance of the coat of a zebra has been used for several distinctive signs in radiology:
zebra sign: cerebellar hemorrhage 1
zebra sign: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 2
zebra spleen: arterial phase appearance of normal spleen 4,5
zebra stripe sign: treated osteogenesis imper...
Article
Acute flaccid myelitis
Acute flaccid myelitis is an uncommon cause of acute flaccid paralysis similar to poliomyelitis, primarily affecting children and usually seen following a respiratory viral illness.
Epidemiology
Acute flaccid myelitis primarily affects children. Cases appear to be temporally related to respi...
Article
Acute flaccid paralysis
Acute flaccid paralysis is a syndrome resulting from a wide array of underlying conditions. The features are of a fairly rapidly progressing lower motor neuron pattern weakness with potential involvement not only of the limbs but also of muscles of the pharynx, trunk and diaphragm 1.
Historica...
Article
Persistent dorsal ophthalmic artery
The persistent dorsal ophthalmic artery is a rare anatomical variant of the ophthalmic artery. Instead of arising from the supraclinoid (C6) segment of the internal carotid artery, as is normally the case, the persistent dorsal ophthalmic artery arises from the lateral aspect of the cavernous (C...
Article
Parasellar dark T2 signal sign
The parasellar dark T2 signal sign is a MRI feature where there is parasellar low T2 signal. Some authors describe it as a specific finding in differentiating lymphocytic hypophysitis from a pituitary adenoma.
Article
Optic disc edema
Optic disc edema refers to unilateral or bilateral swelling of the optic disc.
Terminology
Optic disc edema describes the swelling of nerve fiber layer at the optic nerve head, and it is the consequence of many different pathological processes. Optic disc edema is sometimes mistaken for papi...
Article
Complications of radiation therapy
Radiation therapy has the potential to cause complications in many organ systems, many of which, especially in the thorax, are important for radiologists to be aware of.
acute radiation syndrome
complications of cranial radiation therapy
radiation-induced cerebral vasculopathy
radiation-ind...
Article
Paracingulate sulcus
The paracingulate sulcus is a secondary sulcus running anteroposteriorly in the medial surface of the frontal lobe above and parallel to the cingulate sulcus 1. It is only found in the great apes and only identified in 70-89% of humans 1.
Article
Tetanus
Tetanus is a rare vaccine-preventable disease caused by Clostridium tetani, a ubiquitous soil bacterium which contaminates open wounds. It secretes a powerful neurotoxin which degrades neuromuscular junction function, producing muscle spasms and, despite intensive intervention, is often fatal.
...
Article
Notch sign (primary CNS lymphoma)
The notch sign refers to abnormally deep depression at the tumor margin in contrast-enhanced MRI in primary CNS lymphoma 1. It is not an uncommon sign in primary CNS lymphoma and can be seen in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients. It suggests an irregular growth pattern as well a...
Article
Non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy
Non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) is a form of ischemic optic neuropathy.
Epidemiology
It is considered the most common acute optic neuropathy in patients over 50 years of age (especially in those with vasculopathy risk factors (e.g. diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and ...
Article
Area postrema syndrome
Area postrema syndrome is a disorder of the chemoreceptor trigger zone (area postrema) which is located on the medial posteroinferior surface of the medulla oblongata. It is usually a demyelinating disorder, as one of the core clinical characteristics of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder 1,...
Article
Arhinencephaly
Arhinencephaly, sometimes spelled arrhinencephaly, refers to congenital absence of the olfactory bulbs and tracts. It causes congenital anosmia and can be found in:
isolated arhinencephaly
Kallmann syndrome
holoprosencephaly
septo-optic dysplasia
CHARGE syndrome
Waardenburg-Shah syndrome
Article
CT angiography of the circle of Willis (protocol)
CT angiography of the circle of Willis (CTA COW) is a technique that allows visualization of the intracranial arteries; specifically the circle of Willis. While digital subtraction angiography (DSA) remains the gold standard for the diagnosis of intracranial aneurysms especially, CTA is a less i...
Article
Hypoglossal nerve palsy
Hypoglossal nerve palsies, or twelfth nerve palsies, result in weakness of the muscles supplied by the hypoglossal nerve, namely the intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles, except for palatoglossus.
Clinical presentation
The hypoglossal nucleus receives a major component of contralateral corti...
Article
Sphincter pupillae muscle
The sphincter pupillae muscle is a circular ring of smooth muscle within the iris responsible for constriction of the pupil (miosis). The structure is stimulated by the parasympathetic nervous system causing the muscle to decrease in diameter as it contracts.
Gross anatomy
The sphincter pupill...
Article
Persistent primitive olfactory artery
A persistent primitive olfactory artery (PPOA) is a rare variant of the proximal anterior cerebral artery 1,2. It is proposed to be more prone to aneurysms due to its sharp hairpin-like turn. Embryologically, the persistent primitive olfactory artery is the rostral division of the primitive inte...
Article
Clival fracture
Clival fractures are uncommon skull base fractures resulting from high-energy cranial trauma and are usually associated with other skull vault fractures and brain injuries.
For a general discussion, please refer to the article on basilar fractures of the skull.
Epidemiology
Most fractures of ...
Article
Intracochlear schwannoma
An intracochlear schwannoma is a subtype of an intralabyrinthine schwannoma which is a schwannoma arising in relation to the 8th cranial nerve.
Clinical presentation
Patients may present with unilateral sensorineural hearing loss.
Pathology
Schwannomas that are confined exclusively to the c...
Article
Dragonfly sign
Dragonfly sign describes the appearance of the cerebellum on coronal images, which is seen secondary to cerebellar atrophy in pontocerebellar hypoplasia 1.
The sign is so called as the whole cerebellum resembles the shape of a dragonfly if one imagines the vermis is the body of the insect and t...
Article
Atypical neurofibromatous neoplasms of uncertain biologic potential (ANNUBP)
Atypical neurofibromas and atypical neurofibromatous neoplasms of uncertain biologic potential (collectively AN/ANNUBP) refer to neurofibromas with atypical histological features. They are considered premalignant with an increased risk of progressing to a malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor....
Article
CSF alpha-fetoprotein
Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in the cerebrospinal spinal fluid (CSF) has been reported as a tumor marker for some intracranial tumors with yolk sac elements, and teratoma 1.
Interpretation
Elevation
intracranial yolk sac tumor
intracranial embryonal carcinoma
congenital CNS tumors with yolk sac ...
Article
Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Center score
The Brain and Spinal Injury Center (BASIC) score is a classification system for grading acute traumatic spinal cord injury based on the axial extent of intramedullary signal abnormality on T2 weighted MRI.
Classification
The BASIC score is an ordinal scale that is graded 0 to 4 1:
BASIC 0 (no...
Article
Intracranial yolk sac tumor
Intracranial yolk sac tumors represent 2% of nongerminomatous germ cell tumors 1.
Epidemiology
Intracranial yolk sac tumors commonly occur in childhood or adolescence. CSF alfa fetoprotein can act as a tumor marker for yolk sac tumors.
Radiographic features
Intracranial yolk sac tumors are...
Article
Suspected physical abuse - head injuries
Suspected physical abuse, also known as non-accidental injury (NAI), can result in a range of head injuries.
Pathology
Infants have a relatively large head size as compared to their body mass, weak neck muscles, large subarachnoid space, relatively flat skull base and pliable, thin skull. The ...
Article
Infant-type hemispheric glioma
Infant-type hemispheric gliomas, also known as infant high-grade gliomas, are high-grade brain tumors occurring in children.
Terminology
Infant-type hemispheric gliomas belong to the family of "pediatric high-grade diffuse gliomas" of the 2021 WHO Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervou...
Article
Diffuse pediatric-type high-grade gliomas, H3-wildtype and IDH-wildtype
Diffuse pediatric-type high-grade gliomas, H3-wildtype and IDH-wildtype are high-grade pediatric tumors recently included in the 5th Edition (2021) of the WHO brain tumor classification.
Terminology
Diffuse pediatric-type high-grade gliomas H3-wildtype and IDH-wildtype are classified among the...
Article
Posterior fossa ependymoma
Posterior fossa ependymomas are the most common type of ependymoma, most commonly occurring in children. They are divided on the basis of DNA-methylation profiling into two groups, A and B.
Epidemiology
Posterior fossa ependymomas are encountered in all age groups but are usually encountered ...
Article
Diffuse hemispheric glioma H3 G34 mutant
Diffuse hemispheric gliomas, H3 G34 mutant are rare and high grade infiltrating tumors typically presenting in adolescents and young adults.
Terminology
Diffuse hemispheric gliomas H3 G34 mutant have been recently included in the 5th Edition (2021) of the WHO brain tumor classification 1 among...
Article
Medulloepithelioma of the optic disc and optic nerve
Medulloepitheliomas of the optic disc and optic nerve are extremely rare primary intraocular embryonal tumors arising from the optic disc and optic nerve.
Terminology
A medulloepithelioma of the optic disc and optic nerve may also be referred to as a diktyoma or teratoneuroma, although the use...
Article
Reye syndrome
Reye syndrome is a rare pediatric condition characterized by acute onset encephalopathy, severe vomiting and fatty liver failure. It typically presents in children recovering from a viral illness, most commonly influenza or chickenpox 1.
Epidemiology
Reye syndrome is usually seen between the ...
Article
Cacosmia
Cacosmia refers to a form of olfactory dysfunction where the patient has an inability to "recognize" smells. It can arise from a number of pathologies and can include peripheral sinonasal and central sensorineural components. In this situation, the patient knows there is a smell but cannot disti...
Article
Medulloepithelioma of the brain
Medulloepitheliomas of the brain are rare, highly malignant, primitive embryonic tumors derived from the primitive medullary plate and neural tube. These tumors, once considered distinct entities, are now thought to be a pattern of embryonal tumors with multilayered rosettes. Please refer to tha...
Article
Suboccipital cavernous sinus
The suboccipital cavernous sinuses are paired venous plexuses that surround the horizontal (distal V3) portion of the vertebral arteries at the craniocervical junction. Its name derives from its resemblance to the cavernous sinus as it is a venous cushion surrounding a large arterial loop at the...
Article
CNS neuroblastoma, FOXR2-activated
Central nervous system neuroblastoma, FOXR2-activated is a novel brain tumor entity recently included in the WHO brain tumor classification 1.
Terminology
Central nervous system neuroblastoma with FOXR2 activation was identified in 2016 as a new molecular entity, distinguished from primitive n...
Article
Dural venous sinus cyst
Dural venous sinus cysts are rare, usually congenital lesions, most commonly observed as fluid-filled intraluminal lesions on cross-sectional imaging.
Epidemiology
Dural venous sinus cysts are very rare, and are mostly congenital 1.
Pathology
Most dural venous sinus cysts are true fluid-fi...
Article
Acute leukoencephalopathy with restricted diffusion
Acute leukoencephalopathy with restricted diffusion (ALERD) is a clinicoradiological spectrum of disease with clinical features of leukoencephalopathy and associated imaging findings where diffusion restriction is the dominant finding.
Radiographic features
The dominant radiological feature is...
Article
Flame sign (carotid)
The flame sign refers to a gradual tapering of contrast opacification in the mid-cervical internal carotid artery, sparing the carotid bulb. The sign can be observed on angiography (digital subtraction angiography 1, CT angiography 1, or contrast-enhanced MR angiography 2) in either of two scena...
Article
Subependymal cyst
Subependymal cysts may either be postnatally acquired posthemorrhagic cysts or may be congenital (germinolytic). The congenital cysts may result from infection, ischemic injury, or hemorrhage.
Epidemiology
Most frequently seen in preterm infants, likely related to their persistent germinal mat...
Article
Heidelberg bleeding classification
The Heidelberg bleeding classification categorizes intracranial hemorrhages occurring after ischemic stroke and reperfusion therapy.
Anatomic description
Class 1: hemorrhagic transformation of infarcted brain tissue
1a: HI1: scattered small petechiae, no mass effect
1b: HI2: confluent petech...
Article
Diffuse low grade glioma MAPK pathway altered
Diffuse low-grade glioma, MAPK pathway-altered is a novel tumor type included in the 5th Edition (2021) of the WHO brain tumor classification 1.
Terminology
Several genetic mutations were recognized in low-grade IDH-wt/H3-wt brain diffuse gliomas occurring in children and adolescents, such as ...
Article
Salt and pepper noise (MRI artifact)
Salt and pepper noise, also known as impulse noise, has been used to describe the characteristic appearance of a certain artifact seen on MRI.
The artifact looks like innumerable black and white pixels throughout the image. Smoothing filters are algorithms designed to diminish the noise whilst ...
Article
Polymorphous low grade neuroepithelial tumor of the young
Polymorphous low-grade neuroepithelial tumor of the young (PLNTY) is an epileptogenic tumor of children and young adults.
Terminology
First described in 2016 1, polymorphous low-grade neuroepithelial tumor of the young has been recently included in the new family of "pediatric-type" low-grade ...
Article
Autonomic nervous system
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is a subdivision of the peripheral nervous system. The autonomic system provides innervation of the involuntary muscles, i.e. myocardium and smooth muscle, and glands, through which fine control of homeostasis is maintained.
The afferent innervation of the aut...
Article
Peripheral nervous system
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of the nerves (cranial nerves III-XII and spinal) and their related ganglia outside the central nervous system (CNS). The latter comprising the brain and spinal cord. The central nervous system and peripheral nervous system together form the nervous s...
Article
Diffuse astrocytoma MYB or MYBL1 altered
Diffuse astrocytoma MYB or MYBL1 altered is a newly recognized pediatric brain tumor type included in the 5th Edition (2021) WHO brain tumor classification 1.
Terminology
This tumor has been identified as a distinct pediatric entity from "adult-type" IDH-wt/H3-wt diffuse gliomas based on MYB o...
Article
Delayed posthypoxic leukoencephalopathy
Delayed posthypoxic leukoencephalopathy (DPHL) is a demyelinating syndrome presenting as an acute neurological deterioration shortly after apparent recovery from a hypoxic-ischemic episode.
Epidemiology
Given its low frequency, there are no large numbers regarding the prevalence and incidence ...
Article
Carotid cistern
The carotid cistern is one of the basal (subarachnoid) cisterns that surrounds the supraclinoid internal carotid artery.
Gross anatomy
Relations and/or Boundaries
The carotid cistern lies between these brain structures:
medially: the optic chiasm and nerve
laterally: the mesial temporal lob...
Article
Desmoplastic myxoid tumor of the pineal region, SMARCB1-mutant
Desmoplastic myxoid tumor of the pineal region, SMARCB1-mutant is a rare and recently described type of pineal parenchymal tumor encountered in adults.
Epidemiology
Desmoplastic myxoid tumor of the pineal gland SMARCB1-mutant occurs in adolescents and young adults (mean age of diagnosis 40 yea...
Article
Central nervous system
The central nervous system (CNS) is the part of the nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord.
Gross anatomy
The main components of the CNS are the brain and spinal cord. In addition, the CNS includes the optic nerves (cranial nerve II), retinas, olfactory nerves (cranial nerve I)...
Article
Diffuse glioneuronal tumor with oligodendroglioma like features and nuclear clusters
Diffuse glioneuronal tumor with oligodendroglial features and nuclear clusters is a novel glioneuronal tumor entity recently identified by a characteristic methylation profile 1.
Terminology
The exact nature of diffuse glioneuronal tumors with oligodendroglial features and nuclear clusters has...
Article
Myxoid glioneuronal tumor
Myxoid glioneuronal tumor is a rare and low-grade tumor (WHO grade 1) that usually involve the septum pellucidum, corpus callosum, subcallosal area, periventricular white matter and septal nuclei 1.
Terminology
The histologic features of this tumor are similar to dysembryoplastic neuroepithel...
Article
GABAA receptor antibody encephalitis
GABAA receptor antibody (anti-GABAAR) encephalitis is an autoimmune encephalitis characterized by a severe seizure disorder and distinctive radiographic features.
Epidemiology
Given the rarity of the condition, epidemiological data pertaining to anti-GABAAR encephalitis is not well established...
Article
Febrile seizure
Febrile seizures are a largely idiopathic phenomenon which may occur between 6 and 60 months of age, defined by a seizure occurring concomitantly with a temperature over 38C (100.4F). This entity excludes seizures associated with infections of the central nervous system such as bacterial meningi...
Article
Papillary craniopharyngioma
Papillary craniopharyngiomas are WHO grade 1 tumors of the pituitary region typically presenting as mostly solid masses in adults. They are an entirely separate entity from the far more common adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma that are found at all ages but particularly in children 1,2.
Termi...
Article
Adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma
Adamantinomatous craniopharyngiomas are WHO grade 1 tumors of the pituitary region typically presenting as cystic masses with peripheral calcifications in children. They are a distinct entity from the far less common papillary craniopharyngioma found in adults 1,4.
Terminology
Until the 5th E...
Article
Diffusion-negative acute ischemic stroke
Diffusion-negative acute ischemic stroke refers to a clinically diagnosed acute ischemic stroke without cerebral restricted diffusion on DWI on brain MRI.
Although DWI is highly sensitive for acute ischemic strokes, it fails in a minority of cases in its detection 1,2.
Epidemiology
It is not ...
Article
Commissure (disambiguation)
A commissure (TA: commissura) is a location at which two anatomical structures are united. Though the term most commonly refers to the commissures in the brain, there are a number which exist in the human body:
central nervous system
corpus callosum
anterior commissure
posterior commissure
...
Article
Intradiploic encephalocele
Intradiploic encephaloceles are a very rare form of encephalocele where there is herniation of brain tissue into the diploic space but not beyond. They have usually been described post-trauma but have also rarely been described in non-traumatic situations 1.
Pathology
These result from brain p...
Article
Multisystemic smooth muscle dysfunction syndrome
Multisystemic smooth muscle dysfunction syndrome is a rare genetic disorder caused by mutations in the ACTA2 gene, resulting in intracranial steno-occlusive disease and aortic dissection or aneurysm, among other complications.
Epidemiology
Most cases are diagnosed in childhood 1.
Clinical pre...
Article
Ring-shaped lateral ventricular nodules
Ring-shaped lateral ventricular nodules (RSLVNs) are small nodular ring-shaped lesions attached generally to the ependyma of the roof and body of the lateral ventricles.
They are incidental findings and are of no reported clinical significance 1.
Epidemiology
These nodules are rare and their ...
Article
Trochlea (eye)
The trochlea is a cartilaginous structure acting as a pulley for the superior oblique muscle of the eye.
Gross anatomy
The trochlea inserts on the trochlear fovea and spine located on the anteromedial part of the orbital roof. The tendon of superior oblique muscle passes through it 1.
Functi...
Article
Symmetrical cerebral T2 hyperintensities
Symmetrical cerebral T2/FLAIR hyperintensities are seen in a broad range of pathologies. The differential depends essentially on the location of the lesions.
Symmetrical corticospinal tract lesions
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
symmetrical T2/FLAIR hyperintensities along the corticospinal tra...
Article
Elsberg syndrome
Elsberg syndrome is an established but rarely recognized cause of cauda equina syndrome and lower thoracic myelitis, associated with a presumed infectious etiology.
Epidemiology
Elsberg syndrome is likely responsible for 10% of combined cauda equina syndrome and myelitis 1.
Clinical presenta...
Article
Cerebellar restricted diffusion
Cerebellar restricted diffusion refers to a hyperintense signal involving the cerebellum on DWI images with a corresponding low signal on ADC images.
Vascular thrombo-occlusive disease
cerebellar arterial infarction 1
AICA infarction
PICA infarction
superior cerebellar arterial infarct
ce...
Article
Vestibular paroxysmia
Vestibular paroxysmia describes a clinical syndrome of sudden and stereotyped episodes of vertigo-type symptoms which usually last for less than one minute, often attributed to being a nerve compression syndrome affecting the vestibular nerve.
Epidemiology
Vestibular paroxysmia most commonly m...
Article
Nestin
Nestin is an intermediate filament protein found primarily in central nervous system stem cells. It is the target of antibodies for immunohistochemistry for the assessment of neuropathological histology specimens.
Article
Progressive muscular atrophy
Progressive muscular atrophy is one of the motor neuron diseases, sometimes considered a variant of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, confined to the lower motor neurons.
Article
Dual stream language processing models
The dual stream language processing models (dorsal and ventral) have replaced the historic model that only included the Broca's and Wernicke's areas and the arcuate fasciculus 1.
Function
The dorsal stream is responsible for phonological processing and language production (sound/sign to actio...
Article
Skull base meningioma
Skull base meningiomas can be located at the olfactory groove, tuberculum sella, sphenoid ridge, petroclival region, foramen magnum and jugular foramen 1.
Clinical presentation
Similar to typical meningiomas, they are slowly growing and usually asymptomatic. Apart from headache, they can pre...
Article
Amyloid related imaging abnormalities (ARIA)
Amyloid related imaging abnormalities (ARIA) represent a variety of imaging features identified in patients with Alzheimer disease being treated with novel amyloid lowering therapies such as the monoclonal antibodies bapineuzumab, solanezumab and aducanumab 1-4.
Clinical presentation
In most ...
Article
Low back pain
Low back pain, lumbar or lumbosacral pain is an extremely common clinical symptom and the most common musculoskeletal condition affecting the quality of life that can be found in all age groups. It represents the leading cause of disability worldwide 1-3.
Epidemiology
Low back pain is a very c...
Article
Cerebral palsy
Cerebral palsy is a spectrum of developmental disorders that result from an insult to the developing brain in utero or early life. Characteristically, muscle tone and movement are affected but there is wide variation in the degree to which each individual is affected 1.
Epidemiology
The incide...
Article
Parkinson disease common signs (mnemonic)
A mnemonic to remember the commonest clinical signs of Parkinson disease is
SMART
Mnemonic
S: shuffling gait
M: mask-like facies
A: akinesia
R: rigidity
T: tremor
Article
Scalp nerve supply (mnemonic)
A mnemonic to remember the nerve supply to the scalp is:
GLASS
Mnemonic
G: greater occipital nerve / greater auricular nerve
L: lesser occipital nerve
A: auriculotemporal nerve
S: supratrochlear nerve
S: supraorbital nerve
Please note that other nerves also contribute, see anatomy articl...
Article
Seizure causes (mnemonic)
A mnemonic to remember the commonest causes of seizures is:
VITAMIN
Mnemonic
V: vascular
I: infection
T: trauma
A: AV malformation
M: metabolic
I: idiopathic
N: neoplasm
Article
Cerebellar disease signs (mnemonic)
A mnemonic to remember the signs of cerebellar disease is:
DANISH
Mnemonic
D: dysdiadochokinesia/dysmetria
A: ataxia
N: nystagmus
I: intention tremor
S: slurred speech
H: hypotonia
Article
Horner syndrome signs (mnemonic)
A mnemonic to remember the commonest signs of Horner syndrome is:
PAMELA
Mnemonic
P: ptosis
A: anhydrosis
M: miosis
E: enophthalmos
L: loss of ciliary-spinal reflex
A: anisocoria
Article
Rosenbach sign (disambiguation)
Rosenbach sign may refer to several different clinical signs:
Rosenbach sign (AV regurgitation)
Rosenbach sign (eye)
Rosenbach sign (hemiplegia)
History and etymology
Ottomar Ernst Felix Rosenbach (1851-1907), a German physician born in Prussian County in Silesia, graduated from medicine in...
Article
Tobacco abuse
Tobacco abuse, most commonly by smoking cigarettes, is a legal drug habit of many throughout the world. It is a significant risk factor for many malignancies, respiratory and cardiovascular diseases and is a major cause of premature mortality throughout the world.
Epidemiology
It has been esti...
Article
Rosenbach sign (hemiplegia)
Rosenbach sign or phenomenon is a clinical sign described in hemiplegia.
The sign refers to the absence of an abdominal wall skin reflex when stroking the paralyzed side of a patient; conversely on the unaffected side, the reflex is normal 1.
See also
Rosenbach gave his name to two other cli...
Article
Pituitary height grading
Pituitary height grading describes degrees of loss of the pituitary height (concavity), which encompasses gradations of (partially) empty sella.
Grading
As originally described by Yuh et al. 1, the loss of pituitary height (h) and the sellar height (H) are measured on a midsagittal T1-weighted...
Article
Arterial transit artifact
The arterial transit artifact, sometimes known as the bright vessel appearance or trapped labeled spins, on noncontrast arterial spin labeling (ASL) MR perfusion of the brain refers to curvilinear high signal corresponding to labeled blood within cerebral arteries. Normally, in ASL imaging, labe...
Article
Shrimp sign (progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy)
The shrimp sign is an MRI marker of cerebellar progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, characterized by T2-hyperintensity in the cerebellar white matter abutting but sparing the dentate nucleus.
The white matter lesion resembles a shrimp, with the dentate nucleus outlining the belly of the ...
Article
Acetaminophen
Paracetamοl (or acetaminοphen in North America) is the most widely used drug in the world. It is employed as an antipyretic and mild analgesic in both adults and children. Although once regarded as a benign agent, it is now viewed with increasing concern due to its acute hepatotoxicity following...
Article
RANO criteria for brain metastases (RANO-BM)
Response assessment in neuro-oncology brain metastases (RANO-BM) criteria are recommendations for standardized tumor response and progression assessment in clinical trials involving brain metastases. Published in 2015, these should not be confused with the RANO criteria for high-grade glioma fro...
Article
Anococcygeal nerve
The anococcygeal nerve is the terminal branch of the coccygeal plexus and is described as supplying the skin of the post anal region.
Gross anatomy
Origin
The anococcygeal nerve originates from the coccygeal plexus 2.
Course
The course of the anococcygeal nerve varies according to source i...
Article
Coccygeal plexus
The coccygeal plexus is formed by the anterior rami of S4-S5 in combination with the coccygeal nerve and is described as supplying the skin of the post-anal region.
Gross anatomy
Origin
The plexus consists of a minute network of nerve fibers contributed by the anterior rami of S4, S5 and the ...