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Double skull sign (cephalohematoma)

The double skull sign is an eggshell calcification seen on CT in early cases of calcified cephalohematomas.

Ataxia (clinical sign)

Ataxia denotes the impaired coordination of voluntary muscle function. It is not a specific disease, but a clinical sign that can have diverse etiologies. It is typically caused by either cerebellar damage or impaired vestibular or proprioceptive afferent sensory input to the cerebellum. Clinic...

Condylar emissary veins

The condylar emissary veins (anterior, lateral, posterior) are major posterior cranial fossa emissary veins: anterior condylar vein connects the internal vertebral venous plexus to the internal jugular vein lateral and posterior condylar veins connect the external vertebral venous system with ...

Acalculia

Acalculia (or acquired dyscalculia) represents the acquired loss of the ability to perform simple arithmetic tasks secondary to CNS pathology. It is not to be confused with developmental dyscalculia, which is a different entity and represents developmental disturbance of computational ability. ...

Association fibers of the brain

Association fibers of the brain, also known as association tracts of the brain or intrahemispheric tracts (cortex-cortex connections 1) are a type of white matter tract that connects different areas in the same hemisphere. There are two types of association fibers: long-range and U-fibers (short...

Projection fibers of the brain

Projection fibers of the brain, also known as projection tracts of the brain are a type of white matter tract that connects the cortex with other areas in the CNS, e.g. deep nuclei, brainstem, cerebellum or spine. They may be efferent (motor) or afferent tracts (sensory). Projection fibers tha...

Cerebral manifestations of mucopolysaccharidoses

The mucopolysaccharidoses (MPSs), which constitute a hereditary subgroup of the lysosomal storage disorders, have distinctive cerebral manifestations. The mucopolysaccharidoses are characterized by excessive accumulation of mucopolysaccharides secondary to deficiencies in specific enzymes (lyso...

Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency

Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency (OTCD) is a form of hyperammonemic encephalopathy. It can have variable levels of severity. Epidemiology It is considered the most common inborn error of metabolism of the urea cycle, with an incidence of one case per 14,000 live births. Pathology It is ...

Bridging of the sella turcica

Bridging of the sella turcica is the fusion of the anterior and posterior clinoid processes. Epidemiology The prevalence of a sella turcica bridge in a healthy population is estimated to be ~4% (range 1.75-6 %) in anatomical and radiographic studies. Pathology It has been reported to occur i...

Agraphia

Agraphia represents acquired impairments of writing ability secondary to damage or dysfunction of the central nervous system. Impairments caused solely by motor dysfunction (e.g. hand paresis or tremor) are not considered to be forms of agraphia 1. Clinical presentation Agraphia is rarely an i...

Corkscrew sign (disambiguation)

Corkscrew sign can refer to: corkscrew sign (corkscrew cochlea) corkscrew sign (diffuse esophageal spasm) corkscrew sign (midgut volvulus) corkscrew sign (ureteric tuberculosis)

Alexia

Alexia (or acquired dyslexia) is a neurological term refers to an acquired impairment of reading resulting from damage of critical brain areas. Clinical presentation Alexia can manifest itself as an impairment of oral reading and reading comprehension alike and can occur in combination with va...

Thalamic infarct

Thalamic infarcts refer to ischemic strokes that affect the subcortical grey matter complex of nuclei known as the thalamus. Epidemiology Pure thalamic infarcts are reported to make up 3-4% of cerebral ischemic events 1. Risk factors Most of the risk factors are common to all types of ische...

Agenesis (general)

The biological/medical term agenesis (plural: ageneses) refers to failure of an organ to grow or develop during the embryological period. Examples include: appendiceal agenesis cerebellar agenesis corpus callosum agenesis dental agenesis (anodontia) diaphragmatic agenesis dorsal pancreati...

Subpial hemorrhage

Subpial hemorrhage is a rare form of extra-axial intracranial hemorrhage defined as hemorrhage between the cortical surface and the pia mater. It is an entity that is generally difficult to distinguish from subarachnoid hemorrhage. Epidemiology Subpial hemorrhage has been typically described i...

Shapiro syndrome

Shapiro syndrome is a very rare condition characterized by the triad of episodic hypothermia, hyperhidrosis, and agenesis of the corpus callosum 1. A similar syndrome, characterized by episodic hyperthermia and agenesis of the corpus callosum, has been termed reverse Shapiro syndrome 2. Epidemi...

Brain morphometry

Brain morphometry is the act of measuring various dimensions (typically volume) of parts of the brain. Historically, this was only performed post-mortem. In modern practice, this is performed in vivo using MRI. A volumetric scan of the brain (typically T1 weighted) is obtained and segmented i...

Salted pretzel sign (CT head)

The salted pretzel sign is an uncommon sign of the presence of numerous small (<3 mm) calcific foci in the distal branches of a cerebral artery on non-contrast CT head that represent a shower of calcified cerebral emboli 1. Cerebral calcified emboli may be the initial manifestation of significan...

Fragile X syndrome

Fragile X syndrome is the most common inherited cause of cognitive disability and is the result of the mutation in the fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) gene. Epidemiology Although the degree of cognitive disability is typically more severe in males with fragile X syndrome, females can al...

GCA (disambiguation)

The abbreviation GCA can refer to: giant cell arteritis global cortical atrophy scale

Ependymal dot-dash sign

The ependymal dot-dash sign has been described as an early MRI imaging feature of multiple sclerosis before other more florid white matter changes (e.g. Dawson's fingers) become evident 1. It has also been suggested as a feature that can be used to distinguish multiple sclerosis from neuromyelit...

Sanjad Sakati syndrome

Sanjad Sakati syndrome, also known as hypoparathyroidism-intellectual disability-dysmorphism syndrome, is a rare autosomal recessive disorder. Epidemiology The syndrome is almost exclusively found in people of Arab origin. There is an equal distribution in both sexes. Clinical presentation h...

Angular artery (MCA branch)

The angular artery (branch of the middle cerebral artery (MCA)) is an M4 branch of the middle cerebral artery (it is not the same as the facial artery angular artery branch). The artery arises from the posterior part of the Sylvian fissure and runs posteriorly. On lateral angiogram it forms a d...

Astronomical inspired signs

Many signs in radiology have been inspired by astronomical phenomena: comet tail (disambiguation) comet tail artifact (ultrasound) color comet tail artifact comet tail sign (chest) comet tail sign (phleboliths) earth-heart sign galaxy sign (chest) loss of half-moon overlap sign milky wa...

Double density sign (disambiguation)

The double density sign can refer to several radiological signs: double density sign (left atrial enlargement) double density sign (berry aneurysm) double density sign (osteoid osteoma)

White cord syndrome

White cord syndrome refers to the sudden onset of neurological deterioration following spinal decompressive surgery. The condition is believed to be a form of reperfusion injury of the spinal cord, not to be confused with central cord syndrome. Epidemiology White cord syndrome is rare with onl...

Central vein sign

The central vein sign is a marker for multiple sclerosis (MS) and is the imaging manifestation of the perivenular nature of demyelinating plaques. It is not pathognomonic but can be useful in helping differentiate multiple sclerosis from mimics, such as cerebral small vessel disease, neuromyelit...

MR vessel wall imaging

MR vessel wall imaging refers to MRI techniques used to evaluate for disease within the walls of arteries, beyond the luminal abnormalities depicted on angiographic imaging. This can be used anywhere in the body but is particularly important intracranially in distinguishing between various cause...

Encephalomyosynangiosis

Encephalomyosynangiosis (EMS) is an indirect revascularization surgery for moyamoya disease as a way to bypass an occluded internal carotid artery and circle of Willis. It entails dissecting strips of vascularized temporalis muscle and subjacent galeal flap and, following craniotomy and openin...

Encephaloduroarteriomyosynangiosis

Encephaloduroarteriomyosynangiosis (EDAMS) is an indirect revascularization surgery for moyamoya disease or syndrome as a way to bypass an occluded internal carotid artery and circle of Willis. It represents the combination of encephalomyosynangiosis (EMS) and encephaloduroarteriosynangiosis (...

STA-MCA bypass

Superficial temporal artery to middle cerebral artery (STA-MCA) bypass is a form of direct revascularization most commonly performed for moyamoya disease or intracranial atherosclerotic disease (ICAD) whereby the superficial temporal artery is dissected, passed though a craniotomy/burrhole and d...

Encephaloduroarteriosynangiosis

Encephaloduroarteriosynangiosis (EDAS) is the most commonly used indirect revascularization surgery for moyamoya disease or syndrome, which provides a way to bypass an occluded internal carotid artery and circle of Willis without having to perform a direct surgical anastomosis. It involves dis...

Dengue encephalitis

Dengue encephalitis is a rare condition resulting from direct involvement of the central nervous system by the dengue virus, it is one of many viral encephalitides and flavivirus encephalitides. Epidemiology Dengue infection and dengue encephalitis, predominately occurs in tropical and subtr...

Calvarial doughnut lesion

Calvarial doughnut lesions are radiolucent ring-like skull defects, with surrounding sclerotic haloes, which may have central bone density, and may occur in any part of the skull. Epidemiology Most of these lesions occur in middle and old age, but also may be seen in juvenile skulls 1,2. Clin...

Vestibular neuritis

Vestibular neuritis refers to the situation where there inflammation of the vestibular nerve/vestibulocochlear nerve. It can be associated with labyrinthitis. The vestibular nerve is a large division of cranial nerve eight (CN VIII) that transfers the equilibrium information from the inner ear ...

Transition zone (disambiguation)

Transition zone may refer to the: transition zone of a nerve transition zone of the lens 2 zone of transition of a bone lesion transition zone (TZ) of the prostate transition zone of a bowel obstruction 3 transition zone of Hirschsprung disease 4 It is important to note that the correct t...

Babinski reflex

The Babinski reflex or plantar reflex is incorporated into routine neurological examination in order to test the integrity of the corticospinal tract 1. The test does not require sophisticated equipment or active patient participation and can therefore be performed in patients who are otherwise ...

Anterior circulation

The anterior circulation is the blood supply to the anterior portion of the brain, including most of the supratentorial structures excluding the occipital lobes. The anterior circulation is supplied by the internal carotid arteries which each divide into two the large terminal branches, the ant...

Periwinkle sign (supratentorial ependymoma)

The periwinkle sign has been coined to describe what has been claimed to be a characteristic appearance of intraparenchymal supratentorial ependymomas on non-enhanced CT axial images. The central solid component sometimes demonstrates centripetal calcification surrounding the central necrotic c...

MEGDEL syndrome

MEGDEL syndrome (3-MEthylGlutaconic aciduria, Deafness, Encephalopathy, Leigh-like syndrome) is a recently described syndrome with infantile onset. These patients typically initially receive a diagnosis of Leigh syndrome, based on clinical and biochemical features and an abnormal basal ganglia s...

Persistent postural perceptual dizziness

Persistent postural perceptual dizziness refers to a functional dizziness syndrome. It unifies key features of chronic subjective dizziness, phobic postural vertigo and related disorders. Clinical presentation It can manifest with one or more symptoms of dizziness, unsteadiness, or non-spinnin...

Knosp classification of cavernous sinus invasion by pituitary macroadenomas

The Knosp classification is one of the more commonly used systems to determine the likelihood of cavernous sinus invasion by pituitary macroadenomas. Usage By stratifying the likelihood of cavernous sinus invasion, the Knosp classification is important in operative planning, and predicting res...

Single phase CT angiographic collateral scores in acute stroke

There are several described single-phase CT angiography collateral scores for evaluating the status of collateral vessels in acute ischemic stroke. These scores have been shown to be reliable predictors of clinical outcomes and eligibility for mechanical thrombectomy (endovascular clot retrieval...

Collateral vessels in acute stroke

Collateral vessels are an important consideration during the acute imaging of ischemic stroke, as they can impact upon the evaluation of whether or not a patient will benefit from endovascular thrombectomy (ECR, endovascular clot retrieval) 1. Studies have shown that in acute stroke, both CTA a...

American Journal of Neuroradiology (AJNR)

American Journal of Neuroradiology (AJNR) is the premier publication of the American Society of Neuroradiology and was first published in 1980 1. Its founding editor was Juan M Taveras (1919-2002), a pioneering American neuroradiologist and co-founder of the American Society of Neuroradiology. I...

American Society of Neuroradiology

American Society of Neuroradiology (ASNR) was established in 1962 to ensure that neuroradiologists in the United States could freely exchange ideas and act with a common voice. It publishes the American Journal of Neuroradiology (AJNR) and Neurographics. History At the VIth Symposium Neuroradi...

Hernia (general)

Hernias (or herniae) are a common pathological entity, in which an anatomical structure passes into an abnormal location via an opening. The opening may be a normal physiological aperture (e.g. hiatus hernia: stomach passes through the diaphragmatic esophageal hiatus) or pathological. Iatrogeni...

Autoimmune glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) astrocytopathy

Autoimmune glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) astrocytopathy, or simply GFAP astrocytopathy, is a rare inflammatory central nervous system (CNS) disorder. Epidemiology Given the rarity of the condition, epidemiological data pertaining to autoimmune GFAP astrocytopathy are not well establishe...

Spinal cord schistosomiasis

Spinal cord schistosomiasis is a grave central nervous system form of this parasitic disease. In endemic areas, it should be included in the differential diagnosis of myelopathy, as early treatment is fundamental in the prevention of severe and irreversible injuries. This article discusses spi...

Elster's rule (pituitary gland)

Elster's rule provides a guide to the expected approximate pituitary gland height in relation to age 1. The rule follows an even-numbered pattern of 6, 8, 10, and 12. The height of pituitary gland is taken in sagittal MR 1: 6 mm pituitary gland height in infants and children 8 mm pituitary gla...

Neurobrucellosis

Neurobrucellosis refers to central nervous system involvement by brucellosis and occurs secondary to ingestion or contact with gram-negative, facultative intracellular coccobacilli of the Brucella species. Up to 10% of infections are complicated by neurological involvement 1. The remainder of ...

Hemichorea-hemiballismus syndrome

Hemichorea-hemiballismus syndrome (HCHB) describes a rare movement disorder characterized by unilateral hemichorea and hemiballismus. Epidemiology The syndrome is thought to be rare, however the exact epidemiology depends on the cause of HCHB. Clinical presentation Patient presents with eith...

Divry van Bogaert syndrome

Divry van Bogaert syndrome is a familial juvenile-onset syndrome characterized by livedo racemosa, juvenile ischemic stroke, juvenile cerebral white matter disease leading to premature dementia, and epilepsy. Clinical presentation juvenile ischemic stroke epilepsy early-onset cognitive impai...

West Nile virus

West Nile virus (WNV) is an arbovirus and one of the Flavivirus genus known to cause neuroinvasive disease, including Flavivirus encephalitis. According to the CDC, the majority of mosquito-borne disease in the continental United States is attributed to West Nile virus infection 1. Epidemiolog...

Cryptococcoma

Cryptococcomas are a rare complication of infection by the Cryptococcus genus of invasive fungi, where a discrete, encapsulated lesion of immune infiltrates and pathogen forms. Cryptococcus gattii is most often isolated but Cryptococcus neoformans may also form cryptococcomas. Epidemiology In ...

Lateral lemniscus

The lateral lemniscus is a tract of the brainstem, connecting the superior olivary nucleus and the inferior colliculus. It is part of the auditory pathway. 1

Congenital facial nerve aplasia

Congenital facial nerve aplasia is a rare condition where the patient presents with signs of facial nerve paralysis. Clinical presentation Patients present with unilateral or bilateral facial weakness characterized by facial asymmetry, incomplete closure of eyelid, deviation of angle of mouth ...

Porphyria

Porphyrias are a group of rare metabolic diseases in which heme metabolism is altered. Epidemiology Porphyria is rare, with some forms being extremely rare. Estimates for the prevalence of the disease vary in the literature and could reflect differing geographic distribution and/or incomplete ...

Concentric target sign (cerebral toxoplasmosis)

The concentric target sign is a typical sign for cerebral toxoplasmosis. It is seen on T2 weighted MR imaging as a deep parenchymal lesion showing a series of concentric rings with hyperintense and hypointense/isointense signal alternatingly. Strong perifocal edema is usually visible on T2/FLAIR...

Uncinate fasciculus

The uncinate fasciculus is a white matter tract that connects the uncus (Brodmann area 35), the anterior temporal areas (temporal pole; Brodmann area 38), the amygdala and the hippocampal gyrus (Brodmann areas 36 and 30) with areas of the frontal lobe (polar and orbital cortex); runs - forming a...

Peroxisome biogenesis disorder

Peroxisome biogenesis disorders (PBDs) are autosomal recessive, inborn errors of peroxisomes, a eukaryotic cell organelle critical to the breakdown of very long chain fatty acids via beta-oxidation. Clinical presentation There are two main groups 1: Zellweger spectrum disorder (ZSD) Zellweg...

Robinow-Sorauf syndrome

Robinow-Sorauf syndrome (RSS) is a rare, autosomal dominant type of acrocephalosyndactyly syndrome (ACS). Rather than being a distinct ACS, it has now generally accepted that RSS is, in fact, part of the Saethre-Chotzen syndrome phenotypic spectrum 1. This is due to similar phenotype and both b...

Choroid (eye)

The choroid is part of the uveal layer of the eye along with the ciliary body and iris 1. Summary location: posterior aspect of the globe function: vascularization of the outer retina arterial supply: posterior ciliary arteries innervation: short ciliary nerves, long ciliary nerves relat...

Cingulate island sign

The cingulate island sign is a highly specific radiological sign described in dementia with Lewy bodies. It refers to the pattern of metabolism seen on FDG-PET in patients with dementia with Lewy bodies 1-3. On FDG-PET, there is occipital hypometabolism with relative sparing of the posterior ci...

Corticobulbar tract

The corticobulbar (or corticonuclear) tract originates primarily in Brodmann area 4 and exits at the brainstem to synapse on the lower motor neurons of the cranial nerves bilaterally. The exception to this bilateral connection is the facial nerve and hypoglossal nerve. Innervation to the lower h...

Anthrax

Anthrax is a zoonosis caused by Bacillus Anthracis. There are four types of anthrax: inhalational anthrax (also known as woolsorter's disease and ragsorter's disease), cutaneous anthrax, injection anthrax and intestinal anthrax. Epidemiology The disease burden of anthrax decreased so dramatica...

Osteolipoma

Osteolipomas, also known as ossified lipomas, are rare intracranial masses, typically located in the suprasellar cistern composed of mature adipocytes surrounding by calcified ossification 1. They are a variant of intracranial lipomas which elsewhere, with the exception of tubulonodular pericall...

Trigeminal nerve stimulator

Trigeminal nerve stimulators are devices intended for the treatment of trigeminal neuropathic pain (e.g. trigeminal neuralgia, post-herpetic, post-surgical, multiple sclerosis-associated trigeminal neuropathies), although evidence is lacking and implantation of devices, for this reason, is consi...

TDP-43 proteinopathy

The TDP-43 proteinopathies are a set of neurodegenerative disorders characterized pathologically by cytoplasmic inclusions composed of TDP-43. The pathology has been implicated in three major diseases: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (vast majority of cases) frontotemporal lobar degeneration (sl...

Zika virus infection

Zika virus infection is a zoonosis which is associated with congenital birth defects, with microcephaly the most widely known. Epidemiology Zika was once isolated to Africa and Asia, however, it spread to the Americas in the last decade 1. There were thousands of cases confirmed in the America...

Human African trypanosomiasis

Human African trypanosomiasis, also known as African sleeping sickness, is an illness caused by one of two parasitic zoonoses: Trypanosoma brucei gambiense or Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. Epidemiology Human African trypanosomiasis is a disease endemic to sub-Saharan Africa. Within this regi...

Pickardt syndrome

Pickardt syndrome also known as Pickardt-Fahlbusch syndrome is a rare syndrome characterized by tertiary hypothyroidism, hyperprolactinemia and other pituitary hormone deficiencies resulting from interruption of the portal blood supply of the anterior pituitary via the infundibulum which drains ...

Limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy (LATE)

Limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy (LATE) is a common neurodegenerative disorder of elderly adults (usually >80 years old). It manifests clinically as amnestic dementia and pathologically as TDP-43 proteinopathy in limbic system structures such as the hippocampus. Terminology ...

Cerebellar mutism syndrome

Cerebellar mutism syndrome, also known as post-operative pediatric cerebellar mutism syndrome (pCMS), usually develops after resection of midline cerebellar or intraventricular tumors in the posterior cranial fossa. Typical features of this condition are transient mutism, ataxia, hypotonia and i...

Petalia

Petalia is an anatomic description of cerebral asymmetry where one of the cerebral hemispheres protrudes towards the other hemisphere and thereby causes an impression on the inner surface of the skull 1,2. Terminology The typical configuration in modern humans is the combination of a right fro...

Biotin deficiency

Biotin deficiency is very rare. Biotin is a vitamin which acts as an enzymatic cofactor with a key role in energy production and the synthesis of fats. Biotin is present in a diverse range of cereals, nuts, seeds and eggs. Hence, true deficiency is unusual. It has been observed in the following ...

Renal coloboma syndrome

Renal coloboma syndrome (also known as papillorenal syndrome) is a rare condition that primarily affects kidney and eye development. Affected individuals typically have hypoplastic kidneys, which can lead to end-stage renal disease. Approximately 10% of children with hypodysplastic kidneys have...

Subacute encephalopathy with seizures in alcoholics (SESA syndrome)

Subacute encephalopathy with seizures in alcoholics (SESA syndrome) is a rare complication of chronic alcohol use that can present with seizures and a variety of neurological deficits. Epidemiology SESA syndrome is rare and seen in alcoholics who are not undergoing withdrawal 1-3. Clinical ...

Spinal arteriovenous fistula

Spinal arteriovenous fistulas (spinal AVFs) are characterized by abnormal communication and shunting of blood from an artery to a vein of the spine that bypasses the capillary bed. Epidemiology Spinal arteriovenous fistulas represent approximately 70% of all spinal vascular malformations 1,2. ...

Abusive head trauma

Abusive head trauma is a term that is used for inflicted head injury that has occurred by either shaking, impact head trauma, or both, as part of the spectrum of non-accidental injury (NAI). Pathology Intracranial injuries Subdural hemorrhage in a child should be viewed with suspicion. Most o...

Vitamin B5 deficiency

Vitamin B5 deficiency, also known as hypovitaminosis B5, is extremely rare. Pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) is needed for the formation of coenzyme A, itself essential for the synthesis of acetylcholine and melatonin. Pantothenic acid is also required for normal functioning of the tricarboxylic ac...

Gluten ataxia

Gluten ataxia is a relatively common central nervous system manifestation of celiac disease and is usually encountered in individuals who do not have overt gastrointestinal symptoms. Epidemiology Gluten ataxia is encountered in both pediatric and adult celiac populations. It is a fairly commo...

Gluten-related disorders

Gluten-related disorders are a collection of conditions that are the result of a reaction to the consumption of gluten a protein found in wheat, barley and rye 1. Gluten-related disorders can be broadly divided into 1,2: celiac disease: most common and most widely recognized wheat allergy n...

Mercury

Mercury (chemical symbol Hg) is a liquid metallic element that historically was used in many medicines, but is now restricted due to legitimate concerns about mercury poisoning which is primarily found in seafood. Chemistry Basic chemistry Mercury is a silvery liquid at standard temperature a...

Oxygen

Oxygen (chemical symbol O) is one of the basic organic elements, and is a constituent of most of the known organic molecules - and therefore all lifeforms - on earth. Chemistry Basic chemistry Oxygen is a colourless odorless diatomic gas with an atomic number 8 and atomic weight 15.999. It h...

Dense vein sign

The dense vein sign refers to hyperattenuating thrombus within a cortical vein or dural venous sinus due to acute venous thrombosis. When located in the superior sagittal sinus, particularly posteriorly, it is sometimes referred to as the delta, triangle or pseudodelta sign. It is really the sa...

Time to peak (TTP)

Time-to-peak (TTP) is the time at which contrast concentration reaches its maximum. For example, for a particular dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC) imaging acquisition in which images are acquired every 1.5 seconds, possible TTP values could include 20.0 seconds, 21.5 seconds, 23.0 seconds, ...

Branchio-oculo-facial syndrome

Branchio-oculo-facial syndrome (BOFS) is a very rare autosomal dominant genetic disorder that is characterized clinically by abnormalities affecting the eyes, craniofacial structures, and branchial sinuses. Epidemiology More than 80 cases have been reported in the global literature since its f...

Granular cell tumor

Granular cell tumors are uncommon soft tissue tumors with the vast majority being benign (approximately 0.5-2.0% have been reported as malignant). Pathology Granular cell tumors have been reported in all organ systems, but most prominently are found in these sites 2,5: breast (granular cell ...

Cerebellar ataxia with neuropathy and vestibular areflexia syndrome (CANVAS)

Cerebellar ataxia with neuropathy and vestibular areflexia syndrome (CANVAS) is a rare neurodegenerative balance disorder characterized by cerebellar ataxia, sensory neuronopathy (ganglionopathy), and bilateral vestibular hypofunction. Epidemiology The epidemiology is yet to be defined, but CA...

Surgical positions

There are various classic surgical positions for patients to be placed in for procedures, which have been adopted/repurposed for interventional radiology and some diagnostic procedures: lithotomy position Trendelenburg position reverse Trendelenburg position lateral decubitus position Litho...

Transverse fissure

The transverse fissure (of Bichat) is the cerebral fissure that extends laterally from the ambient cistern towards the hippocampus. Gross anatomy The transverse fissure is the lateral extension of the ambient cistern that connects with the choroidal fissure superolaterally and hippocampal fiss...

Hippocampal sulcus

The hippocampal sulcus, or hippocampal fissure, is a sulcus within the hippocampal formation that separates the dentate gyrus from the subiculum. Gross anatomy The hippocampal sulcus is the inferior lateral extension of the transverse fissure (of Bichat), which in turn communicates with the am...

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