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Isthmus (disambiguation)

Isthmus (plural: isthmi) is an anatomical term and refers to a slender structure joining two larger components. Some of these uses of the word isthmus are now rarely used or only seen in older texts and articles: isthmus (aorta) isthmus (auditory tube) isthmus (auricle of the ear) isthmus (c...

Tuberculous spondylitis vs pyogenic spondylitis

Tuberculous spondylitis and pyogenic spondylitis are both common causes of spinal infection. Imaging findings of these two diseases can be challenging to distinguish, yet crucial because the treatments for these infections are particularly different 2. Radiographic features Useful distinguishi...

Typhoid fever

Typhoid fever or just typhoid is an infectious disease caused by the Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi bacterium, usually spread by the orofecal route. The condition is characterized by severe fever, acute systemic symptoms, with occasionally serious enterocolic complications. Terminology Do n...

Subependymal hamartoma

Subependymal hamartomas are seen in patients with tuberous sclerosis. They are located along the ventricles and are mostly asymptomatic. As with other hamartomas, they grow at the same rate as the surrounding tissues. On imaging, they appear as small intraventricular masses, smaller than 1 cm, ...

Scleral buckle

Scleral buckles are devices implanted into the eye for the treatment of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Scleral buckling is performed to relieve vitreous traction which closes the defects in the retina and reduces the chances of recurrent detachment. The buckles are small bands often made fro...

Adult leukodystrophies

Adult-onset leukodystrophies are uncommon compared to those that present in childhood and in most instances are a delayed and atypical presentation of conditions more common in childhood. They are important differential considerations when assessing adults with white matter diseases. Terminolo...

Inferior tympanic canaliculus

The inferior tympanic canaliculus is a small bony passageway that lies within the petrous portion of the temporal bone, between the carotid canal and jugular foramen. Gross anatomy The inferior tympanic canaliculus is a bony canal that separates the opening of the carotid canal anteromedially ...

Adrenomyeloneuropathy

Adrenomyeloneuropathy is a form of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy characterized by pronounced involvement of the spinal cord with only minor involvement of the cerebral white matter. Clinical presentation Clinical presentation depends on whether or not there is also cerebral involvement. In ...

Intracranial hypotension (mnemonic)

A useful mnemonic to remember the features of intracranial hypotension is: SEEPS Mnemonic S: subdural fluid collections E: enhancement of the pachymeninges E: engorgement of the venous sinuses P: pituitary hyperemia S: sagging brain See also intracranial hypotension

Intramedullary spinal masses (mnemonic)

A useful mnemonic to remember the differential diagnoses of intramedullary spinal masses is: I HEAL Mnemonic I: infarction H: hemangioblastoma E: ependymoma A: astrocytoma L: lipoma

Dural tail sign (mnemonic)

A useful mnemonic to remember differential diagnoses associated with a dural tail sign is: My Scary Dog Likes To Stand Guard Mnemonic M: meningioma S: sarcoidosis D: dural metastases L: lymphoma T: tuberculoma S: schwannoma G: glioma

CT angiography source image ASPECTS

CT angiography source image ASPECTS (CTA-SI ASPECTS) is a semiquantitative scoring system to characterize the extent and severity of mainly middle cerebral artery ischemic stroke, although it can be adapted to other vascular territories as well. The added value of CTA-SI ASPECTS is that it direc...

Muscle-eye-brain disease

Muscle-eye-brain disease, a part of the spectrum of congenital muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy with brain and eye anomalies (type A3; MDDGA3), is a congenital muscular dystrophy with associated progressive eye and brain abnormalities. Clinical presentation There is severe intellectual di...

Zurich pituitary score

The Zurich pituitary score (ZPS) is a quantitative classification of pituitary adenomas based on coronal T1W magnetic resonance imaging with contrast, although the score can also be obtained with computed tomography. The ZPS is based on the ratio (R) between horizontal tumor diameter over inter...

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (mnemonic)

Clinical diagnosis requires the presence of at least two criteria to confirm the presence of neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) 1. These diagnostic criteria can be remembered with the mnemonic: CAFE SPOT Mnemonic C: café-au-lait spots (greater than six seen during one year) A: axillary or ingui...

Choroid plexus lipoma

Choroid plexus lipomas are uncommon and like other intracranial lipomas are usually found incidentally at the trigones of the lateral ventricles when imaging is obtained for other indications. Terminology Some of the literature refers to the extension of tubulonodular pericallosal lipoma into ...

Barbell sign (progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy)

The barbell sign has been described in a short series of patients with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) 1. This describes confluent FLAIR / T2W parieto-occipital abnormalities with a thin continuation of signal abnormality across the splenium. Given the lack of mass effect typi...

Air bubble artifact

The air bubble artifact on CT is due to the presence of abnormal gas in the oil coolant which surrounds the x-ray tube. The artifact manifests as subtle low density, which has only been described on brain scans. Cause The x-ray tube in a CT scanner is prevented from overheating by a heat excha...

Ears of the lynx sign (brain)

The ears of the lynx sign refers to abnormal T2/FLAIR cone-shaped hyperintensity at the tip of the frontal horn of the lateral ventricles in the region of forceps minor which resembles the tufts of hair crowning the ears of a lynx. This sign is seen in hereditary spastic paraplegia with thin co...

Cerebrospinal fluid diversion (summary)

Cerebrospinal fluid diversion describes a situation where cerebrospinal fluid is diverted from its physiological pathway, generally, but not always, in cases of increased cerebrospinal fluid pressure. Some of the commonly used shunts are: third ventriculostomy ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunts...

Hopkins syndrome

Hopkins syndrome is a rare poliomyelitis-like neurological syndrome that occurs following an episode of acute asthma. Clinical presentation It usually manifests as flaccid paralysis of one or more limbs, several days or weeks following an episode of acute asthma. Pathology The pathogenesis i...

Burst lobe

A burst lobe is an uncommonly used description of traumatic lobar intraparenchymal hemorrhage of the brain that ruptures into the subdural space and communicates with subdural hemorrhage 1. As traumatic hemorrhages are more common in the frontal and temporal lobes, these lobes are the most affe...

Trident sign (persistent primitive trigeminal artery)

The trident sign of a persistent primitive trigeminal artery refers to the appearance of the intracranial circulation on lateral projection. The internal carotid artery, the abnormal vessel and superior portion of the basilar artery resemble the Greek letter tau (thus tau sign). This configurati...

McConnell’s capsular arteries

McConnell’s capsular arteries (MCCA) are one of the three major branches of the cavernous segment of the internal carotid artery (ICA). Gross anatomy They arise from the medial wall of the cavernous ICA distal to both the meningohypophyseal trunk and the inferolateral trunk. The McConnell’s c...

Epidural ligaments

The epidural ligaments, also known as meningovertebral ligaments, are variably thick bands of connective tissue located within the spinal epidural space attaching the outer surface of the theca to the inner borders of the spinal canal (vertebrae and ligaments). They are somewhat variable in nu...

Molybdenum cofactor deficiency

Molybdenum cofactor deficiency (MCD or MOCD) is a very rare, lethal, genetic condition caused by a loss of function of molybdenum-dependent enzymes, manifesting as severe and rapid neurological deterioration. On imaging it mimics hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Epidemiology Less than 150 repo...

Multifocal motor neuropathy

Multifocal motor neuropathy (MMN), also known as multifocal motor neuropathy with conduction block, is a rare autoimmune peripheral neuropathy, which primarily affects the upper limbs, with insidious deterioration over decades. Epidemiology Multifocal motor neuropathy typically affects young ...

Trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias

Trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias are a group of related unilateral headache syndromes with pain and autonomic activation n the trigeminal nerve distribution 1. The headache syndromes considered to be trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias include 1: cluster headache paroxysmal hemicrania short-...

Thin postcentral gyrus sign

The thin postcentral gyrus sign is an anatomic landmark useful for identifying the central sulcus on cross-sectional imaging. The anteroposterior dimension of the postcentral gyrus surface is less than that of the precentral gyrus surface, as seen in the axial or sagittal planes. Identifying tw...

Bifid postcentral gyrus sign

The bifid postcentral gyrus sign, also known as the pars deflection sign, is a landmark useful for identifying the central sulcus on cross-sectional imaging. The medial aspect of the postcentral gyrus splits in two before meeting the interhemispheric fissure. The two legs straddle the pars marg...

Cluster headache

Cluster headaches are a particularly painful form of recurrent headache considered the most common trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias 1. This is also known by a variety of different names, for example; paroxysmal nocturnal cephalgia, histamine headache (also known as Horton headache), cranial aut...

Iris (eye)

The iris (plural: irises or irides) is a pigmented muscular structure which modifies the amount of light entering the eye, by controlling the size of the pupil, its central aperture. Summary location: between the anterior and posterior chambers of the globe function: controls the amoun...

Basis pontis

The basis pontis, or basilar/basal part of the pons, refers to the ventral portion of the pons, which contains white matter fibers of the corticospinal tract. Related pathology lacunar infarct in this region may result in pure motor hemiparesis, ataxic hemiparesis, or dysarthria-clumsy hand sy...

Biotin-thiamine-responsive basal ganglia disease

Biotin-thiamine-responsive basal ganglia disease (BTBGD) is a rare neurometabolic syndrome caused by defective thiamine transporter 2 (THTR2) activity due to mutations in the solute carrier family 19 member 3 gene (SLC19A3). Epidemiology The presentation of biotin-thiamine-responsive basal ga...

Superior orbital fissure syndrome

Superior orbital fissure syndrome (SOFS) (also known as Rochon–Duvigneaud syndrome) is a rare complication of craniofacial trauma with an orbital fracture that extends to the superior orbital fissure that results in injury to the cranial nerves III, IV, V (ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal ner...

T2/FLAIR mismatch sign

The T2/FLAIR mismatch sign describes the MRI appearance considered a highly specific radiogenomic signature for astrocytomas (IDH-mutant, 1p19q non-codeleted), as opposed to other low-grade gliomas 4,5. Indeed, a 2021 meta-analysis showed a pooled specificity of 100% for identifying tumors with...

Copper

Copper (chemical symbol Cu) is one of the trace elements. It has an important biological role as a redox agent and as a cofactor in cuproproteins, facilitating many vital metabolic reactions. Chemistry Basic chemistry Copper is a transition metal with the atomic number 29 and an atomic weight...

Volcano sign (meningioma)

Volcano sign refers to the appearance of classical meningioma that resembels the appearance of volcano (viewed in cross-section MRI, parallel to dural attachment) in which there is triangular hyperostosis at the base of the meningioma (mountain) with the tumor being the cloud around it. The intr...

Copper deficiency

Copper deficiency (also known as hypocupremia) is unusual due to the ubiquity of copper in the normal diet. Epidemiology Copper deficiency is thought to be rare, but exact numbers are difficult to ascertain. Clinical presentation The typical presentation of copper deficiency mimics the more ...

Selenium toxicity

Selenium toxicity (rarely: hyperselenemia) is caused by excessive intake of the non-metallic element selenium (Se) in the diet. Epidemiology It is less common than selenium deficiency. It is most frequently seen in some parts of India, in which there are naturally high levels of selenium in th...

Primary intracranial leiomyosarcoma

Primary intracranial leiomyosarcomas are primary malignant tumors derived from smooth muscle cell lineage in the cranial vault. Epidemiology Primary intracranial leiomyosarcomas are extremely rare. Most commonly, these lesions have been described as EBV-associated smooth muscle tumors in patie...

Yin-yang sign (solitary fibrous tumor)

The yin-yang sign is a radiologic appearance described in solitary fibrous tumor of the dura on MR. On T2-weighted images, these tumors have two separate solid components, one that is hyperintense and one that is iso- to hypointense relative to brain parenchyma. Histologically, the former repre...

ASCOD classification (ischemic stroke)

The ASCOD classification system 1, published in 2013, aims to define phenotypes of ischemic strokes for individual patients by assigning a degree of probability to each of the most common causes of this pathology. It serves most strictly as a research tool but is also useful clinically as a mne...

Calcified glial tumors (mnemonic)

In order of decreasing frequency, a useful mnemonic to remember glial tumors which calcify is: Old Elephants Age Gracefully Mnemonic O: oligodendroglioma E: ependymoma A: astrocytoma G: glioblastoma

Occipital neuralgia

Occipital neuralgia, also known as Arnold's neuralgia, is a neuralgic pain, similar to the better-known trigeminal neuralgia, but affecting the occipital nerves. Terminology The term C2 neuralgia is often used synonymously with occipital neuralgia, and reasonably so as the greater occipital n...

Vitamin B6 excess

Vitamin B6 excess (hypervitaminosis B6) is caused by excessive consumption of supplemental pyridoxine, which is used as a therapeutic agent for several conditions. Epidemiology This hypervitaminosis is almost exclusively seen in those taking pyridoxine as prescription medication, it remains i...

Folate deficiency

Folate deficiency (hypovitaminosis B9) is the most common vitamin deficiency in the Western world. It is especially important in pregnant women and common amongst alcoholics. Epidemiology Deficiency arises in two distinct populations: increased demand (pregnancy and lactation) decreased abs...

Hypovitaminosis E

Hypovitaminosis E is well-recognized but rare. It is usually due to the malabsorption of vitamin E, e.g. cystic fibrosis or pancreatic failure. It manifests as dysfunction of the CNS, characteristically presenting with a tremor and ataxia. Tendon reflexes are often absent. Clinically and radiol...

Default mode network

The default mode network (DMN), is a group of specific brain regions that are functionally-connected. The regions become active in the resting state (not doing any active task), and inactive when someone is engaged in any attention-demanding tasks 1; this phenomenon has been termed task-induced ...

Epiphora

Epiphora (plural: epiphoras) represents excessive tearing of the eye and is a common clinical presentation to ophthalmological practice. It is most frequently due to an obstruction of the nasolacrimal drainage apparatus. Less commonly, overproduction of tears may be responsible. Epidemiology ...

Mastoid antrum

The mastoid antrum (plural: mastoid antra) (also known as tympanic antrum or Valsalva antrum) is an air space (up to 1 cm in size) lying posterior to the middle ear and connected to it by a short passageway, the aditus ad antrum. The superior wall or roof of the mastoid antrum is known as the t...

Headache and neurological deficits with cerebrospinal fluid lymphocytosis (HaNDL) syndrome

Headache and neurological deficits with cerebrospinal fluid lymphocytosis (HaNDL) syndrome is a rare condition characterized by recurrent headaches associated with focal neurological deficits. Epidemiology The condition typically occurs in young adults aged 30-40 years, and has a slight male p...

Vitamin B12 deficiency

Vitamin B12 deficiency, also known as hypovitaminosis B12 or hypocobalaminemia, is not uncommon, with potentially serious sequelae if not adequately treated. Clinical presentation Vitamin B12 deficiency results in a reduction of two metabolic pathways 3: conversion of L-methylmalonyl coenzym...

Imaging psoas sign (spondylodiscitis)

The imaging psoas sign is an MRI finding specific for spondylodiscitis and is seen as T2 hyperintensity in the psoas major muscle. The sign has a high sensitivity (92%) and specificity (92%) for spondylodiscitis and in the clinical context of a suspected infective process of the spine supports c...

Heidenhain variant of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

The Heidenhain variant of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is a distinct clinical manifestation of a number of molecular subtypes (MM1 and MM2C) dominated by pure visual disturbances early in the course of the disease 1. Radiographic features MRI MRI predictably correlates with prominent ea...

Fifth ventricle (disambiguation)

The fifth ventricle has historically been used to refer to either the: cavum septum pellucidum or ventriculus terminalis

Intralabyrinthine schwannoma

Intralabyrinthine schwannomas, schwannomas that arise within the membranous labyrinth (cochlea, vestibule, or semicircular canals), are uncommon compared to vestibular schwannomas and can be challenging to diagnose. Terminology It should be noted that the term intralabyrinthine schwannoma is u...

Porus acusticus internus

The porus acusticus internus (plural: pori acustici interni), often merely referred to as porus acusticus, is the medial opening of the internal acoustic canal through which the facial nerve, vestibulocochlear nerve and labyrinthine artery pass1. Masses that arise from within the internal acou...

Carotid web

Carotid webs, also known as carotid intimal variant fibromuscular dysplasia, are rare vascular pathologies of the internal carotid artery that are an important cause of cryptogenic and recurrent ischemic stroke. Terminology Carotid webs have had many different names in the literature, includin...

Cerebellar hypoplasia

Cerebellar hypoplasia is a type of congenital morphological cerebellar abnormality in which the cerebellum has reduced volume, but a normal shape, and is stable over time 1,4. The pattern of volume loss may be regional (affecting only part of the cerebellum) or global. Terminology Global cere...

Piglet sign (osmotic demyelination)

The piglet sign is seen in osmotic demyelination syndrome. It refers to the appearance of the upper pons in axial T2 and FLAIR images. The areas of coalescent T2 signal increase are reminiscent of a pig's snout, with other features on axial MR images resembling the rest of the face of a piglet w...

Sclera

The sclera (plural: scleras or sclerae) is the fibrous, opaque white, coat of the eye. It functions to protect the intraocular contents. Summary location: posterior fifth-sixths of the eyeball blood supply: ciliary arteries innervation: ciliary nerves relations: anteriorly continuous with ...

Neural plate

The neural plate is an important developmental structure that forms the foundation of the nervous system 1,2. Formation of the neural plate occurs during the embryological process of neurulation which helps initiate the development of the nervous system 1,3. The neural plate develops at approxi...

Raised intracranial pressure

Raised intracranial pressure is a pathological increase in the intracranial pressure and is a medical emergency. Clinical presentation The symptoms and signs of raised intracranial pressure are often non-specific and insidious in onset: headache drowsiness anorexia visual disturbances bl...

Tuberculum sellae - occipital protuberance line

The tuberculum sellae-occipital protuberance line (TS-OP line), is an imaging reference line that runs almost parallel to the anterior commissure-posterior commissure line (AC-PC line) 1. It is a practical reference line for reformatting or tilting of the gantry during CT acquisition of the head...

Spinal hematoma

Spinal hematomas are a rare clinical entity and are often idiopathic. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are crucial, lest they cause permanent neurological damage. Identifying the location of the hematoma is important for treatment, as is distinguishing it, to the extent possible, from other entit...

Intracranial mycotic aneurysm

Intracranial mycotic aneurysms, or intracranial infectious aneurysms, describe aneurysms arising from infection of the arterial wall of intracranial vessels. See mycotic aneurysm for a general discussion on infectious aneurysms. Epidemiology The epidemiology of intracerebral mycotic aneurysms...

Telencephalon

The telencephalon (plural: telencephala or telencephalons) is the most anterior region of the primitive brain. Together with the diencephalon, the telencephalon develops from the prosencephalon, the primitive forebrain 1. The inferior boundaries of the telencephalon are found at the diencephal...

Neural tube

The neural tube comprises of a bundle of nerve sheaths and is the embryonic structure that ultimately forms the primitive brain at the cranial end and the spinal cord at the caudal end 1,2. The neural tube is formed during an embryological process called neurulation, a folding process where the...

Lipiodol

Lipiodol (also known as ethiodized oil) is an oil-based iodinated contrast medium that was historically used for myelography and hysterosalpingography 1. It was later superseded by newer, less hazardous, agents, and now is used primarily as a therapeutic agent. Guerbet is now the sole manufactur...

Pool sign (intracranial; metastatic adenocarcinoma)

The pool sign is a recently described brain MRI appearance where an intracranial mass exhibits a T2 hyperintense rim adjacent to a solid mass surrounded by peritumoral edema. This appearance has been recently suggested to be a feature characteristic of metastatic adenocarcinoma (with various pri...

Filar cyst

A filar cyst is an incidental finding on neonatal lumbar sonography located in the filum terminale of the spinal cord. It is considered a normal variant and is often confused for a ventriculus terminalis, a smooth dilated cavity of the central canal, located within the conus medullaris. The inc...

Chronic relapsing inflammatory optic neuropathy

Chronic relapsing inflammatory optic neuropathy (CRION) describes a rare, recurrent, corticosteroid-responsive optic neuropathy that should be considered as an important differential diagnosis in patients with multiple episodes of suspected optic neuritis. Although traditionally thought of as a ...

Autophony

Autophony, also known as tympanophony, is the experience of finding that one's own voice sounds much louder than normal or is unpleasantly garbled. Autophony has been described in several clinical entities including superior semicircular canal dehiscence syndrome and patulous Eustachian tube d...

Tubulinopathy

Tubulinopathies refer to a wide spectrum of cortical malformations that result from defects in genes encoding the tubulin protein that regulates neuronal migration during brain development. Clinical presentation Some series report a high prevalence of seizures during infancy which may the init...

Crystalline lens

The crystalline lens (or simply, the lens, plural: lenses) is in the ocular globe between the posterior chamber and the vitreous body. It is transparent and biconvex in morphology, and aids the focussing of light onto the retina. Gross anatomy Location The lens lies in the globe at the poste...

Aphakia

Aphakia (less commonly aphacia) is the absence of the lens from the ocular globe. Pathology Etiology surgical removal of a cataract (commonest cause) trauma congenital Treatment and prognosis Surgical insertion of an intraocular lens implant, in which case the aphakic appearance is calle...

Intraocular lens implant

Intraocular lens implants (IOLs) are used to replace the extracted lens as part of the standard surgical treatment for cataracts. The presence of a lens implant is known as pseudophakia (literally, "artificial lens"). Structure Knowledge of the structure of an intraocular lens implant is requi...

Anterior spinal commissure

The anterior spinal commissure connects the left and right sides of the spinal cord anteriorly. It is located between the posterior-most extent of the anterior median fissure anteriorly and the ventral grey matter commissure posteriorly 1. It is composed of anterior and lateral spinothalamic t...

White matter

The white matter (TA: substantia alba) is the substance of the brain and spinal cord that contains the fiber tracts of neuronal axons in the central nervous system. The term is due to the paler color of the lipid-rich myelin that encases the axons in the tracts compared to the grey matter, which...

Grey matter

The grey matter is the substance of the brain and spinal cord that contains the neuronal cell bodies of the central nervous system. Within the cerebrum the two main locations of grey matter are on the surface of the gyri (the cortical grey matter) and the nuclei of the basal ganglia. The brains...

Trigone of the lateral ventricle

The trigone of the lateral ventricle is an area of the lateral ventricle at the confluence of the occipital and temporal horns. It refers either to the three-dimensional space at the transition between the body of the lateral ventricle and the occipital and temporal horns, in which case it is al...

Sphenoidal fontanelles

The sphenoidal or anterolateral fontanelles are paired bilateral soft membranous gaps (fontanelles) at the junction of the coronal, sphenofrontal, sphenoparietal, sphenosquamosal, and squamosal sutures. Each sphenoidal fontanelle persists until approximately six months after birth, after which i...

Dorsal cord syndrome

Dorsal cord syndrome, also known as posterior spinal cord syndrome, is one of the incomplete cord syndromes resulting from pathology affecting the posterior part of the spinal cord, particularly the dorsal columns and potentially (in larger lesions) the lateral corticospinal tracts 1. Clinical...

Incomplete cord syndromes

Incomplete cord syndromes encompass a variety of patterns of cross-sectional partial disruption of the spinal cord. Due to the spatial segregation of various ascending and descending tracts within the cord, regional dysfunction results in predictable and distinct clinical patterns of deficit. As...

Peaking sign (tension pneumocephalus)

The peaking sign is seen in cross-sectional imaging of the brain and is suggestive of a tension pneumocephalus. It represents the frontal lobes being pushed together forming a peak in the midline giving a heaped up appearance surrounded by air 1. Later, as the frontal lobes become separated they...

Air bubble sign (tension pneumocephalus)

The air bubble sign is seen on CT of the brain and represents multiple small foci of air within the subarachnoid space, especially the Sylvian fissure.1 Although described as a sign of tension pneumocephalus it is also seen in pneumocephalus without elevated pressures.2 It should not be confus...

Labeled imaging anatomy cases

This article lists a series of labeled imaging anatomy cases by body region and modality. Brain CT head: non-contrast axial CT head: non-contrast coronal CT head: non-contrast sagittal CT head: non-contrast axial with clinical questions CT head: angiogram axial CT head: angiogram coronal ...

Homunculus

A homunculus is a topographical-organized map of the proportional representation of the contralateral somatosensory or motor neurons on the cortex or passing though a part of the brain. The maps are often comical, as the body parts are disproportionally represented compared to their physical siz...

Posterior fontanelle

The posterior fontanelle or occipital fontanelle is the triangular soft membranous gap (fontanelle) at the junction of the lambdoid and sagittal sutures. It persists until approximately 2-3 months after birth, after which it is known as the lambda. It can be used as an additional sonographic win...

Mastoid fontanelle

The mastoid or posterolateral fontanelles are paired bilateral soft membranous gaps (fontanelles) at the junction of the parietomastoid, occipitomastoid, and lambdoid sutures. Each mastoid fontanelle persists until the second year of life, after which it is known as the asterion. It can be used ...

Anterior fontanelle

The anterior or frontal fontanelle is the diamond-shaped soft membranous gap (fontanelle) at the junction of the coronal and sagittal sutures. It persists until approximately 18-24 months after birth, after which it is known as the bregma. The precise timing of the anterior fontanelle closure is...

Multiphase CT angiography collateral score in acute stroke

Multiphase CT angiography (mCTA) collateral score is a simple scoring system that allows quick evaluation of collateral vessel filling delay in acute ischemic stroke. In some studies, it has been shown to be a better predictor of clinical outcomes and eligibility for endovascular therapy (ECT) t...

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