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Arachnoid hyperplasia

Arachnoid hyperplasia refers to an extensive thickening of meninges surrounding optic glioma often seen in patients with neurofibromatosis. It appears as high signal on T2 sequences surrounding the low signal glioma and resembles perineural CSF space.

Hippocampal calcification

Hippocampal calcification is a common incidental finding of uncertain clinical relevance in older patients. It is frequently overlooked as it can be mistaken for choroid plexus calcifications. Epidemiology Hippocampal calcification can be encountered in up to 20% of individuals over 50 years ...

Meningism

Meningism refers to a classical constellation of symptoms and signs associated with irritation of the meninges. It is most commonly associated with bacterial meningitis but can also be attributed to intracranial hemorrhage and raised intracranial pressure, or other pathologies 1. Clinical prese...

Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD)

Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) represents a group of inflammatory demyelinating disorders united by the presence of IgG antibodies to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG). Over recent years it is becoming increasingly evident that MOGAD represents a...

Split hand sign

The split hand sign is a clinical sign classically seen in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and refers to loss of pincer grasp due to preferential wasting of the thenar eminence (abductor pollicis brevis and first dorsal interosseous muscle) with relative preservation of the hypothenar eminen...

Niemann-Pick disease type A

Niemann-Pick disease type A (NPD-A) is one of a group of autosomal recessive lysosomal lipid storage disorders (see Niemann-Pick disease) that presents in early childhood and usually progresses to death within a few years. It shares the same enzyme deficiency as Niemann-Pick disease type B (NPD-...

Bilateral thalamic glioma

Bilateral thalamic gliomas are rare but characteristic low-grade astrocytomas that occur in both children and young adults. Clinical presentation Presentation may vary with age. Young children with bilateral thalamic glioma often have signs of increased intracranial pressure and movement disor...

Myelography

Myelography is an imaging procedure performed to evaluate the subarachnoid spaces within the spinal canal. Fluoroscopic, CT or MR imaging is performed after the intrathecal injection of contrast media, usually under fluoroscopic or CT guidance. History The concept of using a contrast agent to...

Propionic acidemia

Propionic acidemia is a rare organic acidemia caused by a deficiency in the enzyme propionyl coenzyme A carboxylase. Epidemiology Propionic acidemia has an incidence of around 1 in 150,000 in the general population 1. Clinical presentation Around 80% of children with propionic acidemia wi...

Acute stroke symptoms (mnemonic)

Useful mnemonics to remember the symptoms of acute stroke are: FAST BE-FAST Mnemonics FAST F = face (look uneven?) A = arm (drift down?) S = speech (sound strange or difficulty speaking) T = time (brain cells die every second) BE-FAST B = balance (sudden loss of balance) E = eye (sudd...

iRANO criteria

The immunotherapy response assessment for neuro-oncology (iRANO) criteria have been developed as a modification of RANO criteria to address the challenges of emerging novel immunotherapy for high-grade gliomas 1. Although these criteria have been primarily for the purposes of standardizing asses...

Compressive myelopathy

Compressive myelopathy refers to neurological deficits that result from compression of the spinal cord. It most commonly occurs in the cervical spinal cord. Pathology Any cause of spinal canal stenosis including cervical spondylosis (endplate changes, disc herniation, osteophytes, facet joint...

Foramen singulare

The foramen singulare, also known as the singular foramen or singular canal, is a thin channel within the petrous temporal bone that carries the singular nerve from the internal auditory canal. It is a normal structure that may be mistaken for a temporal bone fracture (i.e., it is a pseudofractu...

Mastoid canaliculus

The mastoid canaliculus (also known as Arnold's canal) arises from the pars vascularis of the foramen jugulare and runs to the mastoid segment of the facial nerve canal and contains Arnold nerve (auricular branch of vagus nerve). History and etymology Arnold's canal, and its corresponding ner...

Temporal encephalocele

Temporal encephaloceles are usually small encephaloceles often asymptomatic but increasingly recognized as potential causes of refractory epilepsy and as a sequela of idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Epidemiology Temporal encephaloceles can be congenital or secondary to trauma, idiopathic...

Full outline of unresponsiveness score

The full outline of unresponsiveness score (FOUR score) is a grading scale for assessing the level of consciousness. Scoring This scale assesses four domains of neurological function: eye responses (E) motor responses (M) brainstem reflexes (B) respiratory (R) Each is graded from 1 to 4 a...

Hemochromatosis (CNS manifestations)

Central nervous system manifestations of hemochromatosis are uncommon and can occur in either primary or secondary hemochromatosis. For a general discussion, and for links to other system specific manifestations, please refer to the article on hemochromatosis. Epidemiology Studies reporting p...

Neurovascular compression syndromes

Neurovascular compression syndromes are a form of vascular compression disorders where there is usually compression or distortion of a cranial nerve due to a redundant or aberrant vascular structure. Clinical presentation Not all cases of neurovascular contact are clinically symptomatic. Prese...

Normal postmortem changes in the central nervous system

Normal central nervous system postmortem changes refers to the expected changes seen in the central nervous system with postmortem imaging. Radiographic features CT loss of grey-white matter differentiation 1,2 intracranial and intravascular gas (due to putrefaction) 1,2 hyperdensity of the...

CSF-venous fistula

CSF-venous fistulas are rare and only recently recognized causes of spontaneous intracranial hypotension. They are direct communication between the spinal subarachnoid space and epidural veins allowing for the loss of CSF directly into the circulation and can be either iatrogenic or spontaneous ...

New-onset refractory status epilepticus

New-onset refractory status epilepticus (NORSE) is defined as refractory status epilepticus without an obvious cause after initial investigations. It often occurs in previously healthy patients often with no identifiable cause or following a febrile illness; febrile infection-related epilepsy sy...

Hanging and strangulation (trauma)

Hanging and strangulation are injuries involving constricting pressure applied to the neck. The vast majority are sustained as a result of attempted suicide. Epidemiology In America, hangings are the second most common form of suicide after firearm use. In other parts of the world due to the r...

AICA-PICA dominance

AICA-PICA dominance refers to the principle that the cerebellar vascular territory supplied by the anterior inferior cerebellar artery and posterior inferior cerebellar artery have a reciprocal arrangement. That is the size of the AICA and the subsequent territory it supplies is inversely propor...

Stab wound (overview)

Stab wounds are a form of penetrating trauma that may be self-inflicted or inflicted by another person either accidentally or intentionally. They may be caused from a variety of objects and may occur anywhere in the body. Terminology Although commonly caused by a knife as well, slash injuries ...

Inferior hypophyseal artery

The inferior hypophyseal artery is a branch from the meningohypophyseal trunk, a branch of the C4 segment of the internal carotid artery. It is usually single on each side and divides into superior and inferior branches, anastomoses with its counterparts from the opposite, contributing to the in...

Measles

Measles (also known as rubeola) is a highly contagious infection caused by the measles virus. Epidemiology The measles vaccine, first introduced in 1963, has significantly reduced the incidences of measles. However, it remains endemic in countries with low vaccination rates 1. Worldwide, it is...

Shagreen patch

A shagreen patch is a subepidermal collagenous connective tissue nevus, also known as a collagenoma, associated with tuberous sclerosis. The overlying skin may be discoloured with obvious pores, giving the appearance of orange peel. These lesions are most commonly found in the lumbosacral region...

Epstein-Barr virus encephalitis

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) encephalitis is an uncommon manifestation of EBV infection and an uncommon causative organism of encephalitis in general. Epidemiology Most reported cases have been in children, although adults can rarely be affected 5. Clinical presentation Primary EBV infection is ...

Hypomelanotic macules

Hypomelanotic macules are otherwise known as ash-leaf spots due to their resemblance to Sorbus aucuparia, or mountain-ash, leaves. These macules have a strong association with tuberous sclerosis and are often multiple and present in the vast majority of individuals with the condition (up to 97% ...

Nipah virus encephalitis

Nipah virus encephalitis (NiV encephalitis) is a zoonotic illness caused by the Nipah virus resulting in a severe and often fatal encephalitis. Epidemiology As the virus is thought to be spread from pigs to humans, pig farmers and abattoir workers are at the highest risk of exposure 2. Several...

Rostral sulcus

The rostral sulcus is located medially in the frontal lobe. It is the sulcus which divides the gyrus rectus (or straight gyrus) inferiorly from the inferior portion of the rostral gyrus superiorly1.

Deep cerebral veins

The deep cerebral veins drain the deep white matter and grey matter that surround the basal cisterns and ventricular system. The deep veins are responsible for the outflow of approximately the inner 80% of the hemisphere. They provide useful landmarks for skull base and intraventricular surgery ...

Trochlear nerve palsy

Trochlear nerve palsies, or fourth nerve palsies, result in weakness of the superior oblique muscle. Clinical presentation Vertical diplopia and ipsilateral hypertropia in the absence of ptosis, combined with a head tilt away from the affected side, are strongly suggestive of trochlear nerve p...

Wernicke aphasia

Wernicke aphasia, also known as receptive aphasia or sensory aphasia, is a type of fluent aphasia usually caused by injury (e.g. stroke) to the dominant posterior temporal lobe (Wernicke's area) 1,2. Clinical presentation Wernicke aphasia has classic effects on speech 1,2: fluency: fluent spe...

Ganglioneuroblastoma

A ganglioneuroblastoma is a transitional tumor of the sympathetic nervous system which lies on the intermediate spectrum of disease between a well-differentiated, low-grade, ganglioneuroma and an undifferentiated, high-grade, neuroblastoma 6. Epidemiology They are seen more commonly in childre...

Man-in-the-barrel syndrome

Man-in-the-barrel syndrome is a neurological syndrome characterized by bilateral brachial muscular weakness. Pathology This syndrome is usually caused by bilateral cerebral lesions in the border zone between the anterior and middle cerebral arteries. Etiology The syndrome has been described ...

Pretzel sign (serpentine aneurysm)

The pretzel sign is seen on DSA and is indicative of a serpentine aneurysm 1. The sign refers to the sinusoid configuration of the intra-aneurysmal vascular channel seen in serpentine aneurysms, giving it the appearance of a pretzel.

Serpentine aneurysm

Serpentine aneurysm is a rare subtype of intracranial aneurysm with a distinct appearance. It consists of a partially thrombosed giant intracranial aneurysm (≥ 25 mm) traversed by a patent serpiginous intra-aneurysmal vascular channel. This vascular channel has an entry and an exit point, differ...

Hiccups

Hiccups (or hiccoughs), medical term singultus (rare plural: singultūs), are an unpleasant phenomenon, experienced by everyone on occasion, and usually self-limiting. However the much rarer intractable chronic form can be extremely debilitating. Epidemiology Hiccups are a symptom that has prob...

Valproate-induced hyperammonemic encephalopathy

Valproate-induced hyperammonemic encephalopathy (VHE), also known as valproic acid-induced hyperammonemic encephalopathy, is a rare type of non-cirrhotic hyperammonemic encephalopathy caused by use of sodium valproate, a drug commonly used as an anti-epileptic and mood stabilizer. Epidemiology ...

Pituitary abscess

Pituitary abscesses are rare and represent infection of the pituitary gland by organisms, most commonly bacteria. Epidemiology Pituitary abscesses represent less than 1% of all pituitary masses and so seem to have gender predilection 1,3. Although many cases do not appear to have a predisposi...

Subparietal sulcus

The subparietal sulcus is a sulcus on the medial surface of the parietal lobe that separates the precuneus from the posterior aspect of the cingulate gyrus. It is considered a posterior continuation of the cingulate sulcus even if these sulci are most commonly discontinuous.

Superior occipital sulcus

The superior occipital sulcus is a sulcus of the occipital lobe that separates the superior from the middle occipital gyri. It is usually seen as a posterior continuation of the intraparietal sulcus.

Septal nuclei

The septal nuclei are an area of the brain adjacent to the septum pellucidum, anterior to the lamina terminalis and below the rostrum of the corpus callosum. It consists of a subset of four nuclei involved in emotional functioning: dorsal, ventral medial and caudal.

Postcentral sulcus

The postcentral sulcus is a sulcus of the parietal lobe that separates the postcentral gyrus from the remainder of the parietal lobe, thus dividing the primary somatosensory cortex from the secondary somatosensory cortex. It runs parallel and posterior to the central sulcus.

Lateral occipital sulcus

The lateral occipital sulcus is a sulcus of the lateral surface of the occipital lobe that runs horizontally and separates the superior from the inferior occipital gyri.

Primary auditory cortex

The primary auditory cortex (Brodmann area 41, 42) is the part of the temporal lobe that is responsible for the conscious perception of sound. It is located in Heschl's gyrus. It receives inputs from the medial geniculate nucleus.

Medial geniculate body

The medial geniculate body, also known as the medial geniculate nucleus, is one of the thalamic nuclei. It acts as the principal relay nucleus for the auditory system between the inferior colliculus and auditory cortex. Together with the lateral geniculate body, it forms the metathalamus.

Lateral geniculate nucleus

The lateral geniculate nucleus, also known as the lateral geniculate body, is one of the thalamic nuclei. It acts as the principal relay nucleus for the visual system and, as such, it is conveniently located at the termination of the optic tract. Together with the medial geniculate body, it for...

Metathalamus

The metathalamus is a region of the thalamencephalon formed by the medial and lateral geniculate bodies bilaterally. It serves as an important relay nucleus in both the auditory and visual pathways.

Thalamencephalon

The thalamencephalon is an anatomic region that includes the thalamus, metathalamus and epithalamus. It is one of the components that form the diencephalon.

Superior salivary nucleus

The superior salivatory (or salivary) nucleus of the facial nerve is a visceromotor parasympathetic cranial nerve nucleus located in the pontine tegmentum. Gross anatomy The superior salivatory nucleus is located just cranial to the inferior salivatory nucleus within the dorsal aspect of the p...

Nucleus of tractus solitarius

The nucleus of tractus solitarius, also known as the nucleus of the solitary tract or simply the solitary nucleus, is a purely sensory nucleus located in the dorsolateral medulla oblongata and lower pons. It receives many sensory inputs including taste information and sensory information from th...

Spinal canal

The spinal canal, also known as the vertebral canal, is the cavity within the vertebral column that contains the thecal sac and spinal cord. The canal consists of a series of vertebral foramina (the holes at the center of the vertebra) linked with discoligamentous structures. Gross anatomy The...

Planum temporale

The planum temporale is a part of the temporal lobe. Gross anatomy It is located at the upper and posterior aspect of the temporal lobe. It is bordered: anteriorly by Heschl's gyrus posteriorly and laterally by the Sylvian fissure It is usually larger on the left than on the right; this mi...

Homocystinuria

Homocystinuria is a rare congenital disorder of metabolism. Clinical presentation The disease may affect one or more of the systems below 1,2: eye: ectopia lentis (typically downwards and inwards) CNS: seizures, dystonia, developmental delay skeletal: scoliosis, pectus excavatum, long limb...

Frontal sinus outflow tract

The frontal sinus outflow tract, also known as the frontal sinus drainage pathway, are the structures through which mucus from the frontal sinus flow normally. Terminology Depending on the references, the term is used variably, including synonymously with frontal recess a combination of the ...

Spinal pia mater

The spinal pia mater (or pia mater spinalis) is the innermost layer of the spinal meninges. In congruence to the cranial pia being closely related to the surface of the brain, the spinal pia is closely related to the surface of the spinal cord. Gross anatomy The spinal pia mater is continuou...

Craniorachischisis

Craniorachischisis, also known as craniorachischisis totalis, is a rare birth defect and the most severe of the neural tube defects. It refers to the presence of both anencephaly and spina bifida. Epidemiology In one study the prevalence of craniorachischisis was 0.51 per 10,000 live births in...

Asymmetry of the lateral ventricles

The lateral ventricles occasionally show small side to side differences in size on CT or MRI of the brain. This asymmetry of the lateral ventricles (ALV) is an anatomic variant in most cases. Epidemiology The prevalence of asymmetry in lateral ventricle size in those without evidence of underl...

Lipohyalinosis

Lipohyalinosis (also known as fibrinoid necrosis) is a disease affecting the small cerebral arteries associated with lacunar infarction and deep white matter changes related to small vessel chronic ischemia. Pathology The histopathological landmarks of lipohyalinosis are irregular fibrosis and...

Nerve root enhancement

Nerve root enhancement is a phenomenon described on post-contrast MRI scans that can be observed in a number of situations. Common causes post-operative nerve root enhancement 6 arachnoiditis leptomeningeal metastases disseminated spinal leptomeningeal metastases neurolymphomatosis HIV va...

Circumventricular organs (CNS)

The circumventricular organs are neuroendocrine anatomical structures localized around the ventricles of the brain. They are characterized by a rich vasculature and fenestrated (permeable) capillaries. As such, with the exception of the subcomissural organ, they are also characterized by the abs...

Benign notochordal cell tumor

Benign notochordal cell tumors are vertebral lesions that are usually asymptomatic and discovered incidentally on imaging of the head or spine. As this is a poorly-recognized entity, it can often be confused with aggressive vertebral lesions, such as a chordoma, when it is seen on imaging. Term...

International panel for NMO diagnosis criteria

The 2015 International Panel for NMO Diagnosis criteria is, as the name implies, a set of criteria used to diagnose neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) 1. They are based on a combination of clinical, laboratory, and neuroimaging findings. Criteria Diagnostic criteria for NMOSD with ...

Myotonic dystrophy type 1

Myotonic dystrophy type 1, also known as Steinert disease, is a rare autosomal dominant multisystem disorder. Clinical presentation In adults, it is mainly characterized by muscle weakness, myotonia, cardiac conduction defect and posterior subcapsular cataracts 1. In neonates, it is characteri...

Olive

The olive is the ventral oval prominence in the medulla oblongata which contains the inferior olivary nucleus, implicated in motor co-ordination. Gross anatomy The olive is a smooth ovoid prominence just below the pons. It is located in the superior medulla, lateral to the pyramid and ventrola...

Central base of skull

The central base of skull is a region of the skull base centered on the pituitary fossa and includes surrounding structures. Despite no single universally accepted definition of this region, it is frequently used clinically and is conceptually useful particularly when considering tumors of the ...

Sphenoidal ridge

The sphenoidal ridge, or sphenoid ridge, is the sharp curving bony edge at the posterior aspect of the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone. It separates the horizontal floor of the anterior cranial fossa in front from the vertical anterior wall of the middle cranial fossa behind 1. Related patholo...

Skull radiography

Skull radiography is the radiological investigation of the skull vault and associated bony structures. Seldom requested in modern medicine, plain radiography of the skull is often the last resort in trauma imaging in the absence of a CT. Indications Skull radiographs are indicated for a variet...

Habenular commissure

The habenular commissure is a white matter tract connecting the two habenular nuclei and the internal medullary laminae 1. Whilst the exact role of the habenular commissure is unknown, the habenular nuclei play an important role in influencing how the brain responds to a variety of stimuli, incl...

Jugulotympanic paraganglioma

Jugulotympanic paragangliomas (previously known as glomus jugulotympanicum tumors) are jugular paragangliomas that have spread superiorly to involve the middle ear cavity. The term can also be used clinically when a suspected tympanic paraganglioma involves the hypotympanum as its inferior exten...

Nucleus accumbens

The nucleus accumbens (plural: nuclei accumbentes) (colloquially known as the pleasure center) is a small region in the forebrain involved in the reward pathway and is therefore involved in impulse control disorders. It is considered part of the corpus striatum ventrale (ventral striatum). Summ...

Free-floating thrombus of the internal carotid artery

Free-floating thrombus of the internal carotid artery is an uncommon entity placing the patient at high risk for acute ischemic stroke. It is characterized by intraluminal thrombus within the internal carotid artery (ICA) and aggressively managed with surgical, medical, or combined therapy. Ep...

Salla disease

Salla disease, also known as Finnish type sialuria, is a rare autosomal recessive disease that primarily affects the central nervous system. It is considered the mildest form of free sialic acid storage disorder. Clinical presentation Neurological symptoms related to this rare disease are usua...

Anterior cingulate cortex

The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), previously known as the precingulate, is a region of the brain surrounding the anterior corpus callosum. It is involved in the limbic system and the prefrontal cortex. Summary location: it is located superior to the anterior corpus callosum, more specifical...

Major depressive disorder

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is the most common psychiatric disorder in both developed and developing countries. It is characterized by a persistently low mood and a reduced interest in previously pleasurable activities. Epidemiology The 12-month prevalence of major depressive disorder in ...

Inferior medullary velum

The inferior (or posterior) medullary velum is a thin sheet of tissue formed by ependyma and the pia mater of the tela choroidea. It stretches from the middle cerebellar peduncles to the inferior cerebellar peduncles and across the midline to form the roof of the fourth ventricle along with the ...

Inferior olivary nucleus

The inferior olivary nuclei (or ION) are two C-shaped nuclei located within the medulla oblongata, implicated in motor coordination. Gross anatomy The inferior olivary nuclei are located in the superior medulla, just below the pons. They are an irregular mass of crenated C-shaped grey matter, ...

Cerebrospinal fluid

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is the clear liquid that surrounds and bathes the brain and spinal cord. Physiology Production Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by the epithelium of the choroid plexus within the ventricular system and flows in the direction from the lateral ventricles to the third ve...

Optic nerve sheath diameter

Optic nerve sheath diameter has significance in the assessment of papilledema in cases of elevated intracranial pressure. Pathology The optic nerve sheath demonstrates changes in diameter with CSF pressure changes as there is a layer of subarachnoid space between the nerve and its sheath, whic...

Brissaud-Sicard syndrome

Brissaud-Sicard syndrome is a very rare pontine stroke syndrome that involves the anterolateral and inferior pons. Clinical presentation Classically, the syndrome presents as ipsilateral facial cramps and contralateral hemiparesis 1-3. Pathology It has been postulated that the syndrome is ca...

Gasperini syndrome

Gasperini syndrome is a rare pontine stroke syndrome that involves the caudal pontine tegmentum. Clinical presentation Classically, the syndrome presents with 1-3: involvement of the CN V nucleus (sensory nucleus of the trigeminal nerve): ipsilateral facial sensory loss involvement of the CN...

Motor band sign

The motor band sign is a radiological sign described in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). It refers to the appearance of the cortex on axial GRE and SWI MRI in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 1,2. On these sequences, and in the axial plane, curvilinear bands of low signal may be ...

Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is a psychiatric disorder characterized by a distorted perception of reality and bizarre behavior. While the exact cause of schizophrenia is not known, multiple biological, psychological and social factors are thought to play parts in the development of the disease. Epidemiology ...

Grey-white differentiation

Grey-white differentiation refers to the appearance of the interface between cerebral and cerebellar white matter and grey matter on brain CT and MRI. The term is most often used when trying to differentiate cytotoxic from vasogenic edema. cytotoxic edema (see ionic edema), where there is a l...

Brain

The brain (TA: encephalon) is the vital neurological organ composed of: cerebrum diencephalon brainstem midbrain pons medulla cerebellum The brain is housed in the neurocranium of the skull and bathed in cerebrospinal fluid. It is continuous with the cervical spinal cord at the cervicome...

Anorexia nervosa

Anorexia nervosa is a psychiatric disorder characterized by distorted self-perception of body weight leading to starvation, obsession with remaining underweight, and an excessive fear of gaining weight. One in five patients with anorexia dies due to complications of the disease. Epidemiology T...

Organophosphate poisoning

Organophosphate poisoning is an important cause of acute neurological dysfunction and respiratory distress. Epidemiology Organophosphate poisoning is common, often as a result of suicidal ingestion (acute high-level exposure) or occupational exposure to pesticides (chronic low-level exposure) ...

Anorexia nervosa (CNS manifestations)

The CNS manifestations of anorexia nervosa are common but varied with most of the imaging features non-specific in their own right. For a general discussion, and for links to other system specific manifestations, please refer to the article on anorexia nervosa. Epidemiology Studies have iden...

Superior olivary nucleus

The superior olivary nuclei (or complex, SOC) are a group of nuclei within the pons contributing to the ascending and descending auditory pathways. Gross anatomy The superior olivary nuclei are located in the pons, while the inferior olivary nuclei are located in the medulla. It is generally s...

Meynert's commissure

Meynert’s commissure, also known as dorsal supraoptic commissure, is one of three white matter tracts that comprise the supraoptic commissure 1,2. The remaining two tracts that comprise the supraoptic commissure are Gudden’s commissure (ventral supraoptic decussation) and the anterior hypothalam...

Gudden's commissure

Gudden’s commissure, also called the ventral supraoptic decussation, is one of three tracts that comprise the supraoptic commissure 1,2. The remaining two tracts that comprise the supraoptic commissure are Meynert's commissure (dorsal supraoptic commissure) and the anterior hypothalamic commiss...

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