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Pulmonary vein isolation ablation

Pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) ablation is a minimally invasive procedure that is used to treat atrial fibrillation. It either uses hot or cold substances to create scar tissue around the pulmonary ostial regions which in turn disrupt abnormal electrical signals that cause atrial fibrillation. ...

Reactive airways dysfunction syndrome

Reactive airways dysfunction syndrome (RADS) is an airway inflammatory condition often defined as the sudden onset of asthma-like symptoms following high-level exposure to an agent such as corrosive gas, vapour, or fumes. Some publications suggest this a subset or variant of asthma 2-3. Patient...

Apnoea-hypopnea index

The apnoea-hypopnea index (AHI) is a clinical tool to assess severity of obstructive sleep apnoea. It is taken as the combined average number of apneoas and hypopnoeas occurring per hour of sleep. According to the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) it is categorised into mild (5-15 even...

Methotrexate induced pneumonitis

Methotrexate induced pneumonitis is characterised by interstitial inflammation of the lung parenchyma which can be life-threatening. Methotrexate induced pneumonitis falls under a subtype under the broader category of methotrexate induced lung disease. Diagnosis of methotrexate-induced pneumoni...

Perilobular fibrosis

Perilobular fibrosis is a pattern pulmonary fibrosis which is manifested by increased fibrosis along the peripheral aspects of a secondary pulmonary lobule and can superficially resembles interlobular septal thickening. It is usually described with cryptogenic organising pneumonia (present in ar...

Hiatal surface area

The hiatal surface area (HSA) is a measurement that has been proposed to define the size of the hiatal defect in the preoperative assessment of a hiatus hernia. It allows to determine the two-dimensional expanse of the hiatal orifice and then adapts the crural closure to the exact dimension of t...

Undifferentiated connective tissue disease

Undifferentiated connective tissue disease (UCTD) is a type of connective tissue disease. UCTD should not be confused with mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) as these two entities describe patient populations with different characteristics. Pathology UCTD comprises patients who have clini...

Thymic tumour (staging)

The thymic tumour staging using the TNM staging system only applies to the epithelial types including thymoma, thymic carcinoma, and neuroendocrine tumours of the thymus. It does not apply to thymic sarcoma, primary thymic lymphoma or other rare tumours. This staging system is based upon recomm...

Vertebral arteria lusoria

Vertebral arteria lusoria is an extremely rare anatomical variant of the aortic arch, whereby the right vertebral artery arises from the aorta distal to the left subclavian artery 1. The aberrant right vertebral artery has a retro-oesophageal and retrotracheal course before entering a cervical t...

Lung shunt fraction

The hepato-pulmonary lung shunt fraction (LSF) is a parameter that is used to assess the safety of transarterial radioembolisation/selective internal radiation therapy of liver tumours. Excessive arteriovenous shunting can cause radiation pneumonitis. The lung shunt fraction = (total lung count...

Four corners sign (CT chest)

The four corners sign describes an axial CT feature seen in some forms interstitial lung disease where affected regions disproportionately involve the bilateral anterolateral upper lobes and posterosuperior lower lobes. Reticular opacities, ground-glass attenuation and/or honeycombing appear dis...

Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia

Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia (TPE) is a pulmonary condition of an overreactive immune response to microfilaria trapped in the lungs. TPE is a distinct entity with specific symptoms and diagnostic criteria that differentiate it from other types of eosinophilia in tropical regions. This artic...

Endobronchial blocker device

An endobronchial blocker (also sometimes referred to a bronchial blocker) is a flexible tube with an inflatable balloon at its distal end. The device is purposefully inserted into the proximal aspect of a main bronchus to induce one lung ventilation. It may be placed via bronchoscopic guidance o...

Anti Sjögren syndrome related antigen antibodies

Anti Sjögren’s syndrome related antigen antibodies are a group of antibodies against autoantigens which include Ro/SSA anti-Ro52 anti-Ro60 La/SSB They are currently thought to be associated a number of autoimmune conditions. They were originally identified in patients with Sjögren syndrom...

Confluent centrilobular emphysema

Confluent centrilobular emphysema is one of the proposed subtypes of classifying emphysema (primarily centrilobular emphysema). It is considered the second most severe from (although not as severe as advanced destructive emphysema) and characterised by coalescent centrilobular or lobular lucenci...

Flip-flop fungus sign - FDG PET-CT

The flip-flop fungus sign suggests benign pulmonary disease on FDG-PET 4. Lung cancer nodules demonstrate increasing FDG-avidity as the tumour grows. Lymph node spread occurs later and is therefore at an earlier stage of development and usually exhibits lower FDG-avidity 4. Acutely, FDG-avidit...

Bronchial artery collateral inflow artifact

Bronchial artery collateral inflow artifact is a flow-related artifact, seen as pulmonary artery smoke in patients with a background of bronchiectasis and chronic lung disease. It is often overdiagnosed as pulmonary embolism and requires CT aortic angiogram to be confirmed1. Pathology Bronchie...

Pulmonary mycobacterium fortuitum infection

Pulmonary mycobacterium fortuitum infection is considered a rare form of pulmonary non-tuberculous mycobacterial infection occurring from the organism Mycobacterium fortuitum. Presence of Mycobacterium fortuitum in respiratory tracts usually indicates mere colonisation or transient infection al...

Anti-RO52 antibodies

Anti-Ro52 antibodies are a form of antibodies which are associated with distinct clinical manifestations. They target a protein called TRIM21 protein and can occur in a variety of connective tissue diseases (CTD) which include anti-Ro52-positive antisynthetase syndrome and with lung considered...

Pulmonary artery flow artifact

Pulmonary artery flow artifact, also known as pulmonary artery smoke 1, is a non-uniform contrast opacification of pulmonary arteries due to a non-homogenous contrast-blood mixing, generally due to turbulent blood flow or an early acquisition. It is a common pitfall, often overdiagnosed as a pu...

Lung pulse sign (ultrasound)

The lung pulse sign refers to the sonographic finding of apparent oscillations of the pleural line occurring secondary to transmitted vibrations from cardiac contractile activity 1. Typically obscured by the more apparent “lung sliding” as a result of ventilated lung expanding and contracting ...

Eckhardt score

The Eckhardt score is a clinical scoring system commonly used to characterise the severity of achalasia. It is a 12-point score which is as follows: recent weight loss (kg) none = 0 <5 kg = 1 5-10 kg = 2 >10 kg = 3 dysphagia none = 0 occasional = 1 daily = 2 each meal = 3 retrosterna...

Tertiary oesophageal contractions

Tertiary oesophageal contractions are a type of contractions of the oesophagus often described as as the irregular contraction or indentations of the distal oesophageal wall. Isolated tertiary oesophageal waves of the non-repetitive type are thought to occur in normal subjects. Swallowing induce...

Disseminated histoplasmosis

Disseminated histoplasmosis, also known as progressive disseminated histoplasmosis, is a severe form of histoplasmosis infection typically seen in immunosuppressed patients, especially in the setting of HIV infection. It results from haematogenous dissemination of the infection, involving multip...

Diaphragmatic slips

Diaphragmatic slips are the muscular bundles that attach the central tendon of the diaphragm to the inside of the bones and cartilage of the lower 6-7 ribs, xiphoid process, lumbar vertebrae 1. They can mimic or help identify pathology when seen on imaging modalities. Mimics Diaphragmatic slip...

Non-expandable lung

Non-expandable lung results from failure of the lung to re-expand even despite a therapeutic measure such as insertion of a chest tube. This can include two semantically similar but slightly different terms: trapped lung: non-expandable lung due to remote / prior pleural inflammation lung entr...

Arterial thoracic outlet syndrome

Arterial thoracic outlet syndrome (aTOS) is considered rarest from of thoracic outlet syndrome and can result in compression of arterial structures (especially the subclavian artery) at thoracic outlet, or superior thoracic aperture. Many of these patients may also have concurrent venous thora...

Signet ring (disambiguation)

The term signet ring refers to the characteristic shape of the jewellery item and in radiology and medicine may refer to the following: signet ring sign (bronchiectasis) signet ring sign (scaphoid) signet ring sign of renal papillary necrosis in intravenous urography signet ring ...

Cysts of Hattori

Cysts of Hattori, also known as posterior mediastinal paravertebral Müllerian cysts, are mediastinal cysts of Mullerian origin, lined by ciliated non-stratified cuboidal to columnar epithelium, that occur in the posterior mediastinum. Epidemiology Of all mediastinal masses, ~20% (range 10–30%)...

Traumatic pneumatocoele

A traumatic pneumatocoele refers to a type of pneumatocoele which occurs secondary to a traumatic event (often blunt trauma). There can be some overlap with the term "air containing pulmonary laceration". It characterised by single or multiple pulmonary cystic lesions usually accompanied by oth...

Advanced destructive emphysema

Advanced destructive emphysema (ADE) is one of the proposed subtypes of classifying emphysema (primarily centrilobular emphysema). It is considered the most severe from and is panlobular radiolucencies characterised by hyperexpansion of secondary pulmonary lobules and distortion of pulmonary arc...

Right paratracheal lymphadenopathy

Right paratracheal lymphadenopathy represents pathological involvement of any of the lymph nodes in the right upper (2R) and/or lower (4R) paratracheal nodal groups 1. These nodes are often also enlarged but this is not always the case. The commonest causes are sarcoidosis, tuberculosis and lun...

Normal hilar position (mnemonic)

A mnemonic to remember the normal position of the lung hila and pulmonary arteries is: RALPH Mnemonic Right Anterior, Left Posterior and Higher The left hilum is commonly higher than the right. The left pulmonary artery arches posterosuperiorly over the left mainstem bronchus, whereas the ri...

Acute exogenous lipoid pneumonia

Acute exogenous lipoid pneumonia is an uncommon form of exogenous lipoid pneumonia and is typically caused by the aerosolisation and aspiration of a highly viscous hydrocarbon, such as vegetable oil, mineral oil or petroleum jelly 5. The more common pulmonary toxicity exerted by hydrocarbons is ...

Sharp mediastinum sign

The sharp mediastinum sign is a unique sign in neonatal chest x-rays for medial pneumothoraces or pneumomediastinum, especially as a complication to mechanical ventilation for respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). Radiographic features Plain radiograph As neonatal chest x-rays are taken with t...

CT neck, chest, abdomen-pelvis (NCAP protocol)

The CT neck chest-abdomen-pelvis protocol aims to evaluate the neck, thoracic and abdominal structures using contrast in trauma imaging. The use of contrast facilitates the assessment of pathologies globally whilst minimising dose by potentially disregarding a non-contrast scan. Note: This art...

Reversible bronchiectasis

Reversible bronchiectasis is a term describing dilated bronchial tree in a patient with a collapsed (atelectatic) lobe. It is thought to be due to increased tension on the bronchial wall by the collapsed lung. The dilated bronchi usually return to their normal size when the lung expands. The phr...

Sporotrichosis

Sporotrichosis is a rare chronic fungal infection. Pathology Sporotrichosis is caused by a dimorphic fungus Sporothrix spp.: Sporothrix schenckii: considered the most common and can affect the respiratory system Sporothrix brasiliensis Sporothrix globosa Sporothrix pallida Sporothrix mexi...

Non-fibrotic hypersensitivity pneumonitis

Non-fibrotic hypersensitivity pneumonitis is a phenotypical form of hypersensitivity pneumonitis and one of the main two subtypes under the newer classification systems. Radiographic features CT Described features include 1 mosaic attenuation pattern: typically reflects coexistent lobules af...

Phrenic plexus

The phrenic plexus (plural: plexuses) is an autonomic nerve plexus and ganglia in the upper abdomen. It is a lateral epiarterial extension of the coeliac plexus. Summary location: the bilateral ganglia and plexuses lie along the inferior phrenic arteries origin: preganglionic sympathetic fibr...

Pulmonary plexus

The pulmonary plexus is a network of autonomic nerves and ganglia situated at the pulmonary hila of each lung which regulates bronchial smooth muscle tone, submucosal glandular mucous secretion, vascular permeability and blood flow. It is derived from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic ner...

Autonomic ganglia and plexuses

The autonomic ganglia and plexuses are a collection of ganglia where autonomic preganglionic neurones arising from the CNS synapse with postganglionic neurones outside the CNS, i.e. in the peripheral nervous system. Many of the ganglia contain nerves of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervou...

Bronchiectasis Radiologically Indexed CT Score

The Bronchiectasis Radiologically Indexed CT Score (BRICS) is a severity assessment score for bronchiectasis, developed from a cohort of patients with idiopathic and postinfectious bronchiectasis, and was developed by combining the parameters of bronchial dilatation and number of bronchopulmonar...

Benign vs malignant pulmonary nodule

Differentiating benign from malignant pulmonary nodules is of great importance as it determines the further course of management of the patient. Benign pulmonary nodule size: the smaller the size the more likely to be benign ~80% of benign nodules are <2 cm in size. margin: smooth, regular; ...

Protracted bacterial bronchitis

Protracted bacterial bronchitis is one of the most common causes of cough in children, particularly those aged <6 years. Is it characterised by a chronic wet cough with no associated cause and tends to respond to 2 weeks of antibiotic therapy. Epidemiology Protracted bacterial bronchitis is th...

Normal imaging examples

This article lists examples of normal imaging divided by body region and system. brain head and neck spine chest breast gastrointestinal genitourinary hepatobiliary upper limb lower limb paediatrics

Pneumonitis

Pneumonitis is a broad descriptive term indicating inflammation of the lung. In clinical practice and more specifically radiology, pneumonitis refers to inflammation of the pulmonary interstitium. The term is often used interchangeably with interstitial pneumonia. Aetiology hypersensitivity pn...

Acute oesophageal necrosis

Acute oesophageal necrosis, sometimes known as Black oesophagus or oesophageal stroke, is a rare entity characterised by patchy or diffuse circumferential black pigmentation of the oesophageal mucosa from ischaemic necrosis. It is classically characterised by a striking endoscopic image of diff...

Peribronchiolar metaplasia

Peribronchiolar metaplasia is a partially recognised pathological entity characterised by fibrosis of the alveolar septa adjacent to terminal bronchioles and alveolar ducts, with bronchiolar-type epithelial metaplasia of the peribronchiolar alveolar walls. It is currently only accepted by some a...

Pulmonary mycobacterium chimaera infection

Pulmonary mycobacterium chimaera infection is a rare form of non-tuberculous myobacterial infection. Epidemiology Although rare, it is recognised as an emerging opportunistic threat in patients undergoing coronary arterial bypass surgery and open heart procedures requiring extracorporeal devi...

Thymic calcification

Thymic calcifications are rare findings usually associated with thymoma but are also seen in other pathologies. Neoplastic thymoma - more frequent in invasive thymoma 1 thymic carcinoma multilocular thymic cyst 2 calcified metastasis Non-neoplastic anterior mediastinal a...

Pulmonary haemorrhage complicating multifocal infection

Pulmonary haemorrhage complicating multifocal infection is one of the causes of diffuse pulmonary haemorrhage (and particularly diffuse alveolar haemorrhage). The type of infection can depend on immunocompetency status as well as presence of absence of concurrent vasculitic, connective tissue or...

Bilateral hypertranslucent hemithoraces

Bilateral hypertranslucent hemithoraces is the presence of decreased density of the hemithoraces bilaterally on a plain chest radiograph. This hypertranslucency, a.k.a. hyperlucency, may be focal or diffuse 1. Also see unilateral hypertranslucent hemithorax. Focal pulmonary bullae localise...

Apical chest mass

Apical chest masses are often important and may be missed, especially when examined with a plain chest radiograph. It is always recommended to perform a targeted assessment of the apices of the lungs during a chest x-ray; they are one of the classic review areas. Pathology Aetiology Commonly ...

Migratory pulmonary consolidation

Migratory pulmonary consolidation, also known as wandering pulmonary consolidation, refer to air space opacities that change in location over time, and are characteristic of a subset of lung diseases. The differential diagnoses include: organising pneumonia 1 recurrent aspiration pneumonia e...

VEXAS syndrome

VEXAS (vacuoles, E1 enzyme, X-linked, autoinflammatory, somatic) syndrome is a severe, treatment-refractory, monogenic, multiorgan, autoinflammatory condition with vasculitic and haematological complications. Epidemiology VEXAS syndrome is likely to be rare, but also likely to be underdiagnose...

Platypnoea-orthodeoxia syndrome

Platypnoea-orthodeoxia syndrome refers to the concomitant occurrence of dyspnoea and hypoxaemia, respectively, which are precipitated by assuming an upright position and alleviated by assuming a recumbent position 4. Clinical presentation As the name of the syndrome suggests, the hallmark clin...

Accessory muscles of respiration

Accessory muscles of respiration refer to muscles that provide assistance to the main breathing muscles, mainly when additional power is needed, for example during exercise or those with airway pathologies (e.g. COPD) 1,2. During normal quiet breathing, inspiration is an active process primaril...

Pulmonary trunk to aortic ratio

The pulmonary trunk to aortic ratio (PA:A), also known as main pulmonary artery to aorta ratio (MPA:A), is a measurement that can be made on CT and MRI scans and, in some instances on echocardiography 3. In most instances, a normal ratio in adults is taken 1:1 or less, and with ratios greater th...

Tracheal air column

The tracheal air column describes the appearance of the trachea on plain chest radiographs. Radiographic appearance Plain radiograph On frontal chest radiographs, the air column extends as an almost vertical, radiolucent column midline in the mediastinum from the inferior margin of the cricoi...

Anti SRP autoantibody associated interstitial lung disease

Anti SRP autoantibody associated interstitial lung disease is a form of autoimmune related interstitial lung disease. Clinical presentation It is thought to usually present with mild respiratory symptoms although some patients have been reported to have severe disease 1. Pathology It is repo...

Pulmonary artery intramural haematoma

Pulmonary artery intramural haematoma (PA-IMH) refers to a haemorrhage within the wall of the pulmonary arteries. It can occur alone in the setting of a thoracic aortic injury or as a complication of an acute aortic dissection for example in a setting where the posterior wall of the aortic root ...

Tracheostomy tube

Tracheostomy tubes, a.k.a. tracheotomy tubes, are inserted through a stoma post-tracheostomy to help patients unable to breathe normally. It may be temporary or permanent depending on the patient's condition, with its insertion where clinically indicated showing a lowered in-hospital mortality r...

Curtain sign (lung ultrasound)

The curtain sign refers to the normal ultrasound characteristics of lung bases where the lungs are fully aerated. This is because the air in the costophrenic recess will cast a hyperechoic "air curtain" over the recess, obscuring the outline of the lateral diaphragm. The "air curtain" will also ...

Cauldwell classification

Cauldwell classification is a commonly used classification in assessing bronchial artery branching pattern. Classification The bronchial artery branching pattern is classified into four types based on the number of intercostobronchial trunks (ICBT) - that gives rise to right bronchial artery a...

Pulmonary mycobacterium parascrofulaceum infection

Pulmonary mycobacterium parascrofulaceum infection results from infection by the species Mycobacterium parascrofulaceum, which is a relatively new species of non-tuberculous mycobacterium (NTM) belonging to group 2. Infection by this species is rare and infrequently reported and the lung is cons...

Complications of radiation therapy

Radiation therapy has the potential to cause complications in many organ systems, many of which, especially in the thorax, are important for radiologists to be aware of. acute radiation syndrome complications of cranial radiation therapy radiation-induced cerebral vasculopathy radiation-ind...

Desmoplastic small round cell tumour of the pleura

Desmoplastic small round cell tumour (DSRCT) of the pleura is a rare primary pleural malignancy comprising of mesenchymal cells. Epidemiology Tend to occur in younger patients (mean ~ 25.5 years) and with a slightly greater male predilection. Treatment and prognosis DSRCT tend to be aggress...

Ground glass (disambiguation)

The term ground glass may be used to refer to: ground glass opacity (lungs) ground glass matrix of fibrous dysplasia

Miliary lung nodules (mnemonic)

The list of differential diagnoses for miliary lung nodules can be recalled with the mnemonic: TEMPEST Mnemonic TEMPEST T: tuberculosis E: eosinophilic granuloma M: metastases (especially thyroid) P: pneumoconiosis E: extrinsic allergic alveolitis (now known as hypersensitivity pneumonit...

Superior triangle sign (right lower lobe collapse)

The superior triangle sign is seen with complete right lower lobe (RLL) collapse alone or combined with right middle lobe collapse on PA chest x-rays. This sign can be a useful indirect sign of right lower lobe collapse where typical features are absent. Radiographic features Plain radiograph ...

Free standing bronchiectasis

Free-standing bronchiectasis or non-traction bronchiectasis is a descriptive term for bronchiectasis that is not related to regional fibrotic effects (e.g. traction bronchiectasis). Amongst other causes, this form may occur in recurrent chronic infective-inflammatory states such as in those with...

N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate pulmonary embolism

N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate pulmonary embolism is a potentially life-threatening complication that can arise following the use of the tissue glue, butyl-cyanoacrylate, for endoscopic sclerotherapy to treat variceal bleeding. Epidemiology Sclerosis with biological glue (butyl cyanoacrylate) is curr...

Pulmonary hypertension associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Pulmonary hypertension associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (PH-COPD) can be a common complication of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and usually manifests as mild to moderate pulmonary hypertension in those with advanced COPD. Pulmonary arterial pressures in this situatio...

Bronchocentricity

Bronchocentricity (or bronchocentric distribution) describes a process in the lungs that is centred around bronchi (or bronchioles). The term centrilobular is commonly used for peribronchiolar disease. Because of the parallel relationship of bronchi and pulmonary arteries these processes are als...

Fibrotic hypersensitivity pneumonitis

Fibrotic hypersensitivity pneumonitis (fHP) is a chronic, often progressive fibrosing form of hypersensitivity pneumonitis and is also often categorised as a form of interstitial lung disease. Manifestations previously categorised as chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis now fall under this categ...

Rapidly progressive pneumoconiosis

Rapidly progressive pneumoconiosis (RPP) is termed a form of pneumoconiosis when the condition shows an increase in chest radiograph profusion by one ILO subcategory in less than 5 years 1. Conditions than can fall into this category include accelerated silicosis

Pulmonary cladophialophora infection

Pulmonary cladophialophora infections are a form of rare pulmonary fungal infection caused by Cladophialophora spp. such as Cladophialophora boppi Cladophialophora bantiana Pathology Cladophialophora is a genus of fungi in the family Herpotrichiellaceae with around 35 species described. Th...

Collagen vascular disease related interstitial pneumonitis

Collagen vascular disease-related interstitial pneumonitis (CVD-IP) refers to a subgroup of interstitial lung disease that is associated with collagen vascular disease. Epidemiology Some estimate that up to 15% of patients presenting for evaluation of interstitial lung disease may have an unde...

Upper lobe fibrocavitary pattern of mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease

Upper lobe fibrocavitary pattern of mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease is morphological from pulmonary mycobacterium avium complex infection although it is worthwhile understanding that there can be a spectrum of the disease with mixed forms. This form had been initially the traditi...

Contraceptive implant migration

Contraceptive implant migration is a rare complication of etonogestrel implant insertion. Clinical presentation unable to palpate device in the upper arm chest pain dyspnoea non-productive cough menorrhagia irregular vaginal bleeding Pathology Contraceptive implants are ...

Sliding hiatus hernia

A sliding hiatus hernia or type 1 hiatus hernia is considered the most common type of hiatus hernia. They can be present to varying degrees and can also co-exist with other types (inclusive of a rolling hiatus hernia). Clinical presentation Many patients may have gastro-oesophageal reflux. Som...

Rheumatoid arthritis associated interstitial lung disease

Rheumatoid arthritis associated interstitial lung disease (RA-ILD) is one of the pulmonary manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis. Epidemiology There may be a greater male predilection with onset of lung disease typically occurring in the 5th to 6th decades of life 5. Radiographic features C...

Pulmonary valve calcification

Pulmonary valve calcification is an uncommon occurrence and usually occurs in the presence of longstanding elevation of right ventricular pressures (such as that of severe pulmonary hypertension). It can also be associated with pulmonary valve stenosis. Some authors suggest if valve calcificatio...

Tuberculous bronchostenosis

Tuberculous bronchostenosis is a potential complication that can occur from endobronchial tuberculosis, especially in a chronic form. Pathology Bronchostenosis usually begins as simple erythema and oedema with lymphocytic submucosal infiltration followed by tubercle formation. Destruction and ...

Pulmonary oedema signs (mnemonic)

A mnemonic to remember the radiographic signs of pulmonary oedema is: ABCDE Mnemonic A: alveolar opacification B: batwinging C: cardiomegaly D: diffuse interstitial thickening (septal lines) and diversion (vascular upper zone diversion, cephalisation) E: effusions (pleural)

Crescent sign (disambiguation)

The characteristic shape of the crescent has been given to many radiological signs over the years: air crescent sign (aspergillosis) crescent in a doughnut sign (intussusception) crescent sign (arterial dissection) crescent sign (intravenous pyelogram) crescent sign (lung hydatid) crescent...

Iodinated oil pulmonary embolism

Iodinated oil pulmonary embolism is a form of particulate material pulmonary embolism which in turn falls under non-thrombolic pulmonary emboli. Iodinated oil pulmonary embolism occurs in the setting of: oily chemoembolisation of tumours hepatocellular carcinoma 1,3 lymphangiography 4 hyste...

Lateral thoracic vein

The lateral thoracic vein (TA: vena thoracica lateralis) is a tributary of the axillary vein. It provides venous drainage for the axilla, anterolateral chest wall, including serratus anterior and pectoralis muscles and breast, and the supraumbilical abdominal wall. Terminology In some texts, t...

Unicentric Castleman disease

Unicentric Castleman disease (UCD) is considered the more common form of Castleman disease and involves one or more enlarged lymph nodes in a single region of the body that demonstrates histopathologic features that have features of Castleman disease. A subset of patients can have systemic sympt...

Contrast level within inferior vena cava

A dependent contrast level within the inferior vena cava is a situation that can be observed in some cases with inferior vena caval contrast reflux. Its presence is usually associated with very poor cardiac output and can be accompanied by dependent layering of venous refluxed contrast within th...

Inferior vena caval contrast reflux

Reflux of contrast into inferior vena cava can be common findings seen on CT. It is considered a specific but insensitive sign of right-sided heart disease / right heart dysfunction at low contrast injection rates although the usefulness decreases with high injection rates. Conditions associate...

Tuberculous pleural effusion

A tuberculous pleural effusion is one of the manifestations of pleural tuberculosis. It can have variable presentation ranging from a largely benign pleural effusion, with potential to completely resolve to a complicated effusion with loculations, pleural thickening and potentially progressing t...

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