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Pulmonary artery intramural hematoma

Pulmonary artery intramural hematoma (PA-IMH) refers to a hemorrhage within the wall of the pulmonary arteries. It can occur alone in the setting of a thoracic aortic injury or as a complication of an acute aortic dissection for example in a setting where the posterior wall of the aortic root is...

Tracheostomy tube

Tracheostomy tubes, a.k.a. tracheotomy tubes, are inserted through a stoma post-tracheostomy to help patients unable to breathe normally. It may be temporary or permanent depending on the patient's condition, with its insertion where clinically indicated showing a lowered in-hospital mortality r...

Curtain sign (lung ultrasound)

The curtain sign refers to the normal ultrasound characteristics of lung bases where the lungs are fully aerated. This is because the air in the costophrenic recess will cast a hyperechoic "air curtain" over the recess, obscuring the outline of the lateral diaphragm. The "air curtain" will also ...

Cauldwell Classification

Cauldwell classification is a commonly used classification in assessing bronchial artery branching pattern. Classification The bronchial artery branching pattern is classified into four types based on the number of intercostobronchial trunks (ICBT) - that gives rise to right bronchial artery a...

Pulmonary mycobacterium parascrofulaceum infection

Pulmonary mycobacterium parascrofulaceum infection results from infection by the species Mycobacterium parascrofulaceum, which is a relatively new species of non-tuberculous mycobacterium (NTM) belonging to group 2. Infection by this species is rare and infrequently reported and the lung is cons...

Complications of radiation therapy

Radiation therapy has the potential to cause complications in many organ systems, many of which, especially in the thorax, are important for radiologists to be aware of. acute radiation syndrome complications of cranial radiation therapy radiation-induced cerebral vasculopathy radiation-ind...

Desmoplastic small round cell tumor of the pleura

Desmoplastic small round cell tumor (DSRCT) of the pleura is a rare primary pleural malignancy comprising of mesenchymal cells. Epidemiology Tend to occur in younger patients (mean ~ 25.5 years) and with a slightly greater male predilection. Treatment and prognosis DSRCT tend to be aggressi...

Ground glass (disambiguation)

The term ground glass may be used to refer to: ground glass opacity (lungs) ground glass matrix of fibrous dysplasia

Miliary lung nodules (mnemonic)

The list of differential diagnoses for miliary lung nodules can be recalled with the mnemonic: TEMPEST Mnemonic TEMPEST T: tuberculosis E: eosinophilic granuloma M: metastases (especially thyroid) P: pneumoconiosis E: extrinsic allergic alveolitis (now known as hypersensitivity pneumonit...

Superior triangle sign (right lower lobe collapse)

The superior triangle sign is seen with complete right lower lobe (RLL) collapse alone or combined with right middle lobe collapse on PA chest x-rays. This sign can be a useful indirect sign of right lower lobe collapse where typical features are absent. Radiographic features Plain radiograph ...

Free standing bronchiectasis

Free-standing bronchiectasis or non-traction bronchiectasis is a descriptive term for bronchiectasis that is not related to regional fibrotic effects (e.g. traction bronchiectasis). Amongst other causes, this form may occur in recurrent chronic infective-inflammatory states such as in those with...

N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate pulmonary embolism

N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate pulmonary embolism is a potentially life-threatening complication that can arise following the use of the tissue glue, butyl-cyanoacrylate, for endoscopic sclerotherapy to treat variceal bleeding. Epidemiology Sclerosis with biological glue (butyl cyanoacrylate) is curr...

Pulmonary hypertension associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Pulmonary hypertension associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (PH-COPD) can be a common complication of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and usually manifests as mild to moderate pulmonary hypertension in those with advanced COPD. Pulmonary arterial pressures in this situatio...

Bronchocentricity

Bronchocentricity (or bronchocentric distribution) describes a process in the lungs that is centered around bronchi (or bronchioles). The term centrilobular is commonly used for peribronchiolar disease. Because of the parallel relationship of bronchi and pulmonary arteries these processes are al...

Fibrotic hypersensitivity pneumonitis

Fibrotic hypersensitivity pneumonitis (fHP) is is a chronic, often progressive fibrosing form of hypersensitivity pneumonitis and is also often categorized at a form of interstitial lung disease. Manifestations previously categorized as chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis now fall under this ca...

Rapidly progressive pneumoconiosis

Rapidly progressive pneumoconiosis (RPP) is termed a form of pneumoconiosis when the condition shows an increase in chest radiograph profusion by one ILO subcategory in less than 5 years 1. Conditions than can fall into this category include accelerated silicosis

Pulmonary cladophialophora infection

Pulmonary cladophialophora infections are a form of rare pulmonary fungal infection caused by Cladophialophora spp. such as Cladophialophora boppi Cladophialophora bantiana Pathology Cladophialophora is a genus of fungi in the family Herpotrichiellaceae with around 35 species described. Th...

Collagen vascular disease related interstitial pneumonitis

Collagen vascular disease-related interstitial pneumonitis (CVD-IP) refers to a subgroup of interstitial lung disease that is associated with collagen vascular disease. Epidemiology Some estimate that up to 15% of patients presenting for evaluation of interstitial lung disease may have an unde...

Upper lobe fibrocavitary pattern of mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease

Upper lobe fibrocavitary pattern of mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease is morphological from pulmonary mycobacterium avium complex infection although it is worthwhile understanding that there can be a spectrum of the disease with mixed forms. This form had been initially the traditi...

Contraceptive implant migration

Contraceptive implant migration is a rare complication of etonogestrel implant insertion. Clinical presentation unable to palpate device in the upper arm chest pain dyspnea non-productive cough menorrhagia irregular vaginal bleeding Pathology Contraceptive implants are most commonly in...

Sliding hiatus hernia

A sliding hiatus hernia or type 1 hiatus hernia is considered the most common type of hiatus hernia. They can be present to varying degrees and can also co-exist with other types (inclusive of a rolling hiatus hernia). Clinical presentation Many patients may have gastro-esophageal reflux. Some...

Rheumatoid arthritis associated interstitial lung disease

Rheumatoid arthritis associated interstitial lung disease (RA-ILD) is one of the pulmonary manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis. Epidemiology There may be a greater male predilection with onset of lung disease typically occurring in the 5th to 6th decades of life 5. Radiographic features C...

Pulmonary valve calcification

Pulmonary valve calcification is an uncommon occurrence and usually occurs in the presence of longstanding elevation of right ventricular pressures (such as that of severe pulmonary hypertension). It can also be associated with pulmonary valve stenosis. Some authors suggest if valve calcificatio...

Tuberculous bronchostenosis

Tuberculous bronchostenosis is a potential complication that can occur from endobronchial tuberculosis, especially in a chronic form. Pathology Bronchostenosis usually begins as simple erythema and edema with lymphocytic submucosal infiltration followed by tubercle formation. Destruction and r...

Pulmonary edema signs (mnemonic)

A mnemonic to remember the radiographic signs of pulmonary edema is: ABCDE Mnemonic A: alveolar opacification B: batwinging C: cardiomegaly D: diffuse interstitial thickening (septal lines) and diversion (vascular upper zone diversion, cephalisation) E: effusions (pleural)

Crescent sign (disambiguation)

The characteristic shape of the crescent has been given to many radiological signs over the years. crescent sign (disambiguation) crescent sign (arterial dissection) crescent sign (inguinal hernia) crescent sign (intravenous pyelogram) crescent sign (lung hydatid) crescent sign (osteonecro...

Iodinated oil pulmonary embolism

Iodinated oil pulmonary embolism is a form of particulate material pulmonary embolism which in turn falls under non-thrombolic pulmonary emboli. Iodinated oil pulmonary embolism occurs in the setting of: oily chemoembolisation of tumors hepatocellular carcinoma 1,3 lymphangiography 4 hyster...

Lateral thoracic vein

The lateral thoracic vein (TA: vena thoracica lateralis) is a tributary of the axillary vein. It provides venous drainage for the axilla, anterolateral chest wall, including serratus anterior and pectoralis muscles and breast, and the supraumbilical abdominal wall. Terminology In some texts, t...

Unicentric Castleman disease

Unicentric Castleman disease (UCD) is considered the more common form of Castleman disease and involves one or more enlarged lymph nodes in a single region of the body that demonstrates histopathologic features that have features of Castleman disease. A subset of patients can have systemic symp...

Contrast level within inferior vena cava

A dependent contrast level within the inferior vena cava is a situation that can be observed in some cases with inferior vena caval contrast reflux. Its presence is usually associated with very poor cardiac output and can be accompanied by dependent layering of venous refluxed contrast within th...

Inferior vena caval contrast reflux

Reflux of contrast into inferior vena cava can be common findings seen on CT. It is considered a specific but insensitive sign of right-sided heart disease / right heart dysfunction at low contrast injection rates although the usefulness decreases with high injection rates. Conditions associate...

Tuberculous pleural effusion

A tuberculous pleural effusion is one of the manifestations of pleural tuberculosis. It can have variable presentation ranging from a largely benign pleural effusion, with potential to completely resolve to a complicated effusion with loculations, pleural thickening and potentially progressing t...

Pleural tuberculosis

Pleural tuberculosis refers to various manifestations of involvement of the pleura by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It manifests in various forms which include tuberculous pleuritis tuberculous empyema tuberculous pleural effusion 3

Cameron lesions

Cameron lesions refer to linear ulcers or erosions that occur on the mucosal folds at the diaphragmatic impression of a hiatus hernia. They are usually radiographically occult and diagnosed endoscopically (although still useful for a radiologist to know). Epidemiology Their prevalence has been...

Interstitial lung disease associated with primary biliary cholangitis

Interstitial lung disease associated with primary biliary cholangitis can occur in a variable pattern that can include 1: pulmonary fibrosis lymphoid interstitial pneumonia non-specific interstitial pneumonia bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneumonia Epidemiology It may occur in a...

Long COVID-19

Long COVID-19, also known as post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC) or post COVID-19 condition, is a post-viral syndrome affecting people who have recovered from COVID-19 infection. Symptoms are similar to those experienced by patients with chronic inflammatory response syndrome (CIR...

Portable radiography

Portable radiography (also known as mobile radiography) is frequently performed in hospitals when patients are too unwell to transport to the imaging department. However, most health facilities endeavor to perform "departmental films", as image quality tends to be inferior when performed with a ...

Esophageal temperature probe

Esophageal temperature probes are used to monitor core body temperatures in patients receiving anesthesia. The probe is advanced either through the nasal passage or oral cavity, before following a similar path to a nasogastric tube. Indications Clinically significant changes in core body tempe...

Focal ground glass opacification

Focal ground glass opacification refers to relatively contained area of ground glass although these can be multiple and can involve more than one contiguous part of the lungs. These can include: distinct nodules - ground glass density nodules pure ground glass nodules amorphous non nodular g...

Pembrolizumab induced pneumonitis

Pembrolizumab induced pneumonitis is a form of drug-induced lung disease occurring as a result of a response to the use of the programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1) inhibitor pembrolizumab. It may have variable pattern 2. Pembrolizumab is also reported to have a high risk of inducing lung inju...

Pulmonary zygomycosis

Pulmonary zygomycosis was previously used term for an umbrella of pulmonary fungal species causing pulmonary fungal infection which is now superseded by terms such as pulmonary mucormycosis according to more recent publications. Previously some publications have used two terms as synonymous.

Lymphangiomatosis

Lymphangiomatosis is a rare mesenchymal disorder that is characterized by developmental "malformation" of multiple lymphatic channels (usually with dilatation). Terminology If lymphatic channels are purely dilated and not malformed the term lymphangiectasia is usually used. If lymphangiomatosi...

Aerodigestive tract

The aerodigestive tract is a non-TA descriptive collective term for the respiratory tract and proximal portion of the digestive tract. As it is a non-standard term, its precise components vary somewhat with the context in which the term is being employed. Terminology Definitions of what precis...

Crizotinib associated interstitial pneumonitis

Crizotinib associated interstitial pneumonitis is a type of drug-induced lung disease precipitated by a tyrosine kinase/anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitor Crizotinib used in the treatment of certain forms of non-small cell lung cancer that have certain mutations including the ROS1 mutati...

Pyothorax associated lymphoma

Pyothorax-associated lymphoma (PAL) is a non-Hodgkin lymphoma of exclusively B-cell phenotype developing in the pleural cavity of patients after a longstanding pyothorax / empyema. Pathology Histologically PAL usually shows a diffuse proliferation of large cells of B-cell type (diffuse large B...

Cavitating lesions (mnemonic)

A mnemonic to remember the commonest causes of cavitating lesions seen in a chest x-ray is: WEIRD HOLES Mnemonic W: Wegener's granulomatosis (granulomatosis with polyangiitis) E: embolism (pulmonary, septic) I: infection (anaerobes, pneumocystis, TB) R: rheumatoid arthritis (necrobiotic no...

Tobacco abuse

Tobacco abuse, most commonly by smoking cigarettes, is a legal drug habit of many throughout the world. It is a significant risk factor for many malignancies, respiratory and cardiovascular diseases and is a major cause of premature mortality throughout the world. Epidemiology It has been esti...

Neer impingement test

The Neer impingement test is a clinical test to aid the diagnosis of rotator cuff impingement. It predominantly provokes a posterosuperior internal impingement mechanism and involves forward flexion of the arm with the thumb facing down with the arm in a more anterolateral orientation.

Anectasis

Anectasis is a term that describes primary atelectasis, as distinct from secondary atelectasis. Anectasis refers to the failure of the lung to expand fully at birth. See also atelectasis

Ventilator induced lung injury

Ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) is a type of acute lung injury usually inflicted or aggravated by mechanical ventilation. It may occur during invasive or non-invasive ventilation. Pathology The predominant mechanisms include: alveolar overdistention (volutrauma) / regional lung overdist...

Kussmaul sign

Kussmaul sign is a clinical sign, seen as a paradoxical increase in the jugular venous pressure in response to inspiration. This is opposed to the normal physiological response of inspiration resulting in decreased jugular venous pressure 1. Pathology Etiology This sign typically arises secon...

Acute lung injury

Acute lung injury (ALI) refers to a rather broad clinical syndrome defined by a constellation of clinical criteria which includes: acute onset of bilateral pulmonary infiltrates with hypoxemia without evidence of hydrostatic pulmonary edema pulmonary wedge pressures of usually 18 mmHg or les...

Bullous sarcoidosis

Bullous sarcoidosis is a rarely described pattern in pulmonary sarcoidosis where there is concurrent presence of bullous emphysema superimposed on the typical changes of sarcoidosis. It may be contributed by fibrotic cysts, bullae, and paracicatricial emphysema from traction effects or endobronc...

Mucormycosis vs aspergillosis

It is important to be able to distinguish between mucormycosis and aspergillosis because: antifungal sensitivity: mucormycosis is resistant to voriconazole, whilst aspergillosis is sensitive to it mucormycosis may have an improved prognosis if treated earlier It is to be noted that there has...

Mixed germ cell tumor of the mediastinum

Mixed germ cell tumors of the mediastinum or mediastinal mixed germ cell tumors are malignant non-seminomatous germ cell tumors of the mediastinum consisting of more than one type of germ cell tumor. Terminology The term ‘malignant teratoma’ is not recommended. Epidemiology Mixed germ cell t...

Right ventricular fractional area change

The right ventricular fractional area change is a two-dimensional measure of right ventricular global systolic function usually made on an echocardiogram. It is obtained from the apical four-chamber view and is calculated as RV- fractional area change = (end-diastolic area - end-systolic area) ...

Aerogenous metastasis

Aerogenous metastases are a rare form of metastases that can occur in the lung due to aerogenous spread along the airways. Pathology It is related to but not considered identical to the term spread through air spaces (STAS) 4. Aerogenous metastases are usually from primary lung cancer dissemi...

Tularemia

Tularemia is a rare and highly virulent febrile zoonotic bacterial infection caused by Francisella tularensis, which has been developed as a bioweapon by several countries. It can infect the skin and mucous membranes, lungs and intestine and cause systemic disease and death. Tularemia is a notif...

Mediastinal choriocarcinoma

Mediastinal choriocarcinomas or choriocarcinomas of the mediastinum are malignant non-seminomatous germ cell tumors of the mediastinum consisting of trophoblastic cells. Epidemiology Pure choriocarcinomas are rare and account for up to 3% of primary mediastinal germ cell tumors 1. They usually...

Mediastinal embryonal carcinoma

Mediastinal embryonal carcinomas or embryonal carcinomas of the mediastinum are malignant non-seminomatous germ cell tumors with embryonal type cells primarily growing in the mediastinum. Epidemiology Mediastinal embryonal carcinomas are very rare mediastinal tumors accounting for up to 8% of ...

Mediastinal yolk sac tumor

Mediastinal yolk sac tumors or yolk sac tumors of the mediastinum are malignant non-seminomatous germ cell tumors primarily growing in the mediastinum. Terminology The term ‘endodermal sinus tumor’ is not recommended. Epidemiology Mediastinal yolk sac tumors are rare mediastinal tumors. In a...

Mediastinal seminoma

Mediastinal seminomas or mediastinal germinomas are primary malignant germ cell tumors of the mediastinum. Epidemiology Mediastinal seminomas are rare mediastinal tumors and account for up to one-third of primary malignant mediastinal germ cell tumors 1. They are almost only found in males ≥10...

Trigonum parietale (azygos lobe)

The trigonum parietale refers to a triangular opacity seen on chest radiograph that correlates with a small piece of extrapleural areolar tissue that lies between the layers of pleura in the fissure of an azygos lobe 1-4. It may be seen at the most superior portion of the azygos fissure and shou...

Absent azygos vein

An absent azygos vein is a very uncommon variant in which the azygos vein fails to develop. In cases of agenesis of the azygos vein, the hemiazygos and accessory hemiazygos veins play an important role in venous drainage, accounting for drainage of both the right and left intercostal veins 1-3. ...

Gastropericardial fistula

Gastropericardial fistulas are rare abnormal communications between the stomach and the pericardial sac. This is a life-threatening condition that can lead to impaired cardiac function, sepsis and eventually death. Clinical presentation Patients with gastropericardial fistula may present with ...

Mediastinal lipoma

A mediastinal lipoma is a benign fat-containing mediastinal lesion. Pathology Similar to lipomas elsewhere and except in rare situations comprise of mature adipocytes. They can be variable in size. They are usually seen as an encapsulated mass with homogeneous fat attenuation. These lesions oc...

Bronchomediastinal trunk

The bronchomediastinal trunks (a.k.a. bronchomediastinal lymphatic trunks) are lymphatic trunks, one on each side of the body. On the left, the bronchomediastinal trunk is a tributary of the thoracic duct, and on the right, it is a tributary of the right lymphatic duct. Although, in some individ...

Blunting of the costophrenic angle

Blunting of the costophrenic angle (also known as blunting of the costophrenic sulcus) is a chest radiograph sign usually indicative of a small pleural effusion. It may be seen on either frontal or lateral erect projections. It has been found that approximately 200 mL pleural fluid needs to be p...

CT chest abdomen-pelvis (protocol)

The CT chest-abdomen-pelvis protocol serves as an outline for an examination of the trunk covering the chest, abdomen and pelvis. It is one of the most common CT examinations conducted in routine and emergencies. It can be combined with a CT angiogram. Note: This article aims to frame a genera...

Bird’s nest sign (lungs)

The bird’s nest sign refers to the appearance created by a reverse halo sign with associated irregular and intersecting areas of stranding or irregular lines within the area of ground-glass opacity 1. Both bird's nest sign and reverse halo signs are suggestive of invasive pulmonary fungal infec...

Cartilage

Cartilage or cartilaginous tissue is a resilient and type of connective tissue of mesodermal origin that forms an integral part within the musculoskeletal system and as a structural component in other organs. Cartilage can be generally classified into the following main types: hyaline cartil...

Diaphragmatic lung hernia

A diaphragmatic lung hernia (plural: hernias or herniae) is extremely rare, characterized by a lung herniation through the diaphragm into the abdominal cavity. There has been a single case report 2. It is questionable whether this entity truly exists at all 3. This is not to be confused with th...

Cervical lung hernia

Cervical lung hernias (alternative plural: herniae), also known as apical lung hernias, are a subtype of lung hernias in which lung protrudes through the apex of the thoracic cavity. Epidemiology Lung herniation of any form is rare. Cervical lung hernia is thought to represent only ~20% lung h...

Compensatory lung hyperinflation

Compensatory lung hyperinflation (a.k.a. compensatory lung overinflation) is a situation in which due to loss of volume of a lung, unaffected parts of the same lung overinflate as compensation. In more severe cases, the contralateral lung may also overinflate with possible mediastinal shift towa...

Adalimumab induced interstitial lung disease

Adalimumab induced interstitial lung disease is a form of anti-TNF-induced diffuse interstitial lung disease from the broader category of drug induced lung disease. The disease occurs as a response to the disease modifying anti-rheumatic drug adalimumab or HumiraTM. Pathology Exact mechanism o...

CT transcatheter aortic valve implantation planning (protocol)

The transcatheter aortic valve implantation or TAVI planning CT protocol is used to plan for transcatheter aortic valve implantation. CT allows for the assessment of the aortic root and valve annulus in order to select an appropriate valve size and location-specific to the patient. An aortic ang...

Lung bases

Anatomically, the lung bases refer literally to the inferior concave surfaces of the lungs which directly contact the hemidiaphragms. However many radiologists, and other clinicians, use the term more generally to refer to the basal region of the lung, which like the lower zones, has no formal ...

Endobronchial tuberculosis

Endobronchial tuberculosis is an infection along the bronchial walls +/- involvement of the lumen by tuberculosis. It may affect any part of the bronchial tree. It can occur with other forms of pulmonary tuberculosis and occurrence on its own is considered rare 1. Pathology It may affect any l...

En face

En face (pronounced /ɒ̃ ˈfas/) is a term used in radiology, mainly in plain radiography, to refer to structures or pathology that are seen front on.

Pleurodesis

Pleurodesis is a procedure that involves the administration of an agent into the pleural space to cause adhesion to the chest wall (usually from adhesion between the parietal and the visceral layers of the pleura). Usually an irritative chemical agent (chemical pleurodesis) and rarely microbiolo...

Honeycomb sterna

Honeycomb sterna are considered as a rare developmental variant of the sternum, resulting from unfused lateral ossification centers of the sternebrae, which gives a honeycomb configuration of the mesosternum. Usually asymptomatic and discovered incidentally during a routine exam of the chest.

Viscera

The viscera (singular: viscus) refers to all the internal organs within the major cavities of the thorax, abdomen and pelvis. Therefore it does not include organs of the CNS, head and neck or musculoskeletal compartments nor does it encompass non-internal organs (e.g. the skin) 1. Splanchnology...

Pulmonary trunk dilatation

Dilatation of the pulmonary trunk or dilatation of the main pulmonary artery (mPA) has a range of causes, and is often (though not always) associated with pulmonary hypertension. Most publications suggest an upper limit of normal in the region of 29-33 mm 1, which can be higher in males 7. Othe...

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia pneumonia

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia pneumonia refers to a pneumonia resulting from the organism Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, which is a common colonizer of the respiratory tract of patients with chronic lung disease. The organism is considered highly resistant to antibiotics. Radiographic features C...

Mitral valve replacement

Mitral valve replacement refers to the substitution of the mitral valve either by a mechanical valve or bioprosthesis. Indications Mitral valve replacement has been superseded by mitral valve repair in most situations of mitral valve dysfunction 1-3. Further existing indications of operative m...

Years criteria for pulmonary embolism

The YEARS criteria is a diagnostic algorithm that determines the risk of pulmonary embolism (PE) derived from three items in the Wells score that are most predictive of PE1. Unlike the Wells score, it uses a variable D-dimer threshold based off clinical pre-test probability. The YEARS criteria i...

Centrilobular (disambiguation)

The term centrilobular in imaging may refer to: centrilobular (lungs) centrilobular pattern (ultrasound liver)

D sign (right ventricle)

A D-shaped left ventricle or flattening of the interventricular septum with a D-shaped configuration is a feature described with significant right ventricular (RV) overload / right heart strain such as that occurring with complications of a sizable pulmonary embolic event. It was initially descr...

Polymer fume fever

Polymer fume fever is a rare condition secondary to the breathing in of fumes from PTFE, a common household plastic. It is often misdiagnosed as a viral flu-like illness. Most people make a rapid recovery, although severe morbidity may be seen. Epidemiology A Japanese group found 18 cases of p...

Roesler sign

Roesler sign is the name given to the inferior rib notching seen in coarctation of the aorta. Although by no means pathognomonic, the sign is fairly specific. Although many other causes of inferior rib notching have been recorded most of them are very rare 1. Strictly-speaking it is only called...

CT esophagography

CT esophagography is a CT study designed to primarily evaluate the esophagus, particularly in the situation of esophageal trauma and potential perforation. It has been developed partly as an alternative to fluoroscopic barium swallow evaluation in this situation. Indications potential esophage...

Aortic arch aneurysm

An aortic arch aneurysm is a less common form of thoracic aortic aneurysm and may account for around 10% of such aneurysms. Epidemiology There is a recognized male predilection with most patient's presenting around to 6th to 7th decades of life. Clinical presentation It can be clinically sil...

Doughnut sign (chest)

The doughnut sign can be appreciated on the lateral chest radiograph of patients with mediastinal adenopathy, most commonly seen in pediatric patients with pulmonary tuberculosis infection1. The sign is made up of precarinal, subcarinal and retrocarinal lymph nodes which surround the radiolucen...

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