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Aaron sign

Aaron sign is a clinical sign that is defined as a feeling of distress and pain in the epigastric, umbilical and praecordial regions, on steady pressure over McBurney point, it is suggestive of chronic appendicitis. History and etymology Charles Dettie Aaron (1866–1951) was an American gastroe...

Cullen sign

Cullen sign refers to superficial edema visible as periumbilical discolouration and is most commonly seen in patients with acute pancreatitis 1-3. Clinical presentation Clinically patients with pancreatitis present with epigastric pain that radiates to the umbilical/periumbilical region and th...

Gastrointestinal bleeding

Gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding refers to hemorrhage into the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract; it is commonly clinically subdivided into whether it occurs into the upper (proximal) or lower (distal) GI tract: upper GI bleeding bleeding proximal to the ligament of Treitz, i.e. proximal to t...

Splenic vein thrombosis

Splenic vein thrombosis (plural: thromboses) is an uncommon condition in which the splenic vein becomes thrombosed, that most frequently occurs in the context of pancreatitis or pancreatic cancer. Whilst, for the most part asymptomatic, splenic vein thrombosis increases risk of gastric varices a...

Persistent descending mesocolon

Persistent descending mesocolon is defined as the failure of fusion of the mesentery of the descending colon with the lateral and posterior parietal peritoneum 1. Gross anatomy Persistent descending mesocolon is a rare congenital anomaly, in which the primitive dorsal mesocolon does not fuse w...

Pediatric Appendicitis Risk Calculator

The Pediatric Appendicitis Risk Calculator (pARC) is a clinical decision rule and predictor of the likelihood of acute appendicitis in pediatric patients. Due to the non-categorical data of some variables within the criteria, an integrated calculator is required to use this tool. Criteria 1,2 ...

Z-track technique for paracentesis

The Z-track technique is used for paracentesis. It produces a non-linear track between the dermis and the peritoneum, and this serves to decrease the chance of ascitic fluid leakage through the track. Procedure Instead of directly sticking the access needle from the skin surface into the perit...

Gastropericardial fistula

Gastropericardial fistulas are rare abnormal communications between the stomach and the pericardial sac. This is a life-threatening condition that can lead to impaired cardiac function, sepsis and eventually death. Clinical presentation Patients with gastropericardial fistula may present with ...

Anterior resection of the rectum

Anterior resection is a surgical procedure to resect the rectum and sigmoid colon while preserving the anal sphincter complex. Indications cancer of the rectum (most commonly) severe diverticular disease Procedure Although historically an open procedure, most anterior resections are now per...

CT chest abdomen-pelvis (protocol)

The CT chest-abdomen-pelvis protocol serves as an outline for an examination of the trunk covering the chest, abdomen and pelvis. It is one of the most common CT examinations conducted in routine and emergencies. It can be combined with a CT angiogram. Note: This article aims to frame a genera...

CT abdomen-pelvis (protocol)

The CT abdomen-pelvis protocol serves as an outline for an examination of the whole abdomen including the pelvis. It is one of the most common CT protocols for any clinical questions related to the abdomen and/or in routine and emergencies. It forms also an integral part of trauma and oncologic ...

CT pancreas (protocol)

The CT pancreas protocol serves as an outline for a dedicated examination of the pancreas. As a separate examination, it is usually conducted as a biphasic contrast study and might be conducted as a part of other scans such as CT abdomen-pelvis, CT chest-abdomen-pelvis. Note: This article aims...

Rectal diverticulosis

Rectal diverticulosis (plural: diverticuloses) or the presence of diverticula in the rectum is very rare. Epidemiology Rectal diverticula are very rare with only scattered case reports in the global medical corpus, and symptomatic cases, e.g. rectal diverticulitis, are even rarer 1. It has bee...

APPEND score

The APPEND score is a clinical decision rule and predictor of the likelihood of acute appendicitis. Criteria Each of the following are worth 1 point 1: male gender anorexia migratory pain localized peritonism elevated CRP >15mg/L neutrophilia >7.5x109/L APPEND refers to the mnemonic: A...

Diaphragmatic lung hernia

A diaphragmatic lung hernia (plural: hernias or herniae) is extremely rare, characterized by a lung herniation through the diaphragm into the abdominal cavity. There has been a single case report 2. It is questionable whether this entity truly exists at all 3. This is not to be confused with th...

Anusitis

Anusitis is inflammation of the anal canal lining. Terminology Anusitis should not be confused with proctitis, which is distinguished as inflammation of rectal mucosa. Epidemiology Anusitis is associated with diet, in particular excess intake of coffee, cola, beer, citrus, spices, and/or hot...

Marginal artery (disambiguation)

The marginal artery may refer to several different arteries in the body, including two different coronary vessels: callosomarginal artery (CNS) marginal artery (of Drummond) obtuse marginal artery (cardiac) right marginal artery (cardiac)

Viscera

The viscera (singular: viscus) refers to all the internal organs within the major cavities of the thorax, abdomen and pelvis. Therefore it does not include organs of the CNS, head and neck or musculoskeletal compartments nor does it encompass non-internal organs (e.g. the skin) 1. Splanchnology...

Right hemicolectomy

A right hemicolectomy is a surgical procedure to remove the cecum and ascending colon. Indications cancer of the appendix, cecum or ascending colon (most common) 1 inflammatory bowel disease, particularly Crohn disease complicated appendicitis cecal volvulus perforation of the right colon ...

O sign

The O sign is a radiographic sign described in gastric band slippage. Normally, a correctly-sited laparoscopic gastric band lies such that its anterior and posterior margins are superimposed in the anteroposterior orientation and a oblong morphology is visible on a frontal radiograph. When a g...

Acute non-traumatic abdominal pain in pregnancy

Acute non-traumatic abdominal pain in pregnancy requires a considered imaging approach due to the increased risks of fetal demise associated with undiagnosed diseases such as perforated acute appendicitis. Ultrasound is the first-line modality due to its wide availability and ability to diagnose...

Abdominal pain in pregnancy protocol (MRI)

The abdominal pain in pregnancy MRI protocol encompasses a set of MRI sequences for assessment of causes of non-traumatic abdominal pain in pregnancy. Note: This article aims to frame a general concept of an MRI protocol for the assessment of the abdomen in pregnancy. Protocol specifics will va...

Acinar cell carcinoma of the pancreas

Pancreatic acinar cell carcinoma is a rare exocrine neoplasm that comprises ~1% of all pancreatic tumors. This tumor shows more aggressive behavior than the far more common adenocarcinoma 1,3,4. Clinical presentation High levels of serum lipase, due to hypersecretion syndrome, resulting in sub...

Post-polypectomy coagulation syndrome

Post-polypectomy coagulation syndrome occurs during a colonoscopic polypectomy procedure when electrocoagulation injury causes a transmural burn to the colon without radiographic evidence of perforation 1,2. Terminology Post-polypectomy coagulation syndrome is also known as post-polypectomy ...

Ingested foreign bodies in adults

Ingested foreign bodies in adults, in contrast to in children, is often accidental. It usually occurs accidentally in association with food consumption and is most common in adults with underlying gastrointestinal tract pathology. Cases of intentional foreign body ingestion in adults are seen mo...

Lipoma of ileocecal valve

Lipomas of the ileocecal valve are a rarer entity than the more commonly occurring lipomatosis of the ileocecal valve. They can be differentiated from the latter as they have a demarcating capsule around the fatty tissue and are confined to only one of the ileocecal valve lips 1. Pathologically ...

MEN1 triad (mnemonic)

Mnemonics to remember the classic triad of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) are: PPP PiParPanc ParaPanPit Mnemonics PPP P: pituitary adenoma: prolactinoma is commonest P: pancreatic endocrine tumors P: parathyroid proliferative disease parathyroid hyperplasia (most common) pa...

CT esophagography

CT esophagography is a CT study designed to primarily evaluate the esophagus, particularly in the situation of esophageal trauma and potential perforation. It has been developed partly as an alternative to fluoroscopic barium swallow evaluation in this situation. Indications potential esophage...

V sign (disambiguation)

Signs inspired by the letter V have been described in several different pathologies: inverted V sign (pneumoperitoneum) inverted V sign (spinal cord) Naclerio V sign (pneumomediastinum) V sign (interphalangeal joint subluxation)

Hematemesis

Hematemesis is the vomiting of blood, it is an indication of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Mortality is generally near to 10% 1,2,4. Please see the main article on upper gastrointestinal bleeding for more detail. Treatment and prognosis In patients with moderate to severe hematemesis, life...

Intrapancreatic accessory spleen

An intrapancreatic accessory spleen is a splenunculus within the pancreatic parenchyma. Differentiating this finding from other pancreatic neoplasms is important to avoid unnecessary surgery. Epidemiology Intrapancreatic splenunculi are not as rare as previously thought and their incidence ra...

Acute mesentric ischemia

Acute mesenteric ischemia accounts for the majority (around 95%) of cases with mesenteric ischemia and comprises of: arterial occlusive mesenteric ischemia (60-85%) embolic acute mesenteric ischemia (EAMI) thrombotic acute mesenteric ischemia (TAMI) non-occlusive mesenteric ischemia (NOMI) (...

Hypervascular pancreatic lesions

Hypervascular pancreatic lesions are findings that enhance more or similarly to the background pancreatic parenchyma in the late arterial phase, on contrast-enhanced CT or MRI. Anatomical variants intrapancreatic accessory spleen: should not be overdiagnosed as a malignant tumor Vascular ano...

Diversion colitis

Diversion colitis, also known as diversional colitis, describes non-specific inflammation of segments of colon and/or rectum which have been surgically diverted from the fecal stream after colostomy or ileostomy. A similar condition, diversion pouchitis, manifesting after formation of continent...

Intrapancreatic gas

The presence of gas in the pancreatic gland and/or the pancreatic ducts is an uncommon finding. Pathology Etiology Causes of gas in the pancreatic ducts altered function and/or anatomy of the sphincter of Oddi: causes duodenal-pancreatic duct reflux patulous pancreatic duct opening 2 papi...

Small bowel perforation

Small bowel (SB) perforation is an acute pathological condition resulting from a discontinuity of the small bowel wall secondary to different etiologies with subsequent leakage of intestinal gas and contents into the peritoneal cavity. Clinical presentation clinical diagnosis maybe difficult, ...

Intraperitoneal organs (mnemonic)

A useful mnemonic to remember which organs are intraperitoneal is: SALTD SPRSS (pronounced 'salted spurs') Mnemonic S: stomach A: appendix L: liver T: transverse colon D: duodenum (first part) S: small intestines (jejunum and ileum) P: pancreas (only tail) R: rectum (upper third) S: s...

Bucket handle mesenteric injury

Bucket handle mesenteric injuries are avulsions of the mesentery off a bowel segment (the handle) due to shearing forces in blunt trauma to the bowel and mesentery. Laceration of the mesenteric vessels results in intestinal ischemia. Clinical presentation The most common mechanism of injury in...

Falciform ligament hernia

Falciform ligament hernias (alternative plural: herniae) are a very rare type of internal hernia occurring through a defect in the falciform ligament. Epidemiology Exceedingly rare, thought to comprise just 0.2% of all internal hernias 4. Associations laparoscopic surgery 2 Clinical present...

Ascitic fluid cholesterol level

Ascitic fluid cholesterol level estimation is a simple and precise test for differentiating malignant ascites from non-malignant (cirrhotic) ascites 5-9. Pathology Ascites is the abnormal collection of fluid within the peritoneal cavity. Malignant ascites comprises ~10% and is usually seconda...

Chinese dragon sign (vascular)

The Chinese dragon sign is a radiological sign on abdominal radiograph and CT describing the radiologic appearance of calcified tortuous splenic artery that resembles a Chinese dragon. The tortuous splenic artery segment on the splenic hilum side represents the dragon head while the other arteri...

Splenic volvulus

Splenic volvulus (rare plural: volvuli) also called splenic torsion may be seen as a complication of a wandering spleen due to weakness of the splenic ligaments 1. Clinical presentation abdominal pain: mild to severe in intensity which depends on the degree of torsion 4-6 abdominal mass 5 ab...

Chronic appendicitis

Chronic appendicitis (rare plural: appendicitides) is defined by inflammation of the appendix over time with symptoms lasting for more than three weeks duration (cf. acute appendicitis) 1. The condition should be differentiated from recurrent appendicitis, in which one or more episodes of flares...

Splenic sarcoidosis

Splenic sarcoidosis is a non-caseating granulomatous involvement of the spleen, that presents with splenomegaly or multiple splenic nodules. Clinical presentation Clinical features of splenic sarcoidosis include 5,6: pain anemia abdominal pain and discomfort splenomegaly (associated with i...

Perineal body

The perineal body, also known as the central tendon of the perineum, (TA: corpus perineale) is a key midline fibromuscular structure, with important muscular attachments, which acts to stabilize the structures of the pelvis and perineum. It is located between the anal canal and the vagina, or in...

Internal supravesical hernia

Internal supravesical hernias (alternative plural: herniae) are a type of internal hernia in which viscera protrude into the supravesical fossa, occupying the paravesical space. Epidemiology It is a very rare condition and accounts for less than 4% of all internal herniae 4. Clinical presenta...

Supravesical hernia

Supravesical hernias (alternative plural: herniae) are a type of abdominal hernia in which viscera protrude through the supravesical fossa. Pathology Laxity with failure of the transversalis fascia and the transversus abdominis muscle are the main cause of supravesical hernias in virgin abdome...

Mesorectal lymph nodes

Mesorectal lymph nodes refers to lymph nodes that are present in the mesorectal fascia. Their assessment is important in the staging of colorectal tumors such as rectal cancer and anal cancer. Distribution According to one study, the majority of nodes were located in the proximal two-thirds ...

Broad ligament hernia

Broad ligament hernias (alternative plural: herniae) are a type of internal hernia in which small bowel passes through a congenital or acquired defect in the broad ligament. Epidemiology Broad ligament herniation is very rare and accounts for 4%-7% of all internal hernias 1. Clinical presenta...

Ileostomy

An ileostomy is a surgical method in which a loop of the distal small bowel is connected and opened through the outer abdominal wall to artificially create a connection and bypass the large bowel. Pathology Types There are two types of ileostomies: permanent end ileostomy A permanent end il...

Peritoneal to abdominal height ratio (PAR)

Peritoneal to abdominal height ratio (PAR) ≥0.52 is a statistically associated sign for raised intra-abdominal pressure >12 mmHg in the context of abdominal compartment syndrome in critically ill patients in CT. It can be calculated by dividing the distance from the linea alba to the posterio...

Intrathoracic sleeve migration

Intrathoracic sleeve migration is a rare complication following a sleeve gastrectomy. Pathology Several factors have been postulated, including 3 gastric narrowing progressive enlargement of the esophageal hiatal orifice division of natural attachments such as the phreno-esophageal membran...

Terminology of rectal cancer staging

The terminology used in describing the stage and features of rectal cancer staging is based on using abbreviations and prefixes to denote the specific stage identifier, modality of assessment and the patient's position in the treatment journey 1. Terminology Abbreviations and letters used in s...

Rectus sheath hernia

Rectus sheath hernias (alternative plural: herniae) are a very seldom seen form of herniation through the anterior abdominal wall. Herniation of intra-abdominal contents (mesenteric fat +/- bowel), is usually through the posterior rectus sheath only and thus these are often termed posterior rect...

Fecal impaction

Fecal impaction is the inability to spontaneously evacuate solid feces. It is common in the elderly population. A severe form of fecal impaction is often referred to as a fecaloma. Terminology Fecal loading is a poorly defined term but generally refers to the volume of fecal material in the c...

Rectal cancer response assessment

Assessment of rectal cancer response to therapy, which may be chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or a combination, relies on the synthesis of clinical, endoscopic and radiologic evaluation. The purpose of neoadjuvant therapy is to downstage the tumor, to facilitate surgical resection, and reduce loca...

Cirrhotic liver nodules - differential

Differential diagnoses of cirrhotic liver nodules include regenerative liver nodules, dysplastic liver nodules, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), all represent a spectrum of diseases ranging from non-neoplastic reparative process (regenerative) to nuclear atypia (dysplastic) to typical neoplas...

Horseshoe-shaped (disambiguation)

Several normal anatomical structures and rare organ variants have been described as being horseshoe-shaped. Organ anomalies horseshoe kidney horseshoe lung horseshoe adrenal horseshoe appendix horseshoe pancreas 1 Horseshoe-shaped organs hyoid bone limbic lobe supramarginal gyrus tymp...

Horseshoe appendix

A horseshoe appendix is an extremely rare variant of the vermiform appendix, in which the appendix arises from the cecum and curves back on itself to re-insert into the cecum, similar to a semicircular canal in the inner ear. Epidemiology Anatomic variation of the appendix is extremely rare. I...

Inguinal hernia repair plug

Inguinal hernia repair plug refers to a nonabsorbable material such as a polypropylene inserted intraoperatively into an inguinal hernial defect. Pathology Usually located anterior to the iliac vessels at the level of the inguinal canal. Size varies with mean long axis diameter 2.6 cm. Unilate...

Split scar sign (rectal cancer response assessment)

The split scar sign has been described as a feature on rectal cancer MRI studies acquired following chemoradiotherapy and having a high specificity and positive predictive value for a complete response 1. It is identified on high resolution T2 weighted imaging and refers to the presence of low ...

Busoga hernia

Busoga hernias, also known as Gill-Ogilvie hernias in Europe 1 (alternative plural: herniae), are a variant of the direct inguinal hernia involving the conjoint tendon. Epidemiology Busoga herniae have been noted to occur most commonly in young, athletic men with a well-developed abdominal mus...

Grey Turner sign

The Grey Turner sign refers to the clinical finding of atraumatic flank ecchymosis, which is occasionally associated with retroperitoneal hemorrhage, classically due to hemorrhagic pancreatitis 2. It is thought to occur when blood extravasates from the posterior pararenal space and crosses throu...

Hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy

Hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (often abbreviated as HIPEC) is a form of chemotherapy used for the treatment of peritoneal involvement with malignancy. It usually involves the instillation of heated (to around 41–43°C) chemotherapy agents directly into the abdominopelvic cavity imme...

Tumor deposits

Tumor deposits (in the context of rectal cancer) are discrete nodules of tumor tissue within the mesorectum, often found along the path of draining vessels, and are distinct from lymph node metastases. They are found in >50% of MRI studies of patients with rectal cancer 1. Radiographic features...

Coronary ligament (liver)

The coronary ligament is a peritoneal ligament complex of the liver which encloses the bare area of the liver. Gross anatomy The coronary ligament is formed by the reflection of the peritoneum from the undersurface of the diaphragm onto the superior and posterior surfaces to the right lobe of ...

Enterolithiasis

Enterolithiasis represents the formation of dense concretions (enteroliths) within the gastrointestinal tract, typically as a consequence of intestinal stasis due to underlying pathology. Epidemiology The condition is fairly common, with a reported prevalence of enterolithiasis ranging betwee...

Congenital peritoneal encapsulation

Congenital peritoneal encapsulation (CPE) is an extremely rare condition of abnormal embryonic gastrointestinal development. It is characterized by the congenital development of an accessory peritoneal layer partially or entirely encapsulating the small bowel. Epidemiology Congenital peritonea...

Bariatric embolization

Bariatric embolization is an interventional procedure performed with a view to inducing weight-loss in the treatment of obesity. Evidence from clinical trials suggests that the procedure is well tolerated and has a good safety profile. Early studies demonstrate a mild-moderate beneficial effect....

Fecolith

A fecolith, also known as a coprolith or stercolith, is a stony mass of compacted feces. They are most common in the descending and sigmoid colon, but may also form in the small bowel or appendix 1,2. Clinical presentation Fecoliths differ in their presentation based on size and location and m...

Endopelvic fascia

The endopelvic fascia is the enveloping connective tissue network for the pelvic viscera, suspending, supporting and fusing the pelvic organs to the arcus tendineus fasciae pelvis, which itself inserts onto the pelvic sidewalls and pubic bones. The major anterior component is the pubovesical li...

H and M lines (pelvic floor)

The H and M lines are reference lines for the pelvic floor on imaging studies and help detect and grade pelvic floor prolapse on defecography studies. The H line is drawn from the inferior margin of the pubic symphysis to the posterior aspect of the anorectal junction, and represents the diamet...

Emphysema (disambiguation)

Emphysema refers to any disease process involving an abnormal accumulation of air/gas in the tissues. When used alone, it is usually taken to mean the lung disease, pulmonary emphysema, which forms part of the spectrum of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). gastric emphysema: include...

Chicken intestine appearance

The chicken intestine is a term used to describe the appearance of a hypersegmented barium column. This appearance is characteristic of intestinal tuberculosis 1. Other radiographic findings such as accelerated intestinal transit, flocculation and dilution of the barium and, luminal stenosis wi...

Mesenteric lipoma

Mesenteric lipomas are uncommon benign fat-containing lesions. Pathology Like other lipomas, they are comprised of mature adipocytes. Radiographic features Although described on both CT and ultrasound, they are more commonly seen on CT. Ultrasound Usually seen as a well-encapsulated, homog...

Phantom organ sign

The phantom organ sign is a term used when a large mass arises from a small organ and as a consequence, it is impossible to detect the affected organ. The identification of this sign and other radiological signs such as the embedded organ sign, beak sign, and prominent feeding artery sign on CT...

Embedded organ sign

The embedded organ sign is used to help localize a mass and define the organ from which it originates. When a mass extrinsically compresses an adjacent organ (such as inferior cava vein and gastrointestinal tract) it gives the organ a crescent shape, which is called a negative embedded organ si...

Gastritis

Gastritis (plural: gastritides) refers to any form of mucosal inflammation of the stomach and can sometimes be part of a wider gastroenteritis. It may have acute or chronic forms. Pathology There are different types of gastritis, including: acute gastritis atrophic gastritis emphysematous g...

Mass-forming chronic pancreatitis

Mass-forming chronic pancreatitis occurs in around 30% of cases of chronic pancreatitis, where a mass or a focal enlargement of the pancreas is usually seen on imaging. In many instances, it poses a challenge as the epidemiology and imaging appearances overlap those of pancreatic adenocarcinoma....

Infective enteritis

Infective enteritis is a common condition although, routinely, does not require imaging. Clinical pathology Patients can present with fevers, colicky abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting 2,3. Pathology There are numerous organisms that can cause infective enteritis with classically...

Ileal pouch-anal anastomosis

Ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA), also referred to as a J-pouch procedure, is a colorectal surgery technique performed in patients undergoing proctocolectomy or proctectomy, where a reservoir ("neorectum") is made with a segment of distal ileum just before its anastomosis with the anal canal....

Billroth I reconstruction

Billroth I is a type of surgical reconstruction that has been performed after partial gastrectomy, usually in the setting of tumor or ulcer resection. The key feature of a Billroth I reconstruction is the formation of an end-to-end anastomosis between the proximal remnant stomach and duodenal s...

Fecal immunochemical test

A fecal immunochemical test (FIT) is a test for human hemoglobin in stool as a screening tool for colorectal carcinoma. It is considered a better test than the traditional guaiac fecal occult blood test (gFOBT) which cannot distinguish human blood from food-derived sources. Technical backgroun...

Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody

Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs) are a heterogenous class of IgG autoantibodies raised against the cellular contents of neutrophils, monocytes and endothelial cells 1. Under indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) microscopy, three ANCA staining patterns are observed, based on the varying...

Duodenal stricture

A duodenal stricture refers to a segment of narrowing involving the duodenum. They can occur from a range of benign infective - inflammatory to malignant etiology. They can contribute to gastric outlet obstruction. Pathology Etiology infective/inflammatory duodenitis regional inflammation:...

Duodenal bulb

The duodenal bulb refers to a proximal-most portion of the duodenum closest to the stomach and for most of the D1 segment of the duodenum. It usually has a length of about 5 cm. It commences at the gastric pylorus and ends at the neck of the gallbladder. It is located posterior to the liver and...

Anterior abdominal wall hernia

Anterior (or ventral) abdominal wall hernias (herniae also used) are a subgroup of abdominal wall herniae that are differentiated by the location of the hernia. epigastric hernia incisional hernia port site hernia interparietal hernia parastomal hernia paraumbilical hernia Spigelian hern...

Groin herniation

Groin hernias (herniae also used) may be congenital or acquired, and represent a large proportion of all abdominal wall hernias. The subtypes based on location are: inguinal hernia direct inguinal hernia indirect inguinal hernia: five times commoner than direct Amyand hernia pantaloon hern...

Capsule endoscopy

Capsule endoscopy, also known as video capsule endoscopy (VCE) or wireless capsule endoscopy, is a non-invasive means of investigating the small bowel, principally for identifying the underlying cause of occult gastrointestinal tract bleeding, such as due to arteriovenous malformations, small bo...

Enteric duplication cyst

Enteric duplication cyst is a broad term for a number of congenital cystic lesions that arise along the gastrointestinal tract. Please see individual articles for further information: foregut duplication cyst midgut duplication cyst tailgut duplication cyst See also fetal enteric duplicatio...

Superior rectal artery embolization

Superior rectal artery embolization is a minimally invasive endovascular technique which has a role in the management of acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding and has recently re-emerged as a potential option for the treatment of symptomatic hemorrhoidal disease, this article will focus on the l...

Mesenteric arteritis

Mesenteric arteritis is an unusual cause of mesenteric ischemia. However, it should be considered when locations are atypical such as the stomach, duodenum, rectum (small and large intestine involved at the same time), and the genitourinary system, especially in young patients 1. Epidemiology ...

B ring

The B ring is a mucosal ring that develops in the distal esophagus at the gastro-esophageal junction (Z line). Terminology If the ring becomes symptomatic, then it is usually termed a Schatzki ring, although some use the terms synonymously. Pathology Its development is thought to be a react...

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