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Gastrointestinal leiomyoma (overview)

Gastrointestinal leiomyomas are smooth muscle tumors without malignant potential that may develop in any part of the gastrointestinal system: esophageal leiomyoma gastric leiomyoma small bowel leiomyoma colonic leiomyoma

Colostomy

Colostomies are a surgically created stoma between the colon and the abdominal wall. It can be performed for both malignant and benign conditions. Types end colostomy temporary end colostomy as part of a Hartmann procedure loop colostomy double barrel colostomy end colostomy with mucous f...

Z line

The Z line in the esophagus is the term for a faint zig-zag impression at the gastro-esophageal junction that demarcates the transition between the stratified squamous epithelium in the esophagus and the intestinal epithelium of the gastric cardia (the squamocolumnar junction). The Z line is a ...

Enteric nervous system

The enteric nervous system (ENS) is a general term that refers to the vast network of neurons that supply the gastrointestinal system. It is part of the autonomic nervous system and allows the gastrointestinal system to act independently from the brain and spinal cord.

Myenteric plexus

The myenteric plexus (also known as the Auerbach plexus) (plural: plexuses) refers to a network of nerves between the layers of the muscular propria in the gastrointestinal system. Among other things, the plexus helps regulate peristalsis in the gastrointestinal tract. The plexus is part of the...

Abdominal tuberculosis

Abdominal tuberculosis can manifest in almost every abdominopelvic organ: gastrointestinal tuberculosis esophageal tuberculosis gastric tuberculosis duodenal tuberculosis jejunal and ileal tuberculosis ileocecal tuberculosis colorectal tuberculosis tuberculous peritonitis tubercular lym...

Pediatric abdomen (invertogram view)

The invertogram view is an additional projection to demonstrate the pediatric abdomen and is often used exclusively in characterizing anal atresia. However, as this view may be less comfortable for the patient and result in a more technically challenging examination, a more ideal alternative tec...

Pediatric abdomen (prone cross-table lateral view)

The prone cross-table lateral view is an additional projection to demonstrate the pediatric abdomen and is a more ideal alternative to the invertogram, which may be less comfortable for the patient. This discomfort may result in a continuously crying baby, causing the puborectalis sling to contr...

Panproctocolectomy

Panproctocolectomy is a surgery to remove the entire colon, rectum and anal canal. It is most frequently performed for ulcerative colitis, Crohn disease and familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) syndrome but may also be conducted for colorectal cancer and some other malignancies. The ileostomy co...

Hellmer sign

Hellmer sign is a radiographic finding depicting medial displacement of the lateral edge of the liver from the peritoneal wall. It was originally described as a pathognomonic sign of ascites. However, this displacement can also be caused by intraperitoneal fat, extraperitoneal free fluid or a ma...

Sandwich sign (disambiguation)

The sandwich sign is used for two different imaging appearances: sandwich sign (Marchiafava-Bignami disease) sandwich sign (mesentery) Sandwich sign has also been coined for the appearance of: primary pleural lymphoma 1,2 mediastinal lymphoma 3 marrow edema and hemorrhage on MRI of flexion...

Disconnected pancreatic duct syndrome

Disconnected pancreatic duct syndrome, also referred only as disconnected pancreatic duct, refers to the symptoms and complications due to the complete discontinuity of the main pancreatic duct between segments of viable secreting pancreatic tissue and the duodenum, usually seen as a sequela of ...

Pubococcygeal line

The pubococcygeal line (PCL) is a reference line for the pelvic floor on imaging studies and helps detect and grade pelvic floor prolapse in defecography studies. It is defined as a line that connects the inferior border of the symphysis pubis (anterior margin) to the final coccygeal joint (post...

Gastroptosis

Gastroptosis is characterized by abnormal downward displacement of the stomach. It may be part of a wider spectrum called visceroptosis. Epidemiology There is paucity of literature about the actual prevalence of the condition. It is more common in females. Clinical presentation It has nonspe...

Small for size syndrome (liver graft)

Small for size syndrome (SFSS) is a clinical syndrome caused by the transplantation of a liver graft that is too small for a recipient. It occurs when the graft to recipient weight ratio (GRWR) is less than 0.8% or a graft volume to standard liver volume ratio (GV/SLV) is less than 35%. Clinica...

Non-occlusive mesenteric ischemia

Non-occlusive mesenteric ischemia is the second most common cause of acute mesenteric ischemia, with a higher incidence in hospitalized and critical care patients. Epidemiology Non-occlusive mesenteric ischemia accounts for ~25% (range 20-30%) of acute mesenteric ischemia. It most commonly af...

Strangulating bowel obstruction

Strangulating or strangulated bowel obstruction refers to ischemia and/or infarction of an obstructed loop of bowel. It is most commonly seen in the setting of closed loop obstruction. Epidemiology Strangulation complicates ~15% (10-23%) of bowel obstructions 1,2,4. Pathology Strangulation ...

Limberg score

Limberg score is a semiquantitative color Doppler ultrasound assessment of the bowel wall vascularity in inflammatory bowel disease. grade 0: normal bowel wall with no thickening (<4 mm), well-delineated mural stratification, no mural flow (no color Doppler signal) grade 1: wall thickenin...

Total pelvic exenteration

Total pelvic exenteration refers to extensive surgical resection of pelvic structures to treat locally advanced or recurrent pelvic malignancies. It is performed to obtain optimal excision of tumor radical margins which can be difficult in pelvis given proximity and often local invasion of adjac...

Napkin ring sign (disambiguation)

The napkin ring sign may refer to either of the following imaging findings: napkin ring sign (colon): colonic stenosis such as due to colon cancer napkin ring sign (coronary): coronary artery vulnerable plaque A clinical napkin ring sign of myotonia (e.g. in myotonic dystrophy) also exists, w...

Left inframesocolic space

The left inframesocolic space is a component of the inframesocolic space bounded superiorly by the attachment of the transverse mesocolon, to the left by the mesentery of the descending colon, to the right border by the root of the small bowel mesentery. It is quadrilateral in shape and is large...

Right inframesocolic space

The right inframesocolic space is a component of the inframesocolic space bounded by the transverse colon anterosuperiorly, the mesentery of the ascending colon on the right, the root of the small bowel mesentery on the left and the apex lying inferiorly at the ileocecal junction. It is smaller ...

Left paracolic gutter

The left paracolic gutter is a component of the left inframesocolic space partially separated from the left subphrenic spaces by the phrenicocolic ligament. It is smaller than the right paracolic gutter. Both paracolic spaces are in continuity with the pelvic peritoneal spaces.

Right paracolic gutter

The right paracolic gutter is a component of the right inframesocolic space continuous superiorly with the right subhepatic and right subphrenic spaces. It is larger than the left paracolic gutter, which is partially separated from the left subphrenic spaces by the phrenicocolic ligament. Both p...

High density GI lesions on CT (mnemonic)

There are several mnemonics to remember the causes of high density lesions in the gastrointestinal tract on CT: CHIPES COINS PIG BEACH Mnemonics CHIPES C: chloral hydrate/cocaine packets H: heavy metals I: iodinated compounds, e.g. contrast media, iron P: phenothiazines E: enteric-coat...

Filling defect

A filling defect is a general term used to refer to any abnormality on an imaging study which disrupts the normal opacification (filling) of a cavity or lumen. The opacification maybe physiological, for example, bile in the gallbladder or blood in a dural venous sinus, or maybe due to the instal...

Peritoneal thickening

Peritoneal thickening is a descriptive term given to describe any form of thickening of the peritoneum. It can occur with both benign and malignant peritoneal disease. It can be classified into various subtypes based on its morphology: smooth peritoneal thickening peritonitis peritoneal car...

Barolith

A barolith consists of inspissated barium sulfate associated with feces seen rarely, after barium studies for imaging the gastrointestinal tract. Since barium sulfate is insoluble, it can in rare cases precipitate in the bowel, sometimes becoming symptomatic with a significant delay (from few we...

Fluoroscopy

Fluoroscopy is an imaging modality that allows real-time x-ray viewing of a patient with high temporal resolution. It is based on an x-ray image intensifier coupled to a still/video camera. In recent years flat panel detectors (which are similar to the digital radiography used in projection radi...

Anterior resection syndrome

Anterior resection syndrome refers to wide spectrum of symptoms which develop post-sphincter preserving rectal resection for rectal cancer. Pelvic radiotherapy is a known risk factor to develop anterior resection syndrome. Epidemiology There have been reports that up to 47% of patients who un...

Ultrasound elastography

Ultrasound elastography, also called as sono-elastography, is a modern evolutionary method of sonographic imaging. Techniques include shear wave elastography (also known as transient elastography) and strain elastography (also known as static or compression elastography). These techniques utiliz...

Aspiration

Aspiration occurs if liquid or solid material enters the subglottic lower respiratory tract. Terminology The term aspiration is used if material passes below the level of the vocal folds, i.e. subglottic. If material enters the larynx but remains above the vocal folds, this is called penetrati...

Pain rating scales

There are a number of pain rating scales used by clinicians and researchers to gauge the severity of patients' pain. Commonly used methods: pain numeric rating scale (NRS/NPRS) visual analog scale (VAS) verbal rating scale (VRS) faces pain scale-revised (FPS-R) Pain numeric rating scale Th...

Frozen pelvis

Frozen pelvis refers to a condition in which pelvic organs are distorted and tethered to each other as a consequence of adhesive processes. It is commonly seen in endometriosis. Other causes include tumors, infections including pelvic inflammatory disease, post-surgical adhesions and post-treat...

Retractor injury

Retractor injury refers to injury caused by intraoperative retraction of an organ from the operative field. Such injuries most commonly occur in the liver following upper gastro-intestinal surgeries, however brain retraction related injury due to neurosurgical techniques is also a known phenomen...

Pseudo-Rigler sign

The pseudo-Rigler sign is an important form of pseudopneumoperitoneum, and a mimicker of the classic Rigler (double wall) sign, that can be encountered normally on abdominal radiographs. Radiographic features The pseudo-Rigler sign can result from omental or mesenteric fat, or oral contrast me...

Champagne sign (gallbladder)

The champagne sign (also known as the effervescent gallbladder sign) is a pathognomonic sonographic sign of gas in the gallbladder. The sign refers to multiple small echogenic foci which are seen to migrate from a dependent to non-dependent position within the gallbladder as the patient changes...

Ampulla (disambiguation)

Ampulla (plural: ampullae) is an anatomical term used for tubular structures with a short segmental bulbous dilatation: ampulla (fallopian tube) ampulla (lacrimal system) ampulla (esophagus): a.k.a. phrenic ampulla ampulla (rectum) ampulla (semicircular ducts) ampulla (spleen) ampulla of ...

Crus (disambiguation)

A crus (plural: crura) is an anatomical term used for a structure which resembles a leg. crus (auricle) crus (cerebrum) crus (clitoris) crus (diaphragm) crus (fornix) crus (heart) crus (incus) crus (internal capsule) crus (nose) crus (penis) crus (semicircular duct) crus (stapes) cr...

Apple core sign (disambiguation)

The apple core sign has been described in two different pathologies: apple core sign (colon) apple core sign (femur)

Weight loss

A clinical presentation of weight loss is extremely common and often a source of marked anxiety for the patient. The commonest cause of unintentional weight loss (UWI) is gastrointestinal tract disease, and not malignancy. Terminology The published literature lacks a consistent definition of w...

Corkscrew sign (disambiguation)

Corkscrew sign can refer to: corkscrew sign (corkscrew cochlea) corkscrew sign (diffuse esophageal spasm) corkscrew sign (midgut volvulus) corkscrew sign (ureteric tuberculosis)

Proximal gastric pouch dilatation

Proximal gastric pouch dilatation is one of the complications that can occur following a gastric lap band. In this situation, the proximal gastric pouch appears enlarged and has a post-procedural capacity exceeding the normal of 15-20 mL. A tight stoma with delayed gastric emptying may also be o...

Jejunoileal diverticulitis

Jejunoileal diverticulitis (plural diverticulitides), an acute inflammation of diverticula of the jejunum or ileum, is much rarer than colonic diverticulitis. Epidemiology The jejunum is a more common site of acquired diverticula of the small bowel than the ileum 1. Clinical presentation Div...

Supraduodenal artery

The supraduodenal artery (SDA) is a branch of the gastroduodenal artery (GDA). It arises soon after the origin of the GDA posterior to the first part of the duodenum and supplies the anterosuperior part of the first and second parts of the duodenum, contributing to the rich arterial anastomotic ...

Fossa of Landzert

The fossa of Landzert is a congenital mesentery defect. It is present in about 2% of autopsy series and is formed due to non-fusion of the inferior mesentery to the parietal peritoneum. It is found to the left of the fourth part of the duodenum. The inferior mesenteric vein runs along its (ante...

Fossa of Waldeyer

The fossa of Waldeyer, also known as the mesentericoparietal fossa, is a congenital mesentery defect. It is found in about 1% of autopsy series and is formed due to non-fusion of the ascending mesocolon to the posterior parietal peritoneum. The superior mesenteric artery runs along its (anterio...

Retrorectal developmental cysts

Retrorectal developmental cysts are rare and mostly congenital benign lesions found in the retrorectal space: spectrum of cystic teratomas retrorectal epidermoid cyst retrorectal dermoid cyst retrorectal teratoid cyst enteric cysts duplication cyst of the rectum tailgut duplication cyst ...

Borchardt's triad (gastric volvulus)

Borchardt's triad comprises of the classic three symptoms diagnostic of gastric volvulus 1: severe sudden epigastric pain intractable retching without vomiting inability to pass a nasogastric tube

Mobile cecum syndrome

Mobile cecum syndrome refers to a symptomatic mobile cecum, manifesting as chronic intermittent right lower quadrant pain and distension. Epidemiology It is estimated that a mobile cecum occurs in 10-20% of the population, however, it is usually asymptomatic and thus mobile cecum syndrome is a...

Torricelli-Bernoulli sign

The Torricelli-Bernoulli sign denotes nondependent air trapped in a necrotic ulcer in a gastrointestinal tumor seen on axial CT or MRI. Occasionally, a vertical stream of bubbles can be seen issuing from the orifice of the ulcer. Terminology Torricelli's theorem gives the relation of the veloc...

Kwashiorkor

Kwashiorkor is a condition characterized by bilateral edema caused by protein deficiency. Epidemiology The largest population at risk for the condition are children who have begun weaning from breast milk or formula towards diets without sufficient protein. Therefore, kwashiorkor often affects...

Esophageal varix

Esophageal varices describe dilated submucosal veins of the esophagus, and are an important portosystemic collateral pathway. They are considered distinct from gastric varices, which are less common. Epidemiology Esophageal varices are present in ~50% of patients with portal hypertension 1,2. ...

Downhill esophageal varix

Downhill esophageal varices are an uncommon type of esophageal varices associated with superior vena cava (SVC) obstruction. Epidemiology Downhill oesophagal varices are less frequently seen. It is seen in less than 0.5% of routine upper endoscopies. Most common etiology is superior vena obstr...

Gastroparesis

Gastroparesis (plural: gastropareses) is a functional gastric disorder caused by abnormal gastric motility with delayed stomach emptying in the absence of mechanical obstruction and results in gastric distension. Clinical presentation Commonly presents with nausea, vomiting, postprandial fulln...

Hernia (general)

Hernias (or herniae) are a common pathological entity, in which an anatomical structure passes into an abnormal location via an opening. The opening may be a normal physiological aperture (e.g. hiatus hernia: stomach passes through the diaphragmatic esophageal hiatus) or pathological. Iatrogeni...

Lumboperitoneal shunt

Lumboperitoneal (LP) shunts are a device used to shunt cerebrospinal fluid in the treatment of increased CSF pressure. As the name suggests, a catheter is placed with its tip in the lumbar spinal canal (intrathecal). The distal catheter is tunneled under the skin and into the peritoneal cavity....

Cryptococcoma

Cryptococcomas are a rare complication of infection by the Cryptococcus genus of invasive fungi, where a discrete, encapsulated lesion of immune infiltrates and pathogen forms. Cryptococcus gattii is most often isolated but Cryptococcus neoformans may also form cryptococcomas. Epidemiology In ...

Nutcracker phenomenon

The nutcracker phenomenon, also known as nutcracker anatomy or left renal vein entrapment, refers to the anatomic or pathophysiologic entity wherein the superior mesenteric artery compresses and impedes outflow of the left renal vein into the inferior vena cava. It can be a common incidental fin...

Anaphylaxis

Anaphylaxis (also known as anaphylactic shock or reaction) is an acute severe systemic type I hypersensitivity reaction, commonly presenting with urticaria/angioedema, hypotension and bronchial hyperreactivity. It may be fatal. Terminology Anaphylactoid reactions result from non-immune system ...

Esophageal and esophagogastric junction neuroendocrine tumor (staging)

Esophageal and esophagogastric junction neuroendocrine tumor staging refers to TNM staging of epithelial cancers other than the squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma groups located in the esophagus or esophagogastric junction (including tumors whose center is within the proximal 2 cm of the...

Esophageal lymph node stations

Esophageal lymph node stations are those nodal stations in the neck, chest, and abdomen considered regional (rather than distant) for the purpose of esophageal cancer staging. This list reflects the map provided in the 8th edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) Cancer Staging M...

Porphyria

Porphyrias are a group of rare metabolic diseases in which heme metabolism is altered. Epidemiology Porphyria is rare, with some forms being extremely rare. Estimates for the prevalence of the disease vary in the literature and could reflect differing geographic distribution and/or incomplete ...

Strangulated (hernia)

Strangulated in the context of hernias refers to an incarcerated hernia in which the hernial opening is so constricted that the arterial supply is compromised, leading to ischemia and eventually gangrene. It is a surgical emergency. Although strangulated bowel is also often obstructed, this is n...

Incarcerated

Incarcerated (also referred to as irreducible) is used to describe herniae, in which their contents are unable to pass back through the hernial opening to their anatomical site of origin 5. Incarceration is a risk factor for bowel obstruction and strangulation, and therefore usually necessitat...

Pancreaticoduodenal veins

The pancreaticoduodenal veins accompany their corresponding arteries and act to drain the head of the pancreas and duodenum. Gross anatomy There are four small pancreaticoduodenal veins: posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal vein anterior superior pancreaticoduodenal vein posterior inferio...

Anthrax

Anthrax is a zoonosis caused by Bacillus Anthracis. There are four types of anthrax: inhalational anthrax (also known as woolsorter's disease and ragsorter's disease), cutaneous anthrax, injection anthrax and intestinal anthrax. Epidemiology The disease burden of anthrax decreased so dramatica...

Peritoneal loose body

Peritoneal loose bodies or peritoneal mice are calcified pieces of necrotic tissue found in the peritoneal cavity. They are usually asymptomatic and small, ranging from 0.5 to 2.5 cm in size, but rarely may be up to 5 to 10 cm in size. Clinical presentation Loose bodies are usually asymptomat...

Duodenal switch procedure

The duodenal switch procedure is a form of biliopancreatic diversion which is often done as an obesity reduction surgery. It has a restrictive portion and malabsorptive portion: restrictive portion: involves removal of approximately 70% of the stomach (along the greater curvature) and most of ...

Cholera

Cholera is an acute infective diarrheal illness caused by Vibrio cholerae. Severe cholera causes large volume liquid stools, which may rapidly lead to hypovolemic shock and death, unless intensive rehydration therapy is instituted. Prevention of cholera depends upon access to clean water and eff...

Adrenal teratoma

Adrenal teratomas are very rare adrenal lesions. They account for around 0.7% of all primary adrenal tumors. As with teratomas in general, they are composed of mature tissues arising from more than one germinal layer. Radiographic features Adrenal teratomas classically demonstrate a large fatt...

Primary colorectal small cell carcinoma

Primary colorectal small cell carcinoma (CrSmCC) is a very rare neuroendocrine tumor with an aggressive course. Epidemiology Neuroendocrine carcinomas comprise less than 1% of all colorectal cancer. Pathology As with other small cell carcinomas, they are malignancies derived from neuroendocr...

Gluten-related disorders

Gluten-related disorders are a collection of conditions that are the result of a reaction to the consumption of gluten a protein found in wheat, barley and rye 1. Gluten-related disorders can be broadly divided into 1,2: celiac disease: most common and most widely recognized wheat allergy n...

Rectovaginal fistula

Rectovaginal fistulae are a type of colovaginal fistula where there is an abnormal fistulous connection between the rectum and the vagina. It is considered the most common gastrointestinal fistula involving the female genital tract 1. Pathology They can occur from a number of causes that inclu...

Tenesmus

Tenesmus (also known as rectal tenesmus to differentiate from vesical tenesmus) is stated by patients as the unpleasant symptom that there remains something to evacuate from the rectum despite passing a stool. It is often - but not always - painful. Frequently there are actually no feces left in...

KRAS mutation

KRAS (shortened name for the gene Kirsten RAt Sarcoma viral oncogene homolog) mutations are associated in a number of malignancies including: certain adenocarcinomas of the lung colorectal carcinoma 1 pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma Several germline KRAS mutations have also been found to b...

Esophageal and esophagogastric junction adenocarcinoma (staging)

Esophageal and esophagogastric junction adenocarcinoma staging refers to TNM staging of adenocarcinoma originating in the esophagus or esophagogastric junction (including tumors whose center is within the proximal 2 cm of the gastric cardia). Related histologies included in this system are high...

Surgical positions

There are various classic surgical positions for patients to be placed in for procedures, which have been adopted/repurposed for interventional radiology and some diagnostic procedures: lithotomy position Trendelenburg position reverse Trendelenburg position lateral decubitus position Litho...

Perianal disease

Perianal disease, also known as anorectal disease, is the collective name given to a group of diseases that primarily affect the anal canal +/- rectum. The disease spectrum ranges from the typically benign, e.g. hemorrhoids, to the potentially more serious, e.g. perianal fistula 1-3. hemorrhoid...

Familial atypical multiple mole melanoma syndrome

Familial atypical multiple mole melanoma (FAMMM) syndrome is an autosomal dominant genodermatosis characterized by multiple melanocytic nevi (often more than 50) and a family history of melanoma. Pathology Genetics It is associated with mutations in the CDKN2A gene and shows reduced penetranc...

Barium intravasation

Barium intravasation represents the feared - and fortunately very rare - complication of passage of barium sulfate contrast medium from the GI tract into the bloodstream. Epidemiology Entry of barium into the bloodstream, usually the venous circulation is very rare, and a paper published in 20...

Lysosomal storage disorders

Lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) form a large group of clinical entities, more than forty now described, with the common etiological theme being the presence of dysfunctional lysosomal proteins, with the secondary accumulation of toxic metabolites inside the cellular lysosomes. Epidemiology ...

Phrenicocolic ligament

The phrenicocolic ligament, also known as Hensing's ligament, is a peritoneal ligament extending from the splenic flexure of the colon to the diaphragm 5. Gross anatomy The phrenicocolic ligament separates the left paracolic gutter from the left supramesocolic space. It is continuous with the ...

Lanthanum therapy

Lanthanum therapy is used to treat hyperphosphatemia in end-stage renal disease 1. It is taken as oral tablets (usually in the chemical form lanthanum carbonate) which dissociate in the acidic environment of the stomach. The released trivalent lanthanum cation has a high affinity for dietary pho...

Hepatosplenomegaly

Hepatosplenomegaly is simply the simultaneous presence of a pathologically-enlarged liver (hepatomegaly) and spleen (splenomegaly). Pathology Etiology Infection Many infections can produce a mild concurrent enlargement of the liver and spleen. This list is by no means exhaustive. viral EBV...

Intravenous drug user

Intravenous drug users (IVDU) are people who inject non-medical and controlled medical drugs (and may have substance use disorder) for non-medical purposes. Frequently injected drugs include heroin, cocaine, prescription opioids and methamphetamine 6. Terminology More neutral terms such as pe...

Sialorrhea

Sialorrhea (also known as ptyalism or hypersalivation) is the term given to excessive salivation 1. It is less common than xerostomia, the term for patients with hyposalivation 5. Pathology Etiology It may be subdivided into true sialorrhea in which there is a real increase in salivary produc...

Acute abdominal pain

Acute abdominal pain is a common acute presentation in clinical practice. It encompasses a very broad range of possible etiologies and diagnoses, and imaging is routinely employed as the primary investigative tool in its modern management. Terminology A subgroup of patients with acute abdomina...

Foreign modelling agent reactions

Foreign modelling agent reactions (FMAR), also known as iatrogenic allogenosis, the latter term is primarily found in the Spanish literature and has created some controversy. It is a reaction from solid or liquid substances injected for aesthetic reasons, especially in the calves, face, buttocks...

Duodenal–jejunal bypass liner

A duodenal–jejunal bypass liner (DJBL), also known as a duodenal–jejunal bypass sleeve device or EndoBarrier™ is being trialled as a new technique, as an alternative to more 'traditional' gastric bypass surgeries 1,2. The basic principle is that the sleeve is endoscopically-inserted into the duo...

Familial Mediterranean fever

Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) (also known as recurrent polyserositis) is a genetic autoimmune condition that is notable for its spontaneous self-limiting acute episodes of fever and serositis, especially peritonitis and synovitis. Epidemiology Familial Mediterranean fever tends to be ethn...

Systemic lupus erythematosus (gastrointestinal manifestations)

Gastrointestinal manifestations in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus are common and may involve any region of the gastrointestinal tract or visceral organs. Clinical presentation Patients with abdominal or gastrointestinal involvement by systemic lupus erythematosus may have a variety...

Leaping dolphin sign

The leaping dolphin sign (also known as the diaphragm muscle slip sign) may be seen in pneumoperitoneum on a supine abdominal radiograph. It represents the outlining of the diaphragmatic muscle slips by free intraperitoneal gas and usually requires a moderate to large volume of pneumoperitoneum ...

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