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Foreign modelling agent reactions

Foreign modelling agent reactions (FMAR), also known as iatrogenic allogenosis, the latter term is primarily found in the Spanish literature and has created some controversy. It is a reaction from solid or liquid substances injected for aesthetic reasons, especially in the calves, face, buttocks...

Duodenal–jejunal bypass liner

A duodenal–jejunal bypass liner (DJBL), also known as a duodenal–jejunal bypass sleeve device or EndoBarrier™ is being trialled as a new technique, as an alternative to more 'traditional' gastric bypass surgeries 1,2. The basic principle is that the sleeve is endoscopically-inserted into the duo...

Familial Mediterranean fever

Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) (also known as recurrent polyserositis) is a genetic autoimmune condition that is notable for its spontaneous self-limiting acute episodes of fever and serositis, especially peritonitis and synovitis. Epidemiology Familial Mediterranean fever tends to be ethn...

Systemic lupus erythematosus (gastrointestinal manifestations)

Gastrointestinal manifestations in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus are common and may involve any region of the gastrointestinal tract or visceral organs. Clinical presentation Patients with abdominal or gastrointestinal involvement by systemic lupus erythematosus may have a variety...

Leaping dolphin sign

The leaping dolphin sign (also known as the diaphragm muscle slip sign) may be seen in pneumoperitoneum on a supine abdominal radiograph. It represents the outlining of the diaphragmatic muscle slips by free intraperitoneal gas and usually requires a moderate to large volume of pneumoperitoneum ...

Overflow diarrhea

Fecal impaction is a sequela of long term constipation, whereby a hard fecal mass in the rectum prevents defecation from occurring. The resultant rectal dilatation leads to smooth muscle relaxation of the internal anal sphincter. Concurrently the obstructing stool mass leads to increased secreti...

Splenic peliosis

Splenic peliosis is an unusual benign disorder characterized by the presence of irregular cystic blood-filled cavities. Clinical presentation Most patients are asymptomatic although very rarely, a patient can present with spontaneous rupture of the spleen. Associations Recognized association...

Pediatric abdomen (AP supine view)

The AP supine abdominal radiograph is a routine view when imaging the pediatric abdomen. This view may be taken alongside the PA erect and lateral decubitus views. As radiation protection is an essential consideration in pediatrics, some departmental protocols may only perform one view (either t...

Percutaneous endoscopic colostomy (PEC)

Percutaneous endoscopic colostomy (PEC) is a procedure used to treat recurrent sigmoid volvulus and large bowel dysmotility (e.g. pseudo-obstruction) in those individuals deemed too high risk for conventional surgery, or for whom standard therapies have failed to provide adequate improvement. I...

Transanal endoscopic microsurgery

Transanal endoscopic microsurgery is a technique for resection of some focal T1 stage rectal cancers. Features of a rectal cancer that may make it a candidate for this approach well- or moderately-differentiated tumors that are T1 N0 M0 (confined to submucosa without spread) <3 cm within 8 c...

Adrenal lipoma

An adrenal lipoma is an extremely rare macroscopic fat-containing adrenal lesion, with only a handful of cases described in the literature 1. Pathology Like other lipomas elsewhere in the body, they are benign tumors of mesenchymal origin that contain mature fatty tissue and are surrounded by ...

Abdominal distension (mnemonic)

A mnemonic for causes of abdominal distension (6 Fs) is: F: fat F: fluid F: flatus F: feces F: fetus F: fulminant mass

Abdomen radiograph (pediatric)

The abdomen radiograph is a commonly requested examination in the pediatric patient. Children that present for abdominal x-rays are often very unwell, therefore specialized techniques and appropriate communication are essential for gaining the child's cooperation. Indications Performing abdom...

Preduodenal portal vein

Preduodenal portal vein (PDPV) is a rare congenital vascular disorder resulting in the portal vein main trunk passing anteriorly to the duodenum 1. Etiology The precise etiology is unknown, however, it is thought to occur due to incorrect formation of the fetal vitelline veins 2. Association...

Ligamentum teres (abdomen)

The ligamentum teres or round ligament is the fibrous cord formed by the obliterated fetal umbilical vein that runs in the free edge of the falciform ligament from the umbilicus into the left lobe of the liver.

Umbilical folds

The umbilical folds are a series of 5 folds of parietal peritoneum on the deep surface of the anterior abdominal wall and consist of: a single midline median umbilical fold, bilateral medial umbilical folds, and bilateral lateral umbilical folds

Umbilicus

The umbilicus is the fibrous remnant of the fetal attachment of the umbilical cord after birth. Gross anatomy All layers of the anterior abdominal wall fuse at the umbilical ring, a small round defect in the linea alba located just inferior to the midpoint between the xiphoid process of the st...

Radiation-induced esophagitis

Radiation-induced esophagitis is a consequence of radiotherapy toxicity of the esophagus resulting in acute and/or chronic complications: acute esophagitis: usually 2 to 4 weeks after commencing radiotherapy 1 to within ≤3 months after completion of the radiotherapy 3 chronic esophagit...

CT colonography - pitfalls

The interpretation of CT colonography can sometimes be difficult because of pitfalls, which may be a source of false negative and false positive findings. When suboptimal CT colonography techniques are applied, the number and severity of interpretive pitfalls can rapidly multiply. However, when ...

Pyrexia

Pyrexia (or fever) is a clinical sign, indicated by an abnormally elevated core body temperature, which is defined by several medical societies as ≥38.3°C (≥≈101°F). The temperature elevation may be persistent or episodic. If the body temperature is greater than 41.5°C - a rare phenomenon - it i...

Chylous ascites

Chylous ascites (also known as chyloperitoneum) is defined as the abnormal intraperitoneal accumulation of milky lymphatic fluid with a triglyceride level >110 mg/dL 1. Etiologically it is due to a disruption of the lymphatic system, most commonly obstructive due to a mass or traumatic (which ma...

Zinc toxicity

Zinc toxicity (also rarely known as zincalism) is rare as the body is remarkably efficient at excreting excess zinc. Typically oral zinc poisoning manifests primarily as: acute GI symptoms: vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain secondary copper deficiency zinc competes with copper for absorption...

Serum ascites albumin gradient

The serum–ascites albumin gradient (SAAG) is the difference between the concurrently obtained serum albumin concentration and the albumin concentration of the ascitic fluid obtained during paracentesis. Pathology A difference ≥1.1 grams/deciliter (g/dL) indicates portal hypertension as the li...

Saint's triad

Saint's triad is the concurrence of hiatus hernia, cholelithiasis and colonic diverticulosis. It was named after the British-South African general surgeon, Charles Frederick Morris Saint (1886–1973) 2. Although it was first published in 1948 by C J B Muller, later Head of the Department of Radio...

Fucosidosis

Fucosidosis is a rare inherited autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder, hypomyelinating disorder, and mucopolysaccharidosis-like disorder, characterized by multiorgan accumulation of fucose-containing products. Epidemiology It is considered very rare, with approximately only 100 cases ...

Doughnut sign (disambiguation)

The doughnut sign can refer to various imaging appearances: crescent in a doughnut sign (bowel) doughnut sign (bone scan) doughnut sign (bowel) doughnut sign (chest) doughnut sign (missed testicular torsion) doughnut sign (orbit)

Port site hernia

Port site hernias (alternative plural: herniae) are a rare complication of laparoscopic surgery, affecting ~1.5% (range 0.7-2.8%) of surgeries. They may be early-onset or late-onset, and may result in small bowel obstruction. See also abdominal hernia

Fallopian (disambiguation)

The eponym fallopian may refer to: fallopian canal (facial nerve canal) fallopian tube (uterine duct) fallopian ligament (inguinal ligament) History and etymology It is named after Gabriele Falloppio (also known by his Latin name Fallopius), Italian anatomist (1523-1562). Despite the eponym...

Round belly sign (abdominal compartment syndrome)

Round belly sign is a sign of increased abdominal pressure of greater than 20 mmHg in abdominal compartment syndrome where the abdomen has a rounded appearance of transverse section on CT, rather than its typical oval shape. The sign is positive when the AP to transverse diameter of the abdomen...

Alpers syndrome

Alpers syndrome, also known as Alpers-Huttenlocher syndrome or progressive cerebral poliodystrophy, is a rare childhood neurodegenerative POLG-related disorder. Along with Leigh syndrome, it is one of the commonest childhood mitochondrial disorders 1. Epidemiology Alpers syndrome is incredibl...

Abdominal compartment syndrome

Abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) is a disease defined by the presence of new end-organ dysfunction secondary to elevated intra-abdominal pressure (IAP). Radiological diagnosis is difficult and usually suggested when a collection of imaging findings are present in the appropriate clinical set...

Esophagitis

Esophagitis refers to inflammation of the esophagus. Pathology Esophagitis can arise from a range of causes which include: infective esophagitis HIV esophagitis CMV esophagitis Herpes esophagitis Candida esophagitis acute phlegmonous esophagitis non-infective esophagitis drug-induced e...

Subphrenic abscess

A subphrenic abscess, also known as a subdiaphragmatic or infradiaphragmatic abscess, is a localized accumulation of pus in the subphrenic space(s). Clinical presentation The classical clinical presentation is: fever upper quadrant pain chills leukocytosis Pathology Etiology Subphrenic ...

Agenesis of the appendix

Agenesis of the appendix is extremely rare, with an incidence at surgery of approximately 1 in 100,000 laparotomies 1. It is most commonly due to a sporadic etiology. However in the rare genetic condition, familial apple peel jejunal atresia, absence of the appendix is a recognized feature. Also...

Isthmus (disambiguation)

Isthmus (plural: isthmi) is an anatomical term and refers to a slender structure joining two larger components. Some of these uses of the word isthmus are now rarely used or only seen in older texts and articles: isthmus (aorta) isthmus (auditory tube) isthmus (auricle of the ear) isthmus (c...

Proctitis

Proctitis (rare plural: proctitides 8) refers to acute or chronic inflammation of the lining of the rectum (rectal mucosa). If involvement extends to the rest of the wider colon, it is then termed proctocolitis. Clinical presentation Proctitis may have a range of clinical symptoms including: ...

3-6-9 rule (bowel)

The 3-6-9 rule is a simple aide-memoire describing the normal bowel caliber: small bowel: <3 cm large bowel: <6 cm appendix: <6 mm cecum: <9 cm Above these dimensions, the bowel is generally considered dilated, and obstruction or an adynamic/paralytic ileus should be considered.

Typhoid fever

Typhoid fever or just typhoid is an infectious disease caused by the Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi bacterium, usually spread by the orofecal route. The condition is characterized by severe fever, acute systemic symptoms, with occasionally serious enterocolic complications. Terminology Do n...

Radiation colitis

Radiation colitis refers to injury-inflammation to the colon caused by radiation therapy. It is usually associated with treatment for prostate cancer or cervical cancer. It can be part of the spectrum of radiation enteritis (which can occur together). Radiation colitis may develop 6 months to 5 ...

Renal cysts and diabetes syndrome

Renal cysts and diabetes syndrome (RCAD), also known as maturity-onset diabetes of the young, type 5 (MODY5), refers to the combination of renal cortical cysts and diabetes mellitus in patients with mutations in the HNF1B gene. When renal cysts are associated with these mutations without disturb...

Abdominal migraine

Abdominal migraine is a syndrome that presents as recurrent episodes of severe paroxysmal abdominal pain, coupled with vasomotor symptoms, nausea, and emesis that lasts for at least 1 hour 3. Historically it has tended to be a pediatric diagnosis, but it is now increasingly seen in adults. It is...

Functional gastrointestinal disorders

The functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) are a set of conditions characterized by their chronic GI manifestations, in the absence of structural abnormality of the gut. These conditions are common and may be disabling in nature. The understanding of their pathogenesis is incomplete, comp...

Irritable bowel syndrome

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is the commonest of the functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs). Its key presenting features are recurrent abdominal pain and change in bowel habit (diarrhea and/or constipation), which may be severe, such that for an individual, there may be a marked negativ...

Radiologically inserted gastrostomy (RIG)

A radiologically inserted gastrostomy (RIG) is a procedure where a tube is inserted percutaneously into the stomach, principally to provide nutritional support for patients with swallowing disorders 1. Indications inadequate oral intake due to dysphagia (neurologic disorder, esophageal obstruc...

Dog ear sign (abdomen)

The dog ear sign represents the presence of fluid or blood in the pelvic peritoneal recess on a supine abdominal radiograph. The appearance of the sign comes from a convex soft-tissue density representing fluid or blood in the lateral pelvic peritoneal recess separated from the bladder by a thin...

Sacral nerve stimulator

Sacral nerve stimulators are a form of neuromodulation therapy. They are used for urogenital disorders such as urge urinary incontinence and detrusor hyperactivity, and colorectal disorders such as chronic constipation refractory to conventional medical therapy, and fecal incontinence. There is ...

Peritoneal stripe sign (pneumoperitoneum)

The peritoneal stripe sign in abdominal ultrasonography is considered indicative of intraperitoneal free air, present in pneumoperitoneum. Free air in the abdomen will collect in an anti-dependent manner, typically the anterior prehepatic space in the supine patient, settling against the parieta...

Videofluoroscopic swallow study

Videofluoroscopic swallow studies (also often called modified barium swallow studies) are a variation on traditional barium swallow studies. Although typical barium swallow studies / esophagrams evaluate the pharynx, the goal in these studies is to even more closely evaluate the oral cavity, pha...

Crohn disease (mnemonic)

A mnemonic to remember the radiological features of Crohn disease is: CROHNS Mnemonic C: cobblestone appearance of mucosa R: rose-thorn ulcers O: obstruction of bowel H: hyperplasia of mesenteric lymph nodes N: narrowing of intestinal lumen S: skip lesions

Dropped appendicolith

Dropped appendicoliths, also called retained or slipped appendicoliths, are appendicoliths that have been inadvertently left inside the peritoneal cavity following appendectomy. Clinical presentation Patients may be asymptomatic in some cases. Other cases may present with infective symptoms du...

Hartmann procedure

Hartmann procedure (HP) (or proctosigmoidectomy) is an operation in which the sigmoid colon is resected and the distal colon brought out as a colostomy in the left iliac fossa. The remnant rectum stump is sewn shut. It is a quick and straightforward intervention and currently finds most favor in...

Single contrast upper GI technique

Single contrast upper GI technique is a method of imaging the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum with fluoroscopy. "Single contrast" refers to imaging with barium or water-soluble contrast only, without the addition of effervescent granules. Indications The single contrast upper GI study may be ...

Upper GI study

Upper GI studies are a fluoroscopic evaluation of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum. Indications There are a number of indications for an upper GI study, including: upper abdominal pain with a possible gastric or duodenal origin ulcer gastritis or duodenitis gastric outlet...

Mass of the inguinal region (differential)

The differential diagnosis of a mass in the inguinal region includes: inguinal hernia femoral hernia hydrocele of the canal of Nuck spermatic cord hydrocele lymphadenopathy or necrotic lymph node aneurysm or pseudoaneurysm of the femoral artery iliopectineal bursa abscess hematoma lymp...

Casoni skin test

The Casoni skin test is a hypersensitivity based skin test used to detect hydatid disease. Although once a major test in diagnosing hydatid disease it has largely been superseded by newer more sensitive, specific and safer serological tests. Technique Sterile fluid (0.25 mL) of hydatid cyst or...

Refractory celiac disease

Refractory celiac disease is a rare subtype of celiac disease typified by a lack of resolution of symptoms despite 6-12 months of a strict gluten-free diet, and in the absence of other factors that may affect disease response or the presence of malignancy. Epidemiology Precise figures for the ...

Venous intravasation

Venous intravasation is the unintended introduction of radiographic contrast material into the local venous system. It is a well-recognized phenomenon during retrograde urethrograms 1,2 and hysterosalpingograms (HSG), although can occur with other invasive procedures in the vicinity of venous pl...

Alpha-fetoprotein

Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is an important plasma protein synthesized by the yolk sac and fetal liver. In adults, its main utility is as a tumor marker, primarily for hepatocellular carcinoma or teratoma. Functionally it is the fetal homologue of albumin, i.e. it acts as a major carrier protein in ...

Anterior left subphrenic space

The anterior left subphrenic space is a potential space between the fundus of the stomach and the left hemidiaphragm 1,2. Gross anatomy The anterior left subphrenic space is a subcompartment of the left supramesocolic space. Boundaries medial: falciform ligament (separates it from the anter...

Posterior left subphrenic space

The posterior left subphrenic space (also known as the perisplenic space) is a potential space surrounding the spleen. Gross anatomy The posterior left subphrenic space is continuous with the anterior left subphrenic space, both are subcompartments of the left supramesocolic space. Boundaries...

Anterior left perihepatic space

The anterior left perihepatic (or subhepatic) space is a potential space located between the diaphragm and the anterosuperior aspect of the left lobe of the liver. Gross anatomy The anterior left perihepatic space is separated from the posterior left perihepatic space by the left lobe of the ...

Posterior left perihepatic space

The posterior left perihepatic space (also known as the subhepatic space or gastrohepatic recess) is a potential space that lies between the inferior aspect of the left lobe of the liver and the lesser omentum posteriorly. Gross anatomy The posterior left perihepatic space is separated from th...

Anterior right subhepatic space

The anterior right subhepatic space is a potential space between the inferior surface of the right lobe of the liver and the transverse colon. Gross anatomy The anterior right subhepatic space is separated from Morison’s pouch (also known as the posterior right subhepatic space) by the transve...

Diabetes mellitus

Diabetes mellitus (DM) often referred to simply as diabetes, is a group of metabolic conditions characterized by hyperglycemia. These conditions should not be confused with diabetes insipidus which is clinically distinct and not related to hyperglycemia. Terminology If a patient with diabete...

Elevated vitamin B12 (marker)

Elevated vitamin B12 (also known as hypervitaminosis B12 or hypercobalaminemia) is most important as a diagnostic and prognostic marker for malignant disease 1,3. Very high serum levels of vitamin B12, following dietary megadosing, does not seem to have any observable deleterious effects 2.

Fistula

A fistula (plural: fistulae or fistulas) is an abnormal connection between two epithelial surfaces such as between hollow organs, skin or vessels. Conventionally, the name of a specific fistula type is a combination of the two organs. For discussions of specific fistulae please refer to individu...

Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis

Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis is characterized by the presence of multiple gas-filled cysts in the submucosa and/or gastrointestinal subserosa of the small intestine. It is a subtype of pneumatosis with specific features, which can occur anywhere along the gastrointestinal tract, including ...

Paraduodenal hematoma

A paraduodenal or juxtaduodenal hematoma refers to a retroperitoneal hematoma arising adjacent to the duodenum. Pathology Causes trauma pancreatitis spontaneous Complications It may result in intestinal obstruction from compression. See also duodenal hematoma

Siewert-Stein classification of esophageal adenocarcinoma

The Siewert-Stein classification of esophageal adenocarcinoma classes these tumors according to their relationship to anatomical landmarks 1. It was initially proposed by Siewert et al in 1996, becoming widely used in predicting lymph node spread and directing optimal management. As of the 7th e...

Gastric varix

Gastric varices are an important portosystemic collateral pathway, occurring in ~20% of patients with portal hypertension. They are considered distinct from esophageal varices in that they have a propensity to hemorrhage at comparatively lower portal pressures 1, and are also associated with hig...

Balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration

Balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration (BRTO) is a technique used by interventional radiologists in the treatment of gastric varices, particularly those with prominent infra-diaphragmatic portosystemic venous shunts (e.g. gastro-renal and gastro-caval shunts). The technique is mor...

Macrolipasemia

Macrolipasemia is the presence of serum lipase of a large molecular size, seen occasionally in otherwise healthy individuals, but more commonly in various diseases. Lipase is able to self-polymerize and/or form complexes with other blood proteins e.g. immunoglobulins. Epidemiology Epidemiologi...

Macroamylasemia

Macroamylasemia is the presence of serum amylase of a large molecular size, seen in both otherwise healthy individuals, and also in various diseases. Amylase seems to be able to self-polymerize and/or form complexes with other blood proteins, e.g. immunoglobulins. Epidemiology Macroamylasemia ...

Gullo syndrome

Gullo syndrome, also known as benign pancreatic hyperenzymemia, is characterized by the abnormal elevation of the serum levels of most or all of the pancreatic enzymes without any evidence of underlying pancreatic pathology. It is a diagnosis of exclusion made when all other laboratory assays an...

Amylase

Amylase is widely employed as a marker of acute pancreatitis and a significant elevation is diagnostic. Physiology α-amylase is a digestive enzyme that is predominantly secreted by the acinar cells of the exocrine pancreas. It is also secreted by the salivary glands. Pancreatic amylase is enco...

Rectal prolapse

Rectal prolapses refer to the prolapse of the rectum into the anal canal. They can involve the entire wall of the rectum or only the mucosal layer. Epidemiology Rectal prolapse in Western populations is more common in females (M:F 1:4). In women, it is more common over the age of 50 years. In ...

Psoas sign (abdominal x-ray)

The psoas sign is a classic albeit non-specific finding on the abdominal radiograph, potentially representing retroperitoneal pathology. Normally on an abdominal radiograph, the lateral margins of both the psoas muscles are clearly visible due to adjacent fat. When the lateral edge of one, or b...

Gastropleural fistula

A gastropleural fistula is a pathological communication between the stomach and the pleural cavity. Clinical presentation Gastropleural fistula usually presents acutely, and may be related to a recent history of surgery. However, depending on the size of the fistula, patients with gastropleura...

Appendiceal diverticulitis

Appendiceal diverticulitis (plural diverticulitides) is a rare condition in which there is acute inflammation of a diverticulum arising from the vermiform appendix. Epidemiology Historically appendiceal diverticulitis has been thought to be a rare diagnosis. However a study from 2015 which ret...

Left supramesocolic space

The left supramesocolic space is an arbitrary subdivision of the supramesocolic space, which lies between the diaphragm and the transverse colon 1,2. Gross anatomy The left supramesocolic space is separated from the right supramesocolic space by the falciform ligament 3. The left supramesocoli...

Complications of sleeve gastrectomy

Complications of sleeve gastrectomy are often evaluated by imaging. For details about the surgical procedure, please see the parental article on sleeve gastrectomy. Complications Postoperative complications can be classified by etiology or temporality. Early complications staple line...

Superior mesenteric venous thrombosis

Superior mesenteric venous thrombosis can result from a number of conditions. It can account for around 5-15% of all mesenteric ischemic events. It can be classified in various ways: acute: acute superior mesenteric venous thrombosis chronic: chronic superior mesenteric venous thrombosis or ...

Colorectal villous polyps

Colorectal villous polyps refer to villous adenomas of the large intestine. They are most commonly found in the rectum and are the least common of all types of colon polyps. Epidemiology The prevalence of advanced polyps including villous polyps on screening colonography is ~5% (range 3-7%) 3,...

Point-of-care ultrasound (curriculum)

The point-of-care ultrasound (PoCUS) curriculum is one of our curriculum articles and aims to be a collection of articles that represent the core applications of ultrasonography in a point-of-care setting. Point-of-care ultrasound refers to ultrasonography which may be simultaneously performed,...

Replogle tube

A Replogle tube is a medical device used in the treatment of babies with esophageal atresia. The tube is double-lumen and is inserted through the nostril and into the blind-ending esophageal pouch where it is then used to drain the pooled saliva. This prevents the secretions overflowing into the...

Labeled imaging anatomy cases

This article lists a series of labeled imaging anatomy cases by body region and modality. Brain CT head: non-contrast axial CT head: non-contrast coronal CT head: non-contrast sagittal CT head: non-contrast axial with clinical questions CT head: angiogram axial CT head: angiogram coronal ...

Proctalgia fugax

Proctaglia fugax is a disorder characterized by rectal pain that is considered to be functional in etiology, and thus is a diagnosis of exclusion. Clinical presentation The classic presentation, which form the Rome IV diagnostic criteria if all present for three months, include 1,2: recurrent...

Reflux management systems

Reflux management systems refer to medical devices that offer an alternative to surgical based treatments for severe and medically refractory gastro-esophageal reflux disease. Indications for the surgical management of gastro-esophageal reflux disease include gastro-esophageal reflux disease re...

Phlegmonous enteritis

Phlegmonous enteritis is a rare, life threatening disorder characterized by bacterial infection of the submucosal and muscularis layers of the gastrointestinal tract. The stomach is the most commonly involved site, with more than 100 cases reported in the literature. The mortality rate due to ph...

Acute phlegmonous esophagitis

Acute phlegmonous esophagitis is a very rare form of esophagitis in which there is a diffuse bacterial infection within the submucosa of the esophagus 1. Terminology Usually there is co-infection of the stomach (phlegmonous gastritis), and if both the stomach and esophagus are involved it is c...

Phlegmonous gastritis

Phlegmonous gastritis, also known as phlegmonitis of the stomach, is an uncommon, life-threatening condition which is due to diffuse infection of the submucosa of the stomach. Epidemiology Although the gastric form is the commonest type of phlegmonitis seen in the gastrointestinal tract, it r...

Hartmann pouch

Hartmann pouches are a technique in colon surgery. After a segment of colon is resected, there are generally two options with regards to what to do with the two ends of the colon: both the upstream end of the colon (the end of the colon through which fecal contents would pass) and the downstr...

Mucous fistula

Mucous fistulas are a surgically-formed connection between bypassed colon and the skin surface. It is a type of colostomy, but instead of letting ingested contents pass out of the body, a mucous fistula allows release of colonic secretions, mucus, and gas so that they do not build up over time...

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