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Normal postmortem changes in the gastrointestinal tract

Normal postmortem changes in the gastrointestinal tract refers to the normal changes that can be expected to be seen in the gastrointestinal tract on post-mortem imaging. Radiographic features CT The following changes may be present in the abdomen and gastrointestinal tract 1: intraluminal ...

Pancreatico-pleural fistula

Pancreatico-pleural fistulae are a rare complication of acute or chronic pancreatitis whereby enzymatic pancreatic fluid, either from a pancreatic pseudocyst or directly from a disrupted duct, dissects into the pleural cavity. Pancreaticopleural fistulas may also develop in the setting of trauma...

Para-aortic lymph nodes

Para-aortic lymph nodes (often shortened to para-aortic nodes) are part of the retroperitoneal nodes, and are located anterior to the left lumbar trunk 1 and above and below the left renal vein prior to the flow of lymph into the cisterna chyli 2-4.

Fissure for ligamentum teres sign

The fissure for ligamentum teres sign or extrahepatic ligamentum teres sign is a radiographic sign of pneumoperitoneum. It represents the outline of the ligamentum teres (remnant of an obliterated left umbilical vein) with free abdominal gas in a supine patient, as seen on a plain abdominal radi...

Hepatic edge sign

The hepatic edge sign is a radiographic sign of pneumoperitoneum seen on a supine plain abdominal radiograph. It is represented by a cigar-shaped pocket of free air in the subhepatic region, which tracks superomedial following the contour of the liver.

Urachus sign

The urachus sign is a radiographic sign of pneumoperitoneum. It represents the outline of the median umbilical ligament with free abdominal gas in a supine patient, as seen on a plain abdominal radiograph.

Eosinophilic myenteric ganglionitis

Eosinophilic myenteric ganglionitis is an enteric neuropathy where there is infiltration of the Auerbach plexus by eosinophils. It can be associated with a bowel dysmotility and can result in gastrointestinal pseudo-obstruction.

Perineal membrane

The perineal membrane is a thin triangular horizontal layer of dense tough fascia in the perineum which divides the urogenital triangle into superficial (inferior) and deep (superior) perineal pouches. It attaches to the inferior margins of the ischiopubic rami, enclosing the anterior portion o...

Celiacomesenteric trunk

The celiacomesenteric trunk (CMT) represents an uncommon vascular anatomical variant where both the celiac trunk and the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) have a common origin from the abdominal aorta as a single trunk. Its frequency has been reported to occur in about 1.5% of the population 1,2....

Stab wound (overview)

Stab wounds are a form of penetrating trauma that may be self-inflicted or inflicted by another person either accidentally or intentionally. They may be caused from a variety of objects and may occur anywhere in the body. Terminology Although commonly caused by a knife as well, slash injuries ...

Vestibule (disambiguation)

A vestibule is an anatomical term and refers to a small cavity at the proximal end of a tube. It may refer to: vestibule (aorta) vestibule (ear) vestibule (larynx) vestibule (mouth) vestibule (nose) vestibule (esophagus) vestibule (vulva) History and etymology Vestibule derives ultimate...

Ascaris-induced pancreatitis

Ascaris-induced pancreatitis is the most common form of parasite-induced pancreatitis. Epidemiology Ascariasis in parts of India is the second most common form of pancreatitis after gallstones 1. It is rare outside of endemic regions however. Clinical presentation The presentation will be si...

Hypertriglyceridemia-induced pancreatitis

Hypertriglyceridemia-induced pancreatitis is an uncommon form of acute pancreatitis caused by high levels of circulating triglycerides in the blood. Epidemiology Hypertriglyceridemia-induced pancreatitis accounts for around 1-4% of cases of acute pancreatitis and is the third most common cause...

Malone antegrade continence enema procedure

A Malone antegrade continence enema is a surgical procedure where the vermiform appendix or ‘neoappendix’ is used to create a small stoma at the abdominal wall allowing antegrade enemas to be administered to empty the colon and rectum. This procedure is particularly important in children and ado...

Lipase

Lipase, more specifically pancreatic lipase, is an enzyme produced in the pancreas and is responsible for the digestion of fat molecules. It may be raised (hyperlipasemia) in numerous pancreatic, hepatobiliary and other diseases but is most commonly associated with acute pancreatitis. Physiolog...

Liver overlap sign (sigmoid volvulus)

The liver overlap sign can be seen in sigmoid volvulus wherein the sigmoid loop is seen, usually on an abdominal radiograph, ascending to the right upper quadrant and projecting over the liver shadow. In one study of 21 patients with confirmed sigmoid volvulus, the sign was present in 9 patient...

Gastric leiomyoma

Gastric leiomyomas are rare benign mesenchymal tumors, usually asymptomatic and found incidentally. Clinical presentation Most leiomyomas are found incidentally in asymptomatic patients. Symptoms related to a gastric leiomyoma will depend on the tumor size, location, and presence/absence of u...

Chilaiditi sign

Chilaiditi sign refers to the interposition of the bowel, usually colon, between the inferior surface of the right hemidiaphragm and the superior surface of the liver. It may be misinterpreted as a true pneumoperitoneum resulting in unnecessary further investigations and/or therapy (so-called ps...

Flatulence

Flatulence is the expulsion of bowel gas (or flatus) from the anal canal. The average individual expels a wide range of volume of flatus per day, ~200-2500 mL 1. The bulk of the volume of the gas comprises oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and methane. However these gases lack any as...

Eructation

Eructation is the medical term for belching or burping. Pathology Excessive/troublesome belching is most commonly found as a symptom of gastro-esophageal reflux disease. Rarely patients can present with recurrent paroxysms of belching secondary to seizure activity in the brain, this is called ...

Hiccups

Hiccups (or hiccoughs), medical term singultus (rare plural: singultūs), are an unpleasant phenomenon, experienced by everyone on occasion, and usually self-limiting. However the much rarer intractable chronic form can be extremely debilitating. Epidemiology Hiccups are a symptom that has prob...

Left perihepatic space

The left perihepatic space (also known as the left subhepatic space) is a potential space located between the stomach and the visceral surface of left lobe of the liver. Gross anatomy The left perihepatic space can be further subdivided into anterior and posterior spaces. It is a subcompartmen...

Right supramesocolic space

The right supramesocolic space is an arbitrary subdivision of the supramesocolic space, which lies between the diaphragm and the transverse colon. Gross anatomy The right supramesocolic space is separated from the left supramesocolic space by the falciform ligament, and can be divided into thr...

Cockade sign (disambiguation)

There are several described cockade signs in radiology: cockade sign (aorto-left ventricular tunnel) 1 cockade sign (appendicitis) 2 cockade sign (GI tumors) 4 cockade sign (hypertrophic pyloric stenosis) 3 cockade sign (intraosseous lipoma) History and etymology It is named after a cocka...

Indeterminate colitis

Indeterminate colitis is considered a somewhat controversial term. It was originally used by pathologists when no specific features for either Crohn disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC) were seen. Over the years the term has been adopted to describe patients in whom a diagnosis of UC or CD ca...

Stercoral colitis

Stercoral colitis refers to a condition where the presence of impacted feces in the colonic lumen is associated with inflammation and distention of the affected colon segment. Epidemiology It is seen primarily in elderly patients (often bedbound as a consequence of dementia, stroke, or orthope...

Body imaging

Body imaging is the term assigned to cross-sectional imaging of the body, which radiologically refers to the chest, abdomen and pelvis. It is often used by radiologists who report this region (sometimes known as body imagers/radiologists) to differentiate their primary area of interest from othe...

Fishtail pancreas

Fishtail pancreas (also known as pancreas bifidum or bifid tail of the pancreas) is a rare anatomical variant of the pancreas produced by a branching anomaly during its development. It is named as such due to the fishtail-like appearance of the pancreas. Epidemiology It is a rare anatomical an...

Postoperative free intraperitoneal gas

Postoperative free intraperitoneal gas refers to the presence of gas in the peritoneal cavity following a surgical procedure and may result from open or laparoscopic surgical techniques. Terminology Postoperative free intraperitoneal gas is also referred to as postoperative pneumoperitoneum 1....

Gastric bubble

The gastric bubble is a radiolucent rounded area generally nestled under the left hemidiaphragm representing gas in the fundus of the stomach. On a lateral radiograph, the gastric bubble is usually located between the abdominal wall and spine. It can be seen on chest or abdominal plain films. I...

Telltale triangle sign

The telltale triangle sign, also known as the triangle sign or telltale triangle, is a radiographic sign seen on plain abdominal radiographs in a supine, cross table lateral or decubitus view that signifies presence of pneumoperitoneum, of any cause 1,2. It describes the appearance of a radiolu...

Simple pancreatic cyst

Simple pancreatic cysts, also known as true epithelial cysts or retention cysts, are unilocular cysts within the pancreas, lined by a monolayer of epithelium, which lack communication with the pancreatic ducts 1,5. In contradistinction to other solid viscera, simple cysts in the pancreas are a r...

Stack of coins sign (bowel)

Stack of coins sign refers to the appearance of small bowel folds that are smoothly and uniformly thickened 1. The margins between the folds are sharply delineated and the arrangement of clearly demarcated parallel folds is likened to a stack of coins or a picket fence. This sign is distinct fro...

Glucagon

Glucagon is a polypeptide hormone central to the regulation of glucose homeostasis, acting as an antagonist to insulin. In imaging, it is used as an antiperistaltic agent in GI studies, although its clinical efficacy is controversial. Structure Glucagon is a 29-amino acid polypeptide hormone ...

Double contrast barium enema technique

Double contrast barium enema (DCBE) technique is a method of imaging the colon with fluoroscopy. "Double contrast" refers to imaging with the positive contrast of barium sulfate contrast medium (rarely water-soluble iodinated contrast) as well as with the negative contrast of gas (CO2 preferable...

Anal triangle

The anal triangle forms the posterior half of the diamond-shaped perineum. The triangle's three corners are defined by the tip of the coccyx posteriorly and both ischial tuberosities anterolaterally. The anterior border is the transverse perineal muscles and the posterolateral borders are the sa...

Glycogen storage disease type I

Glycogen storage disease type I (GSD-I), also known as von Gierke disease, is a type of glycogen storage disease where there is excess deposition of glycogen primarily in the liver, but also in the kidney and small bowel. Epidemiology It occurs approximately one in every 100,000 live births 2,...

Pseudopneumoretroperitoneum

Pseudopneumoretroperitoneum is the radiographic finding of gas within the abdominal region that mimics the appearance of pneumoretroperitoneum (cf. the analogous pseudopneumoperitoneum i.e. abdominal gas that erroneously suggests pneumoperitoneum). Causes of pseudopneumoretroperitoneum include...

Anorexia nervosa

Anorexia nervosa is a psychiatric disorder characterized by distorted self-perception of body weight leading to starvation, obsession with remaining underweight, and an excessive fear of gaining weight. One in five patients with anorexia dies due to complications of the disease. Epidemiology T...

Dieulafoy lesion

Dieulafoy lesions (also known as exulceratio simplex) are uncommon but important causes of acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding. The lesion is characterized by a dilated tortuous submucosal artery that erodes overlying gastrointestinal mucosa and is most commonly found in the stomach. Epidem...

Hepatorenal syndrome

Hepatorenal syndrome refers to a form of acute kidney injury caused by changes in renal blood flow regulation due to liver pathology 1. Although the syndrome occurs mainly in cirrhotic livers it has been reported in patients with acute fulminant liver failure as well 1. Epidemiology The incide...

Fecal calprotectin

Fecal calprotectin (FCAL) is a protein marker of gut inflammation. It is used as a diagnostic tool and marker of disease activity for Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis. Biochemistry Calprotectin is a protein complex from the S-100 family, which is formed of three polypeptide chains, two hea...

Right subhepatic space

The right subhepatic space, or hepatorenal pouch, lies between the upper pole of the right kidney and the inferior surface of the right lobe of the liver. Gross anatomy This is a subcompartment of the right supramesocolic space. The space can be further subdivided in to two other spaces by it...

Short gastric arteries

The short gastric arteries are a group of short arteries arising from the terminal splenic artery and the left gastroepiploic artery which supply the fundus of the stomach along its greater curvature. The vessels are short in length, variable in number and course through the gastrosplenic ligam...

Preaortic lymph nodes

The preaortic lymph nodes are part of the abdominopelvic lymph nodes. They include three main groups: celiac nodes drainage from gastric nodes, hepatic nodes and pancreaticosplenic nodes superior mesenteric nodes drainage from mesenteric nodes inferior mesenteric nodes drainage from mesen...

Biliary cast syndrome

Biliary cast syndrome is a complication that occurs after liver transplantation, where dark solid bilirubin casts develop in the biliary tree, causing biliary obstruction. Terminology This should be differentiated from biliary sludge, which represents thickened bile that has not precipitated. ...

General topography of the abdomen

To facilitate clinical description, the general topography of the abdomen is divided into four quadrants or nine regions by lines on the surface of the anterior abdominal wall. The four quadrants are created by vertical and horizontal lines passing through the umbilicus, whereas the nine regions...

Veiled right kidney sign

The veiled right kidney sign is a sonographic sign described in pneumoretroperitoneum, most commonly due to duodenal perforation. It refers to the appearance of the right kidney on transabdominal ultrasound 1-4. On ultrasound, there is difficulty in obtaining images of the right kidney due to i...

Valentino syndrome

Valentino syndrome, also known as Valentino appendix, refers to a clinical syndrome of right lower quadrant or right iliac fossa pain secondary to a perforated peptic ulcer. It is an important differential diagnosis for acute appendicitis. Epidemiology Although thought to be a very rare manife...

Choi response criteria

The solitary use of the size of the tumor during evaluation for response to chemotherapy has some pitfalls and limitations, especially for specific tumors such as gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST). The Choi response criteria for GIST proposed that tumor attenuation could provide an addition...

Fleischner sign (disambiguation)

Fleischner sign can refer to two distinctly separate signs: Fleischner sign (enlarged pulmonary artery) Fleischner sign (tuberculosis of ileocecal junction)

Shock bowel

Shock bowel is the appearance of the bowel in a state of hypotension. It is usually seen as part of the CT hypoperfusion complex. Radiographic features CT enhancing, thickened bowel wall (>3 mm) 1 most commonly affects the small bowel on non-contrast images, hyperdense walls compared to the...

Magenstrasse

The term magenstrasse refers to a tubular portion of the stomach adjacent to the lesser curve of the stomach. It is a favored route by food, fluids and drugs as they flow from the cardia/fundus to the gastric outlet 1. Magenstrasse is an old German anatomical term that has come back into common...

Perigastric appendagitis

Perigastric appendagitis is a rare inflammatory/ischemic process involving the perigastric ligaments (gastrohepatic, gastrosplenic and falciform ligaments). Along with epiploic appendagitis and omental infarction, perigastric appendagitis falls under the umbrella of intraperitoneal focal fat in...

Mesorectal fascia

The mesorectal fascia is a layer of connective tissue enclosing the perirectal fat that surrounds the rectum. It is an important anatomical structure in rectal cancer staging, as it forms the circumferential resection margin for the non-peritonealised portion of the rectum. Summary location: e...

Inferior Rectal Artery

The inferior rectal artery is an artery arising from the internal pudendal artery that supplies the lower anal canal including the external anal sphincter. Summary origin: from internal pudendal artery, just after it enters the pudendal canal course: runs anteromedially through the ischioanal...

Krenning score of neuroendocrine tumor uptake

The Krenning score is a proposed semi-quantitative method of assessing the degree of tracer uptake on octreotide scintigraphy. Parameters Initially designed for assessment of 111In-DTPA on planar imaging, the Krenning score is applicable to SPECT or PET-CT using various radiopharmaceuticals. ...

Caterpillar sign (pyloric stenosis)

The caterpillar sign is a radiological sign described in pyloric stenosis. It refers to the appearance of the stomach on an upper gastrointestinal radiographic series or plain abdominal radiograph 1,2. On these imaging modalities in a patient with pyloric stenosis, the stomach appears distended...

Abdominal x-ray review: artifacts/external

Abdominal x-ray review is a key competency for medical students, junior doctors and other allied health professionals. Using ABDO X is a helpful and systematic method for abdominal x-ray review, where X refers to the assessment of external objects and artifacts. Summary introduction numerous ...

Abdominal x-ray review: organs

Abdominal x-ray review is a key competency for medical students, junior doctors and other allied health professionals. Using ABDO X is a helpful and systematic method for abdominal x-ray review, where O refers to the assessment of the intra-abdominal organs and soft tissues. Summary introducti...

Abdominal x-ray densities

Abdominal x-ray review is a key competency for medical students, junior doctors and other allied health professionals. Using ABDO X is a helpful and systematic method for abdominal x-ray review, where D refers to the assessment of dense structures such as the bones and areas of calcification. S...

Abdominal x-ray review: bowel

Abdominal x-ray review is a key competency for medical students, junior doctors and other allied health professionals. Using ABDO X is a helpful and systematic method for abdominal x-ray review, where B refers to the assessment of the bowel loops. Summary introduction stomach, small bowel and...

Abdominal x-ray review: air

Abdominal x-ray review is a key competency for medical students, junior doctors and other allied health professionals. Using ABDO X is a helpful and systematic method for abdominal x-ray review, where A refers to the assessment of the presence and location of air. Summary introduction air sho...

Abdominal x-ray review: ABDO X

Abdominal x-ray review is a key competency for medical students, junior doctors and other allied health professionals. Using ABDO X is a helpful and systematic method for abdominal x-ray review: A: air - where it should and shouldn't be B: bowel - position, size and wall thickness D: dense st...

Bowel wall thickening

Bowel wall thickening is a useful finding on imaging studies and has a number of different causes. Pathology The reason for bowel wall thickening depends on the underlying etiology but includes submucosal edema, hemorrhage, and neoplastic infiltration. Radiographic features In describing bow...

Rose-thorn ulcers (terminal ilium)

Rose-thorn ulcers or rose-thorn appearance refers to deep penetrating linear ulcers or fissuring typically seen within stenosed terminal ileum with a thickened wall. They appear as thorn-like extraluminal projections on barium studies and this appearance is one of the typical signs of Crohn dise...

Bowel perforation

Bowel perforation, either small bowel perforation or large bowel perforation, can occur in many different settings, but the more common are bowel obstruction (both small and large) bowel ischemia severe ulcer disease diverticular disease infection malignant diseases gastr...

Levator ani syndrome

Levator ani syndrome (LAS) is a musculoskeletal pain syndrome involving the pelvic floor, thought to be caused by spasm or scarring of the levator ani muscles. Clinical presentation Levator ani syndrome is characterized by recurrent pain, pressure or discomfort in the region of the rectum, sac...

Small bowel neuroendocrine tumor

Small bowel neuroendocrine tumors (SBNETs), also known as small bowel carcinoid tumors, are the most common gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors and most frequently involve the terminal ileum. Epidemiology SBNETs account for ~40% of gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors 1. Clinical presen...

Benign post-traumatic pseudopneumoperitoneum

Benign post-traumatic pseudopneumoperitoneum is the presence of ectopic gas typically between the 5th-10th intercostal spaces after high-energy trauma in the absence of other causes of pseudopneumoperitoneum such as pneumomediastinum 9. Epidemiology Occurs with an incidence of 5% post-trauma...

Triple bubble sign

The triple bubble sign is the classic radiographic appearance observed in jejunal atresia 1,2. The appearance is due to a proximal obstruction caused by the atretric jejunum. It is equivalent to the double bubble sign, but a third bubble is seen because of proximal jejunal distention.

Lymphocele of the thoracic duct

Lymphoceles of the thoracic duct, also known as thoracic duct cysts, are lymph-filled collections/dilatations that can arise from any portion of the thoracic duct. The clinical significance of a thoracic duct cyst lies in its misidentification as a pathological lesion at radiological assessment...

Barium sulfate contrast medium

Barium sulfate (BaSO4), often just called barium in radiology parlance, is an ionic salt of barium (Ba), a metallic chemical element with atomic number 56. Barium sulfate forms the basis for a range of contrast media used in fluoroscopic examinations of the gastrointestinal tract. Unlike barium ...

Stump appendicitis

Stump appendicitis refers to inflammation of the residual appendiceal tissue post appendectomy. Pathology Partial removal of the appendix with a residual stump allows for a chance of recurrent appendicitis. Chances of a partial removal are found to be higher in cases where there is a wrong ide...

Hyoscine-N-butylbromide (Buscopan)

Hyoscine-N-butylbromide, more commonly known by its brand name, Buscopan, is an antimuscarinic agent, widely used in radiology as an antispasmodic agent. It is employed to freeze bowel motion as part of many fluoroscopic, CT and MRI studies (its main use for many years was for barium GI studies)...

RASopathy

RASopathies are a class of developmental disorders caused by germline mutations in genes that encode for components or regulators of the Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Epidemiology As a group, RASopathies represent one of the most common malformation syndromes, with an in...

Enterocutaneous fistula

An enterocutaneous fistula is an abnormal connection between a loop of bowel and the skin. They occur most commonly secondary to abdominal surgery. Other less common etiologies are chronic inflammatory bowel diseases, tumors, and radiation enteritis. Radiographic features CT CT is the most co...

Enteroenteric fistula

An enteroenteric fistula is the formation of a fistula between two parts of the small bowel. The can result for a number of reasons most commonly with inflammatory bowel disease, in particular Crohn.

Adenocarcinoma of the appendix

Adenocarcinoma of the appendix, also referred to as nonmucinous adenocarcinoma of the appendix, is an uncommon type of appendiceal epithelial neoplasm. Different from the appendiceal mucinous neoplasms, these tumors share similar epidemiology and pathology with colorectal adenocarcinoma. Epidem...

Mucinous adenocarcinoma of the appendix

Mucinous adenocarcinomas of the appendix are at the malignant end of the spectrum of the mucinous neoplasms that affect the cecal appendix. For the mucinous carcinomas involving the remainder of the colon, please refer to the article on mucinous carcinoma of the colon. Epidemiology The peak ...

Gastric wall fatty infiltration

Gastric wall fatty infiltration refers to an appearance seen on CT of the abdomen whereby the wall of the stomach is thickened due to infiltration of fat into the submucosa. Although it can be seen in the context of Crohn disease it is more commonly seen in the asymptomatic general population. ...

High-grade appendiceal mucinous neoplasms

High-grade appendiceal mucinous neoplasms (HAMN) are rare mucinous tumors of the appendix showing high-grade cytologic atypia, cf. low-grade appendiceal mucinous neoplasms (LAMN). The distinction between both LAMN and HAMN is done on histological grounds and these tumors look the same on imaging...

Mucinous neoplasms of the appendix

Mucinous neoplasms of the appendix are epithelial tumors of the appendix that produce mucin. They represent a spectrum of malignant potential, and are the most common cause of pseudomyxoma peritonei. Pathology Classification According to a panel of specialists consensus published in 2016 (Per...

Tension gastrothorax

Tension gastrothorax describes a rare life-threatening condition caused by mediastinal shift due to a distended stomach herniating into the thorax through a diaphragmatic defect. Clinical presentation Presentation is generally with acute and severe respiratory failure, with clinical features ...

Surgical hemostatic material

Surgical hemostatic material is used to control bleeding intraoperatively and is hence frequently intentionally left in the operative bed, not to be confused with a gossypiboma which is caused by foreign material left behind in error. Its use has increased with the advent of minimally invasive s...

Solid and hollow abdominal viscera

The solid abdominal viscera (singular: viscus) is a collective term for those internal organs of the upper abdomen that are primarily solid in nature, namely the liver, pancreas, spleen, adrenals, and kidneys. It is used in contradistinction to the hollow abdominal viscera, which includes, the s...

Syphilis

Syphilis is the result of infection with the gram-negative spirochete Treponema pallidum, subspecies pallidum. It results in a heterogeneous spectrum of disease with many systems that can potentially be involved, which are discussed separately. Epidemiology Despite the discovery of penicillin...

Portosystemic shunt ratio

The portosystemic shunt ratio is a measure performed using ultrasound to quantify the abnormal flow of portal venous blood that is shunted away from the hepatic sinusoidal circulation in the context of a congenital portosystemic shunt 1. Measurement The ratio is determined on ultrasound using ...

Congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunt classification

This congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunt classification was proposed by Morgan and Superina in 1994 1: type 1: complete diversion of portal blood into the inferior vena cava with congenital absence of the portal vein 1a: superior mesenteric vein and splenic vein do not join to form a c...

Congenital intrahepatic portosystemic shunt classification

This congenital intrahepatic portosystemic shunt classification was proposed by Park et al. in 1990 1: type 1: single large vessel of constant diameter connecting the right portal vein to the inferior vena cava type 2: localized, peripheral shunt with one or more communications in a single hep...

Congenital portosystemic shunt

Congenital portosystemic shunts are rare, extrahepatic or intrahepatic, anatomical abnormalities shunting blood from the portal venous system to the systemic venous system and, thus, avoiding passage through the hepatic acinus. Terminology The term “portosystemic shunt” can be used to refer t...

Dysphagia megalatriensis

Dysphagia megalatriensis, also known as cardiovascular dysphagia or cardiac dysphagia, is an impairment of swallowing due to esophageal compression from a dilated left atrium. Clinical presentation Presentation is generally with mild dysphagia, although a minority of patients will have dyspha...

Mucinous carcinoma of the colon

Mucinous carcinoma of the colon is a distinct form of colorectal cancer found in 10-15% of patients with colorectal cancer. It differs from conventional adenocarcinoma in terms of clinical and histopathological characteristics. For the cecal appendix, please refer to the article on mucinous ade...

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