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Congenital intrahepatic portosystemic shunt classification

This congenital intrahepatic portosystemic shunt classification was proposed by Park et al. in 1990 1: type 1: single large vessel of constant diameter connecting the right portal vein to the inferior vena cava type 2: localized, peripheral shunt with one or more communications in a single hep...

Congenital portosystemic shunt

Congenital portosystemic shunts are rare, extrahepatic or intrahepatic, anatomical abnormalities shunting blood from the portal venous system to the systemic venous system and, thus, avoiding passage through the hepatic acinus. Terminology The term “portosystemic shunt” can be used to refer t...

Dysphagia megalatriensis

Dysphagia megalatriensis, also known as cardiovascular dysphagia or cardiac dysphagia, is an impairment of swallowing due to esophageal compression from a dilated left atrium. Clinical presentation Presentation is generally with mild dysphagia, although a minority of patients will have dyspha...

Mucinous carcinoma of the colon

Mucinous carcinoma of the colon is a distinct form of colorectal cancer found in 10-15% of patients with colorectal cancer. It differs from conventional adenocarcinoma in terms of clinical and histopathological characteristics. For the cecal appendix, please refer to the article on mucinous ade...

Periportal free gas sign

The periportal free gas sign has been described as being strongly suggestive for upper gastrointestinal tract perforation. See also bowel perforation (summary) pneumoperitoneum

Esophageal squamous papilloma

Esophageal squamous papilloma is an uncommon finding on esophagography (barium swallow). It is a benign lesion, but it is difficult to differentiate it from osophageal carcinoma on esophagography and the diagnosis is usually made with endoscopic biopsy. Clinical presentation Often asymptomatic...

HIV esophagitis

HIV esophagitis is a possible cause of odynophagia in immunosuppressed patients with HIV. Epidemiology The actual incidence and prevalence of idiopathic esophagitis of HIV are unknown. Most of the patients have AIDS and a CD4 count <100 cells/mm3 3. Clinical presentation Principal clinical ...

Abdomen (dorsal decubitus view)

The dorsal decubitus view is a supplementary projection often replacing the lateral decubitus view in the context of an unstable patient who is unable to roll nor stand. Used to identify free intraperitoneal gas (pneumoperitoneum). It can be performed when the patient is unable to be transferred...

Abdomen (PA prone view)

The PA prone radiograph is rarely performed and is often utilized when a patient is unable to lay supine. The projection is adequate for the examination of the abdominal cavity, however, not as practical for the renal structures due to magnification. Indications This view is useful in visualiz...

Abdomen (oblique view)

AP oblique supine radiograph is a projection often used in barium studies and foreign body localization. Indications This view is normally performed when localizing foreign bodies or lines within the abdominal cavity. Additionally, the oblique abdominal series can be utilized in the assessment...

Hemosuccus pancreaticus

Hemosuccus pancreaticus, also known as pseudohaemobilia or hemoductal pancreatitis, is a rare cause of GI bleeding, due to blood originating from the pancreatic duct into the duodenum via the ampulla of Vater, or major pancreatic papilla. Epidemiology male:female ratio is 7:1 highly correlate...

Internal iliac lymph nodes

The internal iliac lymph nodes (often shortened to internal iliac nodes) are the lymph nodes found adjacent to the internal iliac artery and its branches and drain the regions supplied by these vessels. This encompasses a large area from the genitalia anteriorly, the psoas muscle posteriorly and...

Carney-Stratakis syndrome

Carney-Stratakis syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant condition comprising of familial paraganglioma and gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST). Terminology It is considered to be distinct from, but perhaps related to, the Carney triad 1. Neither should be confused with the unrelated Carney co...

Root of the mesentery

The root of the mesentery, or root of the small bowel mesentery to be exact, is the origin of the mesentery of the small intestine (i.e. jejunum and ileum) from the posterior parietal peritoneum, attached to the posterior abdominal wall. It descends from the duodenojejunal flexure at a 45 degree...

Left subphrenic space

The left subphrenic space is a subcompartment of the left supramesocolic space located between the diaphragm and, the diaphragmatic surface of the spleen and gastric fundus. It is described to have anterior and posterior parts without clear delineation1. Boundaries medially: falciform ligame...

Ishikawa classification of venous involvement by pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

Ishikawa classification system describes the degree of involvement of adjacent portal vein and superior mesenteric vein by pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma based on the caliber of the vein: type I: normal type II: smooth shift/displacement with normal caliber type III: unilateral narrowing...

Acquired tracheo-esophageal fistula

An acquired tracheo-esophageal fistula refers to a pathological communication between the trachea and esophagus due to a secondary cause. Pathology Acquired causes of tracheo-esophageal fistulae can be divided into those that are related to malignancy (common) and those from other causes (unco...

Gastric ulcer evaluation (barium)

Gastric (peptic) ulcers can be detected on multiple imaging modalities, but are best evaluated on a double-contrast barium upper GI study. This article discusses their appearance on a double contrast study, for a more complete description, see the full article on peptic ulcers. Radiographic fea...

Dental caries

Dental caries are cavities in teeth ('caries' is both the singular and plural form). A single cavity can also be referred to as a carious lesion to avoid ambiguity. They are very common and can lead to serious morbidity. Clinical presentation Tooth decay is asymptomatic in its early stages. O...

Single contrast enema

A single contrast enema is a method of imaging the colon with fluoroscopy and is similar in concept to the double contrast barium enema. "Single contrast" refers to imaging with a positive contrast medium, either barium or water-soluble contrast, without the addition of air or CO2. Indications ...

Transpyloric plane

The transpyloric plane, also known as Addison's plane, is an imaginary axial plane located midway between the jugular notch and superior border of pubic symphysis, at approximately the level of L1 vertebral body. It an important landmark as many key structures are visualized at this level, altho...

Segmental pancreatitis

Segmental pancreatitis is not a distinct entity in itself but describes an imaging differential. Clinical presentation With segmental pancreatitis, a patient presents with clinical pancreatitis (signs, symptoms, laboratory markers), but on imaging, only a portion of the gland appears to have c...

Duodenojejunal flexure

The duodenojejunal (DJ) flexure or junction is the anatomical border between the duodenum and the jejunum. Gross anatomy The duodenojejunal flexure is located anterolateral to the aorta at the level of the upper border of the second lumbar vertebra. It makes a sharp turn anteroinferiorly to be...

Ligament of Treitz

The ligament of Treitz, also known as the suspensory ligament of the duodenum, is a double fold of peritoneum suspending the duodenojejunal flexure from the retroperitoneum. It is often used interchangeably with duodenojejunal flexure. Anatomy The ligament of Treitz comprises two parts: acc...

Perisplenitis

Perisplenitis is acute inflammation of the splenic capsule and its peritoneal covering. Epidemiology It is seen uncommonly but there is no data on its actual incidence. Clinical Presentation It is seen usually in young and middle-aged patients, with acute left hypochondrial or lower chest pa...

Extramedullary hematopoiesis in the adrenal gland

Extramedullary hematopoiesis in the adrenal gland is a rare physiologic compensatory event in many hematologic diseases. For a general discussion on this subject, please refer to the main article on extramedullary hematopoiesis. Epidemiology Extramedullary hematopoiesis in the adrenal gland i...

Pseudopancreatitis

Pseudopancreatitis refers to the presence of fluid in or around the pancreas in the setting of trauma but in the absence of direct signs of traumatic pancreatic injury. Most patients will have a normal serum lipase level, but amylase has a limited sensitivity and specificity for pancreatic traum...

EBV-associated smooth muscle tumor

Epstein-Barr virus-associated smooth muscle tumors are rare and encountered in immunocompromised individuals. Epidemiology These tumors are generally exceedingly rare, and only seen with any frequency in the setting of immunosuppression, particularly in HIV/AIDS patients, but also post-transpl...

Intraperitoneal focal fat infarction

Intraperitoneal focal fat infarction (IFFI) refers to a group of self-limiting abdominal diseases where the primary insult is acute inflammation of intraperitoneal fat. They commonly mimic the more common causes of acute abdomen such as acute diverticulitis and acute appendicitis. The group incl...

Irish node

An Irish node is an enlarged axillary lymph node, often associated with advanced gastric cancer1.

Traumatic abdominal wall hernia

Traumatic abdominal wall hernia describes the traumatic disruption of musculature and fascia of anterior abdominal wall without skin penetration. Clinical presentation Abdominal skin ecchymosis or abrasions may be seen. Pathology Traumatic abdominal wall hernia is caused by blunt trauma to t...

Abdominal trauma

Abdominal trauma is usually divided into blunt and penetrating trauma. Findings of abdominal trauma haemoperitoneum splenic trauma: most common hepatic trauma renal trauma pancreatic trauma gastrointestinal tract (bowel) trauma: proximal jejunum is most commonly affected by blunt trauma,...

CEC syndrome

CEC syndrome, also known as Gobbi syndrome, refers to the combination of celiac disease, epilepsy and bilateral occipital calcifications. Patients with cerebral calcifications and celiac disease without epilepsy are considered as having an incomplete form of CEC syndrome 1. Epidemiology Most c...

Oral cholecystography

Oral cholecystography is a procedure used to image the gallbladder, now largely superseded by ultrasound and MRCP. It was first described by Graham et al. in 1925, using sodium tetraiodophenolphthalein. Although rarely performed now, more modern techniques use other cholegraphic agents such as ...

Anorectal disease (summary)

This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists Anorectal disease is a group of conditions that affect the anus and rectum. The most common conditions in this group include hemorrhoids, anal fissures, anorectal abscess and anal fistula. Reference article This is a summ...

Inflammatory bowel disease (summary)

This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists Inflammatory bowel disease is a generic term used to describe diseases of the GI tract that have an inflammatory cause. Crohn disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are the commonest causes of inflammatory bowel disease. ...

Ileovesicostomy

Ileovesicostomy (also known as "cutaneous ileocystostomy", "ileal chimney", or "bladder chimney") is an uncommon urologic diversion in which a loop of small bowel is anastomosed/augmented to the dome of the bladder. This loop of bowel then exits through a urostomy. The diversion is not continent...

Perineal hernia

Perineal hernias, also known as levator or pudendal hernias 2, (alternative plural: herniae) are rare pelvic hernias, occurring through a defect in the pelvic floor musculature. Epidemiology More common in females, with peak age of presentation between 40 and 60 years. Pathology Perineal he...

WHO classification of anal margin tumors

The WHO classification of anal margin tumors or perianal skin tumors is: intraepithelial tumors Bowen disease (precursor of squamous cell carcinoma) Paget disease (precursor of adenocarcinoma) invasive tumors squamous cell carcinoma adenocarcinoma basal cell carcinoma verrucous carcinom...

Anal margin

Anal margin or perianal skin is arbitrarily defined as the circle of skin tissue within a radius of 5 cm from the anal verge, consisting of keratinizing squamous epithelial tissue containing hair follicles. A radius of 5 cm approximately equates to a circle of area of 78.5 cm2 centered on the an...

Anal verge

The anal verge is part of the anal region and consists of a band of squamous epithelial tissue which lacks hair follicles and extends from the intersphincteric groove to the perianal skin.

WHO classification of anal canal tumors

The World Health Organizatiοn classifies anal canal neoplasms into intraepithelial neoplasms and invasive neoplasms which are further divided to epithelial and non-epithelial tumors and secondary lesions: Epithelial tumors squamous cell carcinoma of anal canal adenocarcinoma of anal canal mu...

Hereditary pancreatitis

Hereditary pancreatitis is a rare subtype of chronic pancreatitis that has an autosomal dominant inheritance and is one of the main causes of pancreatitis in childhood. Clinical presentation As a congenital condition, a presentation with acute pancreatitis attacks typically occurs in childhoo...

Vitamin B3

Vitamin B3 (niacin or nicotinic acid) is a water-soluble vitamin, part of the vitamin B complex, that is an important part of the coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) which is involved in many reactions of cellular metabolism. Vitamin B3 is one of the hematinics. Related pathology ...

X-marks-the-spot sign (large bowel volvulus)

The X-marks-the-spot sign of large bowel volvulus refers to the crossing loops of the bowel at the site of the transition. It has been reported to improve diagnostic confidence in detecting cecal and sigmoid volvulus. This is in contrast to the split-wall sign which indicates partial obstruction...

Bird beak sign (sigmoid colon)

Bird's beak sign of the sigmoid is one of the signs of sigmoid volvulus. It represents gradual narrowing/tapering of the sigmoid colon up to the level of obstruction during contrast/barium insertion to the rectum or on CT. When located in the sigmoid colon, it suggests the diagnosis of sigmoid ...

Peptic ulcer disease (summary)

This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists Peptic ulcer disease encompasses a number of entities that are the result of gastric mucosal ulceration secondary to the effects of gastric acid. Since the recognition of Helicobacter pylori as a common causative agent and ...

Gastro-esophageal reflux disease (summary)

This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists Gastric-esophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a spectrum of disease that occurs when gastric acid refluxes into the lower esophagus Reference article This is a summary article; read more in our article on gastro-esophageal ...

Gastric cancer (summary)

This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists Gastric cancer, also known as stomach cancer or gastric carcinoma, refers to a cancer that arises from the mucosal lining of the stomach. It is the commonest gastric malignancy. Reference article This is a summary article...

Esophageal cancer (summary)

This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists Esophageal cancer is a relatively uncommon tumor that occurs within the esophagus of affected individuals. Patients present with symptoms of increasing dysphagia that progress from solid foods to liquids. Reference article...

Obstructive jaundice (summary)

This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists Obstructive jaundice represents a set of conditions that cause jaundice by obstructing the flow of bile into the duodenum anywhere along the intrahepatic or extrahepatic biliary tree. Reference article This is a summary a...

Intestinal failure

Intestinal failure is when a patient's native bowel is unable to digest and absorb the food, electrolytes, and fluids needed for normal growth and development. Clinical presentation This often includes intractable diarrhea, weight loss, dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, and malnutrition. P...

Inferior thoracic aperture

The inferior thoracic aperture connects the thorax with the abdomen. Gross anatomy The inferior thoracic aperture is irregular in shape and is more oblique and much larger than the superior thoracic aperture. The diaphragm occupies and closes the inferior thoracic aperture, thereby separating ...

Intestinal transplant

Intestinal transplantation is a surgical treatment for intestinal failure. It is one of the most rarely performed transplant procedures performed, exclusively involving the transplantation of donor small bowel to a recipient, with an ileostomy formation. Due to the high risk of complications w...

Complications post optical colonoscopy

Complications post optical colonoscopy are most commonly assessed by CT if patients present with abdominal symptoms post colonoscopy. Complications include: bowel perforation (most common) pneumoperitoneum pneumoretroperitoneum pneumomediastinum pneumothorax lower gastrointestinal hemorrha...

Pathology in general surgery (summary)

Pathology in general surgery is predominantly intra-abdominal and the core set of conditions listed below is a starting point for final-year medical students: bowel perforation acute pancreatitis appendicitis acute cholecystitis diverticulitis intestinal ischemia colorectal carcinoma aor...

Esophageal lipoma

Esophageal lipomas (or lipomata) are rare fat-containing esophageal lesions. Epidemiology They may account for approximately 0.4% of the benign tumors of the alimentary tract 1. There may be greater male predilection. The average age of presentation is around 50 years. Clinical presentation ...

Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (ultrasound measurements mnemonic)

Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis can be characterized on ultrasound by the measurements of the hypertrophic muscle. Although the criteria can vary from publication to publication, an easy way to keep in mind the values is using a mnemonic which relies upon remembering the first digits of the number...

Degloving bowel injury

Degloving bowel injuries are a rare type of bowel and mesenteric injury only being described a handful of times in the literature 1-5. In these injuries the bowel is stripped of its mesentery and muscle, leaving a "mucosal tube" 2,3. Perforation may or may not be present. See also degloving i...

Degloving injury

Degloving injuries can refer to a number of conditions: degloving soft tissue injury Morel-Lavallée lesion (closed degloving soft tissue injury) intramuscular degloving injury degloving bowel injury

Ball of wool sign (hydatid cyst)

The ball of wool sign, also referred to as the yarn sign or congealed water lily sign, is an ultrasound appearance, representing degeneration of hydatid cysts (WHO class CE 4). The inner side of the cyst detaches from the cyst wall and folds on itself, causing a change from anechoic (fluid) to a...

Bird beak sign (right colon)

The bird beak sign of the right colon is tapering obstruction of the inferior part of right colon seen on contrast enema or CT scan with rectal contrast indicating cecal volvulus. This sign can help to differentiate cecal volvulus from cecal bascule, in particular on a contrast/barium enema stu...

Inverted "V" sign (pneumoperitoneum)

The inverted "V" sign, also known as the lateral umbilical ligament sign, is a sign of pneumoperitoneum manifested by the visualization of an inverted "V" shape in the pelvis on supine view of abdominal radiographs. It represents free gas outlining the lateral umbilical ligaments. In infants, t...

Anatomy curriculum

The anatomy curriculum is one of our curriculum articles and aims to be a collection of articles that represent the core anatomy knowledge for radiologists and imaging specialists. General anatomy Neuroanatomy Head and neck anatomy Thoracic anatomy Abdominal and pelvic anatomy Spinal anat...

Small bowel atresia

Small bowel atresia corresponds to malformations where there is a narrowing or absence of a portion of the small bowel, which includes: duodenal atresia jejunal atresia ileal atresia

Perineum

The perineum is a diamond-shaped region below the pelvic diaphragm and is divided by an imaginary line drawn between the ischial tuberosities into anteriorly the urogenital triangle and posteriorly the anal triangle. Gross anatomy The perineum is bounded by the pubis anteriorly, the ischial tu...

Rectovesical pouch

Rectovesical pouch is the forward reflection of the peritoneum from the middle third of the rectum to the upper part of the bladder in males. Gross anatomy The rectovesical pouch is the lowest part of the peritoneal cavity and usually contains loops of small bowel or sigmoid colon. It is 7.5 c...

Esophageal fibrovascular polyp

Esophageal fibrovascular polyps are benign intraluminal submucosal pedunculated tumors that can grow significantly and cause dysphagia. They usually occur in the upper third of the oesophagus, at the level of the upper esophageal sphincter. Terminology They were previously denominated esophag...

Omega sign (disambiguation)

The omega sign can refer to a number of different anatomical structures or signs: omega sign (epiglottitis) omega sign (hand bump on the precentral gyrus)

Stepladder sign (disambiguation)

Stepladder sign may refer to: intracapsular breast implant rupture (ultrasound) gas-fluid levels in obstructed small bowel (erect abdominal radiograph)

Stepladder sign (small bowel obstruction)

Stepladder sign represents the appearance of distended small bowel loops with gas-fluid levels that appear to be stacked on top of each other, typically observed on erect abdominal radiographs in the setting of small bowel obstruction.

Esophageal leiomyosarcoma

Esophageal leiomyosarcoma is a rare malignant tumor of the esophagus of smooth muscle origin. Epidemiology Esophageal leiomyosarcoma is a rare disease. Since first described in 1905, there have been over 164 cases described in the literature. Radiographic features Fluoroscopy Possible find...

Colonic anastomotic leak

Colonic anastomotic leaks can occur in the early or late postoperative phase when an enteric anastomosis fails. This results in the leak of intraluminal content extraluminally 4. Terminology If an anastomotic leak occurs within 30 days post-operation, it is termed an "early" anastomotic leak,...

Alvarado score

The Alvarado score is a clinical decision rule and predictor of the likelihood of acute appendicitis. It is also known as the MANTRELS score from the initial letters of the criteria. Criteria migration of pain to the right lower quadrant (+1) anorexia (+1) nausea or vomiting (+1) tendernes...

Free intraperitoneal fluid (summary)

This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists Free intraperitoneal fluid may be termed free fluid or (less correctly) free intra-abdominal fluid. It may be seen in small volumes in female patients, particularly around the time of menses and in some healthy young men. W...

Investigating nausea and vomiting (summary)

This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists Nausea and vomiting (often abbreviated in medical notes to N&V) are non-specific physical manifestations of disease. They may occur together, or in isolation and may be the result of obstructive pathology or as a general ma...

Intestinal nonrotation

Intestinal nonrotation is a congenital anomaly of the intestines that results in the small bowel occupying the right side of the peritoneal cavity and the colon predominantly on the left. It is sometimes thought of as a subtype of intestinal malrotation. Epidemiology Nonrotation is estimated ...

Investigating PR bleeding (summary)

This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists Investigating PR bleeding radiologically may help to make a diagnosis or give more information after a diagnosis has been established. Radiology should not replace appropriate physical examination or appropriate use of sigm...

Intestinal lymphangiectasia

Intestinal lymphangiectasia is a condition characterized by dilated intestinal lacteals causing loss of lymph into the lumen of the small intestine. This can result in hypoproteinemia, hypogammaglobulinemia, hypoalbuminemia and lymphopenia. Epidemiology It may present in either children or ad...

Investigating jaundice (summary)

This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists Investigation of jaundice is heavily reliant on radiology, from the simplest of investigations (the ultrasound) through to much more complicated MRI-based test and intervention. It is important to determine whether jaundic...

Bariatric intragastric balloon therapy

Bariatric intragastric balloon therapy is a known therapy for weight loss, which involves a balloon being endoscopically-placed or swallowed and inflated inside the lumen of the stomach. The balloon resides in the stomach and the mechanism of action is presumably due to stretching the stomach, i...

Gastric cancer (TNM staging)

Gastric cancer staging is routinely performed using the TNM staging system. This article is based on the 8th edition of the TNM classification of malignant tumors. This is technically the clinical TNM staging (cTNM). cTNM staging (8th edition) T Tx: primary tumor cannot be assessed T0: no ev...

Investigating abdominal pain (summary)

This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists Investigating abdominal pain is a common request from clinical teams throughout most hospitals. Causes of abdominal pain are vast and as such, appropriate history and examination are necessary to initiate appropriate initia...

US abdomen (summary)

This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists Ultrasound abdomen is one of the tests that is commonly used in the assessment of patients with abdominal pain. It is particularly useful for the assessment of solid organs and fluid-filled structures. Reference article T...

Fat stranding (CT)

Fat stranding is a common sign seen on CT wherever fat can be found. It is most commonly seen in abdomen/pelvis, but can also be seen in retroperitoneum, thorax, neck and subcutaneous tissues. It can be helpful in localizing both acute and chronic pathology. Radiographic features CT Fat stran...

Bowel dilatation (summary)

This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists Bowel dilatation is a relatively non-specific sign than can be seen on most imaging modalities. In bowel obstruction, dilatation may be demonstrated on a plain radiograph providing the bowel is filled with gas. Reference a...

Fat stranding (summary)

This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists Fat stranding is a sign that is seen on CT. It describes the change in attenuation of fat around an inflamed structure and is a very helpful signpost for intra-abdominal pathology. Reference article This is a summary arti...

Idiopathic eosinophilic esophagitis

Idiopathic eosinophilic esophagitis is an inflammatory disease of the esophagus characterized by eosinophilia that can involve all the layers of the esophagus. Epidemiology It is most commonly seen in males aged 20-40. It is an uncommon disease; however not rare. Clinical presentation Pati...

Erect chest x-ray (summary)

This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists Erect chest x-rays are standard positioning but are also a specific examination performed for the assessment of subdiaphragmatic free gas (pneumoperitoneum). Reference article This is a summary article; we do not have a m...

Abdominal x-ray (summary)

This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists Abdominal radiographs can be a useful examination, but you need to think about the question you are asking before getting the test. Before the advent of computerized tomography (CT) imaging, it was a primary means of invest...

Enteric contrast medium (CT)

Enteric contrast media can be given to patients before their CT exam to improve its diagnostic accuracy. Historically, a combination of oral and intravenous contrast media were always given prior to a CT abdomen. Contemporaneously, improved CT scanners mean that oral contrast agents are no longe...

Pneumoperitoneum (summary)

This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists Pneumoperitoneum describes gas within the peritoneal cavity and is often the harbinger of a critical illness, often perforation of a hollow viscus. Pneumoperitoneum is distinct from pneumoretroperitoneum (much rarer) and ma...

Herpes esophagitis

Herpes esophagitis is one of the types of infectious esophagitis that usually affects immunocompromised patients. Epidemiology Herpes esophagitis occurs as an opportunistic infection in immunocompromised patients, particularly those with AIDS. It has occasionally been described in immunocomp...

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