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1,424 results found

Intestinal ischemia (summary)

This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists Intestinal ischemia refers to vascular compromise of the bowel which in the acute setting has a very high mortality if not treated expediently. Diagnosis is often straight forward provided appropriate imaging is obtained. T...

Colorectal cancer (summary)

This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists Colorectal cancer, also called colorectal carcinoma (CRC), is the most common cancer of the gastrointestinal tract and the second most frequently diagnosed malignancy in adults. CT and MRI are the modalities most frequently...

Diverticulitis (summary)

This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists Diverticulitis is one of the presentations of diverticular disease and is most often a complication of colonic diverticulosis. Differentiating one from the other is critical since uncomplicated diverticulosis is mostly asym...

Acute cholecystitis (summary)

This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists Acute cholecystitis refers to the acute inflammation of the gallbladder. It is the primary complication of cholelithiasis and the most common cause of acute pain in the right upper quadrant (RUQ). Reference article This i...

Abdominal radiology for students (curriculum)

This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists Abdominal radiology curriculum for medical students is broadly split into content that refers to imaging (the test and findings) and conditions that are considered key for this stage of training. Some non-abdominal conditi...

Appendicitis (summary)

This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists Appendicitis occurs when there is inflammation of the vermiform appendix. It is a very common condition and is a major cause of abdominal surgery in young patients. CT is the most sensitive modality to detect appendicitis a...

Acute pancreatitis (summary)

This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists Acute pancreatitis refers to acute inflammation of the pancreas and is a potentially life-threatening condition. Reference article This is a summary article; read more in our article on acute pancreatitis. Summary anato...

Mobile cecum

Mobile cecum is an anatomical variant and is often defined as a failure of the cecum, terminal ileum, and right colon, along with the mesentery, to fuse to the posterior parietal peritoneal wall. This results in increased mobility of the cecum. Epidemiology It has been estimated to occur in 10...

Tropical pancreatitis

Tropical pancreatitis is a subtype of chronic pancreatitis associated with SPINK1 gene mutation, tropical countries, and the young age of onset. There are characteristic, large ductal calculi, which may measure up to a few centimeters in size. This is in contrast to the small, speckled calculi m...

Diffuse colonic nodularity (differential)

Diffuse colonic nodularity on barium enema or CT colonography has a range of possible etiologies: lymphoid hyperplasia (tend to be small and discrete) lymphoma (tend to be larger nodules and confluent) urticaria (closely spaced polygonal lesions, history is often helpful) pseudomembranous co...

Stomal ulcer

Stomal ulcers may occur after surgery for peptic ulcer disease, and are more common in settings of a retained gastric antrum or an incomplete vagotomy (occurrences which are not common with modern surgical technique). There is also a higher risk with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Radiographic fea...

Water siphon test

The water siphon test may be performed as part of a barium swallow to assess for gastro-esophageal reflux. It is performed in the supine RPO position with the patient drinking water continuously. The test is said to be positive if there is visible barium reflux in the esophagus, and is more sens...

Normal esophageal contours on barium swallow

There are a number of normal esophageal contours or impressions that are encountered when performing a barium swallow. It is important to be able to differentiate normal contours and their variants, as well as contours that may indicate disease. Below is a list of anatomical structures that may ...

Lipomatosis

Lipomatosis is a condition where there is diffuse excessive fat deposition within the body. This can especially affect certain regions. neck and upper region of the trunk Madelung disease mediastinal lipomatosis heart lipomatous hypertrophy of the interatrial septum lipomatous metaplasia o...

Right gastric artery

The right gastric artery (RGA) is a non-hepatic branch of the hepatic arteries that supplies the lesser curvature of the stomach. Gross Anatomy Course The right gastric artery usually branches from one of the hepatic arteries (common, proper or left hepatic). It is the most common non-hepatic...

Left gastroepiploic artery

The left gastroepiploic artery (LGA) is one of the branches of the splenic artery. Gross anatomy Course The left gastroepiploic artery most commonly arises from the splenic artery, and runs within the gastrosplenic ligament. It then runs within the two layers of the greater omentum to the rig...

Right gastroepiploic artery

The right gastroepiploic artery (RGA) arises from the gastroduodenal artery as it divides into its two terminal branches; the right gastroepiploic artery and the superior pancreaticoduodenal artery. Gross Anatomy Course The RGA passes between the first part of the duodenum and the pancreas, t...

Per-oral esophageal myotomy (POEM)

Per-oral esophageal myotomy (POEM) is a natural orifice endoscopic surgery that has been gaining increasing use as an alternative to traditional oesophageal myotomies (e.g. Heller myotomy and Nissen fundoplication). With this technique, the endoscopist insufflates the esophagus with CO2 then cr...

Zebra spleen

Zebra spleen, also referred to as psychedelic spleen, tigroid splenic enhancement or more correctly inhomogeneous splenic enhancement, refers to the transient heterogeneous parenchymal enhancement of the spleen during the arterial or early portal venous phases of contrast enhancement in CT, MRI,...

Internal oblique muscle

The internal oblique muscle is one of the muscles that form the anterior abdominal wall. Inferiorly, it contributes towards the formation of the inguinal ligament. Summary origin: originates along the whole length of the lumbar fascia, from the anterior two-thirds of the intermediate line of t...

Gastric band slippage

Gastric band slippage is a late complication of laparoscopic gastric banding surgery performed for obesity. It is reported to occur in 4-13% of cases 1-3. It can occur in either an anterior or posterior direction. Clinical presentation Patients can present with cessation of weight loss, sever...

Gastric band erosion

Gastric band erosion or penetration is a potentially serious complication following laparoscopic gastric band surgery for obesity. Epidemiology Gastric band erosion is a delayed complication observed in between 0.3-14% of patients 1,2. Clinical presentation Patients often present non-specif...

Gastric band malposition

Gastric band malposition is an early complication from laparoscopic gastric band procedures which are performed for obesity. It can occur as in isolation or with other gastric band complications. As surgical experience of lap gastric banding has accumulated, it has become a relatively rare comp...

Jejunoileal fold pattern reversal

Jejunoileal fold pattern reversal (a.k.a. jejunization of the ileum) is one of the signs of celiac disease, and is seen on small bowel follow-through studies, CT and MRI 1-4. The pattern is one of increased number of ileal folds and reduced number of jejunal folds 1,2, and is considered positive...

Right subphrenic space

The right subphrenic space (a.k.a. right anterior space, right subdiaphragmatic space) is a potential space that lies between the right lobe of the liver and the inferior surface of the diaphragm. Gross anatomy The space is a subcompartment of the supracolic compartment. It reaches as far as t...

Neonatal abdominal radiograph (supine view)

AP supine radiograph for neonates is a mobile examination performed on the neonatal unit. It can be taken as a standalone projection or as part of a series including a left lateral decubitus x-ray in cases of suspected perforation. Patient position the patient is supine, lying on their bac...

Paravesical space

The paravesical spaces are paired avascular spaces of the pelvis. The paravesical spaces generally contain fat, but can become filled with ascites, blood, or other substances during pathological processes. Gross anatomy Boundaries superior: lateral umbilical folds inferior: pubocervical fasc...

Spleen size (pediatric)

The spleen size varies with a child's age. The three numbers below represent the 10th percentile, median, and 90th percentile for the long axis of the spleen (cm) 1-3: 0-3 months: (3.3, 4.5, 5.8 cm) 3-6 months: (4.9, 5.3, 6.4 cm) 6-12 months: (5.2, 6.2, 6.8 cm) 1-2 years: (5.4, 6.9, 7.5 cm)...

Lateral fossa

The lateral fossae are concave depressions of peritoneum in the paravesical space that lie between the lateral umbilical folds and the lateral parietal peritoneum. The lateral fossae are the smallest of the anterior paravesical fossae, and typically partially contain the cecum and/or sigmoid col...

Medial inguinal fossa

The medial inguinal fossae are concave depressions of peritoneum in the paravesical space bounded by the medial umbilical folds and the lateral umbilical folds. The fossae are contained within the inguinal (Hesselbach’s) triangle. The right medial inguinal fossa typically partially contains the ...

Supravesical fossa

The supravesical fossae are concave depressions of peritoneum in the paravesical space bounded by the median umbilical fold and the medial umbilical folds. It partially overlies the inguinal (Hesselbach’s) triangle. The supravesical fossae are usually occupied by small bowel loops and the urinar...

Order of structures in the porta hepatis (mnemonic)

A useful mnemonic to help remember the order of structures in the porta hepatis from anterior to posterior is: DAVE Mnemonic D: ducts (right and left hepatic duct branches) A: arteries (right and left hepatic artery branches) V: vein (portal vein) E: epiploic foramen (of Winslow)

Fascial tail sign

The fascial tail sign refers to the linear/tapered extension of soft tissue tumors along the fascia. The sign has been classically described in benign fibrous proliferations 1-4: desmoid tumor plantar fibromatosis nodular fasciitis However, the same sign has also been described as the tail ...

Gastrointestinal nodular lymphoid hyperplasia

Gastrointestinal nodular lymphoid hyperplasia is a type of nodular lymphoid hyperplasia that can be found elsewhere in the body. It is formed out of gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), and most often is a diagnostic dilemma for radiologists in the stomach and terminal ileum. Pathology Gut-a...

Lateral umbilical folds

The lateral umbilical folds are bilateral raised ridges of parietal peritoneum in the deep aspect of the anterior abdominal wall overlying the inferior epigastric vessels. The paired folds originate medial to the deep inguinal ring and end at the arcuate line on the posterior aspect of the anter...

Medial umbilical folds

The medial umbilical folds are bilateral raised ridges of parietal peritoneum in the deep aspect of the anterior abdominal wall formed by the underlying medial umbilical ligaments running from the pelvis to the umbilicus. The medial umbilical ligaments are anatomical remnants of the obliterated ...

Abdominal paracentesis

An abdominal paracentesis (plural: paracenteses), more commonly referred to as an ascitic tap, is a procedure that can be performed to collect peritoneal fluid for analysis or as a therapeutic intervention. Indications diagnostic: especially for newly-diagnosed ascites determine etiology of a...

Ice pick sign

The ice pick sign is a smooth tapered narrowing of the upstream pancreatic duct distal to the pancreatic lesion seen frequently in benign pancreatic lesions such as a focal autoimmune pancreatitis, this is due to the extrinsic narrowing of the duct secondary to periductal fibrosis and inflammati...

Duodenal diverticulitis

Duodenal diverticulitis (plural diverticulitides) is a rare, inflammatory complication of duodenal diverticula. Clinical presentation While the vast majority of patients are asymptomatic, patients with diverticulitis usually present with epigastric pain, nausea and vomiting. Radiographic fe...

PPP syndrome

PPP syndrome is the extremely rare association of pancreatitis, panniculitis, and polyarthritis. Epidemiology Most commonly affects middle-aged male patients with a history of heavy alcohol use 1,2. Clinical presentation In the majority of cases, abdominal symptoms are mild or absent, makin...

Superior pancreaticoduodenal artery

The superior pancreaticoduodenal artery is a branch of gastroduodenal artery that supplies the duodenum and pancreas. Gross anatomy Superior pancreaticoduodenal artery arises after branching off from gastroduodenal artery. It divides into anterior and posterior divisions which supply the pylor...

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) is a common non-invasive treatment for urolithiasis, and less commonly for pancreatic or salivary ductal stones 4. It is less successful in obese patients and with stones >2 cm. Children respond equally well or better to ESWL than adults 5. The princ...

Fluoroscopic evaluation of esophagectomy

Fluoroscopic evaluation of esophagectomy is an important study, given the high rate of complication following esophagectomy (~10-20% rate of leak). Although the approach will differ slightly depending on the type of esophagectomy performed, the principles are similar. Procedure Preprocedural e...

Transhiatal esophagectomy

Transhiatal esophagectomy is a type of esophagectomy, a surgery that removes the distal esophagus, usually for esophageal carcinoma. Removal of the esophagus can be performed through the chest wall (a transthoracic esophagectomy), but the thoracotomy is a major component of patient pain and com...

McKeown procedure

The McKeown procedure ("tri-incisional esophagectomy") is a type of esophagectomy, that is similar in concept to an Ivor Lewis procedure, but it tends to be used for esophageal lesions that are higher in the esophagus. Procedure laparotomy stomach mobilized, the esophagus "gastric tube" may ...

Esophagectomy

Esophagectomy is a surgical procedure that involves excision of the majority of the esophagus and part of the proximal stomach, usually as a treatment for esophageal carcinoma or carcinoma of the gastric cardia, although benign conditions (e.g. stricture) may - rarely - be treated with this appr...

Ivor Lewis procedure

Ivor Lewis procedure (also known as a gastric pull-up) is a type of esophagectomy, an upper gastrointestinal tract operation performed for mid and distal esophageal pathology, usually esophageal cancer. Due to the necessity of removing a significant length of the esophagus, the stomach is "pull...

Pancreatic PEComa

Pancreatic perivascular epithelioid cell tumors (or "Pancreatic PEComas") are a subtype of the larger family of PEComas. Pancreatic PEComas are very rare with <20 cases described. Clinical presentation More common in adults (in contrast to lymphangiomas in the head and neck, which are more com...

Megaesophagus

Megaesophagus or diffuse esophageal dilatation can be caused by a variety of conditions. Pathology Etiology Some of the more common causes are given below 1-3: esophageal dysmotility achalasia Chagas disease scleroderma distal obstruction malignant stricture, e.g. esophageal cancer, ca...

Barium peritonitis

Barium peritonitis is a rare complication of gastrointestinal barium studies, and occurs when there is gastrointestinal tract perforation and spillage of barium contrast agent into the peritoneal cavity resulting in peritonitis, granuloma and stone formation 1. Pathology Barium sulfate in the ...

Extramural vascular invasion (EMVI)

Extramural vascular invasion (EMVI) is the direct invasion of a blood vessel (usually a vein) by a tumor. In rectal cancer, this can occur on a macroscopic level and be detected on staging MRI. It is a significant prognostic factor, being a predictor of hematogenous spread. Radiographic featur...

Spontaneous splenic rupture

Spontaneous splenic rupture (SSR) (also known as atraumatic splenic rupture) is rare, especially when compared to traumatic splenic rupture. Pathology The pathogenesis of atraumatic splenic rupture is not well understood. Splenomegaly is present in almost all patients (~95%), although the rup...

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (abdominal complications)

Abdominal complications of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation can occur early (0-100 days) or late (>100 days) post-transplant. Complications Early bacterial infections, e.g. pseudomembranous colitis fungal infections, often affecting the esophagus or as hepatic/splenic microabscesses ...

Jejunum vs ileum

There are a few differences that can help differentiate jejunum and ileum 1-3: location jejunum: upper left part of the peritoneal cavity ileum: lower right part of the peritoneal cavity gross appearance jejunum: greater caliber (<3 cm), thicker walls and more vascular ileum: lesser calib...

Gastric polyps

Gastric polyps are uncommon findings, even on endoscopy where they are encountered in only 2-6% of patients. Pathology There are a number of gastric polyp subtypes 1-3: non-neoplastic polyps hyperplastic polyps virtually no malignant potential typically small (<1 cm), multiple, a...

Inguinal canal lipoma

Inguinal canal lipomas, also known as spermatic cord or round ligament lipomas, are a relatively common but often under-recognized finding on imaging. Clinical presentation Lipomas are usually asymptomatic but can sometimes cause pain and discomfort. They can present as a mass. Pathology Th...

Pancreatic lymphangioma

Pancreatic lymphangiomas are benign lesions that are often found incidentally during cross-sectional imaging for another reason. For a broader discussion, please refer to the parental article on lymphangioma. Clinical presentation More common in adults (in contrast to lymphangiomas in the he...

Ring shadow (disambiguation)

Ring shadows are radiographic signs seen on either chest x-rays or on upper gastrointestinal fluoroscopy: ring shadow (chest) ring shadow (abdomen)

Pancreatic neurofibroma

Pancreatic neurofibromas are rare nonepithelial neoplasms of the pancreas. They are similar to neurofibromas found elsewhere in the body, and are associated with neurofibromatosis type I. Clinical presentation If they do cause symptoms, it will typically be those related to regional mass effe...

Scirrhous carcinoma of the gastrointestinal tract

Scirrhous carcinoma of the gastrointestinal tract is a subtype of primary adenocarcinoma of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Epidemiology It is the least common type of primary adenocarcinoma involving mainly the stomach and the colon. Pathology The tumor demonstrates an infiltrative behavio...

Pancreatic lipoma

Pancreatic lipomas are uncommon mesenchymal tumors of the pancreas. Clinical presentation Rarely symptomatic, they are most often detected incidentally on cross-sectional imaging for another purpose. If they do cause symptoms, it will typically be those related to regional mass effect from the...

Pancreatic mesenchymal neoplasms

Pancreatic mesenchymal neoplasms (or pancreatic nonepithelial neoplasms) are a group of rare pancreatic neoplasms that arise from the structural elements of the pancreas (nerves, fat, lymph), rather than from the exocrine or endocrine cells of the pancreas. Neoplasms from exocrine and endocrine ...

Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy

Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) is a procedure where a flexible feeding tube (commonly known as a PEG tube) is inserted through the abdominal wall and into the stomach. This may be placed under endoscopic or radiological guidance, in the latter, the procedure may be known as a percutan...

Indium-111 OncoScint

Indium-111 OncoScint is a radiopharmaceutical used in SPECT imaging. It is a labeled monoclonal antibody that is directed against TAG-72, which is a tumor-associated antigen associated with ~95% of colorectal carcinomas and 100% of ovarian carcinomas 1,2. Background hepatic uptake limits sensiti...

VIPoma

VIPomas (vasoactive intestinal peptide tumors) are a very rare type of pancreatic endocrine tumors that secrete, and get their name from, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). The clinical syndrome resulting from these tumors is commonly known as WDHA syndrome, an acronym for the cardinal symptom...

Cholecystoduodenal fistula

Cholecystoduodenal fistula refers to a fistulous connection between the gallbladder and the duodenum. It is considered the most common type of enterobiliary fistulation. Etiology This most commonly develops as a complication of gall stones, can occur due to iatrogenic causes or due to the pres...

Ilium vs ileum

The medical terms ileum and ilium have been causing great confusion to medical students and junior doctors alike for decades now. Only separated by one letter, the second vowel, the pronunciation may be identical, or differ slightly with the i sound resembling that in "bit" for ilium (ɪlɪəm) or ...

MR defecating proctography

MR defecating proctography is a dynamic study for evaluation of the pelvic floor and pelvic organ prolapse. Phases There are four phases of evaluation: rest squeeze strain (Valsalva) defecation/evacuation Method of evaluation Many variations in the techniques described below e...

Metaplasia

Metaplasia is a general pathology term that refers to the process when one cell type is replaced by another. It usually occurs in the context of a changed cellular environment to which the new cell type is better adapted 1. Examples include 2-5: Barrett esophagus: normal squamous epithelium rep...

Gastrointestinal amyloidosis

Gastrointestinal amyloidosis is relatively common, although symptomatic involvement is more rare. It is diagnosed if there are persistent gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms with endoscopic biopsy proven amyloid deposition. Epidemiology Tends to affect middle-aged and older patients. Clinical pre...

Paraduodenal hernia

Paraduodenal hernias, although uncommon, have classically been the most common type of internal hernia. However, the incidence of postoperative internal hernias has been increasing recently. The two most common types, the left and right paraduodenal hernia involve small bowel herniating through ...

CEA

Serum CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen) is a cell-adhesive glycoprotein that was discovered in colorectal cancer in 1965, and is hence one of the oldest and most used tumor markers. Its name derives from its normal expression in fetoembryonic liver, gut and pancreas tissue. Normal range of CEA is ...

Atrophic gastritis

Atrophic gastritis is a chronic condition of autoimmune and non-autoimmune etiology. Pathology Two types of atrophic gastritis have been described 1-3: type A: autoimmune gastric body and fundus atrophy secondary to antiparietal cell antibodies decreased secretion of acid and intrinsic fac...

Femoral ring

The femoral ring is the superior rounded opening of the conical femoral canal. Its boundaries are: medial: lacunar ligament anterior: medial part of the inguinal ligament lateral: femoral vein within the intermediate compartment of the femoral sheath posterior: pectineal ligament overlying t...

Femoral canal

The femoral canal is the medial compartment of the femoral sheath, an inverted cone-shaped fascial space medial to the common femoral vein within the upper femoral triangle. It is only 1-2 cm long and opens superiorly as the femoral ring. It serves two purposes: allows the femoral vein to expan...

Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome

Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) syndrome is caused by a mutation to either BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes. These patients have an increased risk of breast cancer, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer and prostate cancer. However, these gene mutations are not the only cause of hereditary breast ca...

Atrio-esophageal fistula

Atrio-esophageal fistulas are rare pathological connections between the left atrium and the esophagus. Clinical presentation The presentation is non-specific. Patients may complain of fever, malaise, and/or dysphagia, or present with neurological symptoms 3. Pathology The chief cause of at...

Malignant esophageal neoplasms

Malignant esophageal neoplasms are much more common than benign esophageal neoplasms, especially if the patient is symptomatic. Pathology esophageal carcinoma (90%) esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) esophageal spindle cell carcinoma esophageal adenocarcinoma esophageal neuroendocri...

Esophageal dysmotility

Esophageal dysmotility refers to the pathological disruption of the normal sequential and coordinated muscle motion of the esophagus to transport food from the oropharynx to the stomach 4. It is an umbrella term used to refer to the common pathophysiological endpoint of dysmotility that can be c...

Appendiceal carcinoid

Appendiceal carcinoids are rare overall but represent the most common tumor of the appendix. The appendix is also one of the most common (but not the most common) locations for gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors. Clinical presentation Appendiceal carcinoids can present as the obstructive cause...

Gastric lymph node stations

The gastric lymph node stations were originally divided into 16 groups, as proposed by the Japanese Research Society for Gastric Cancer in 1963. Gross anatomy There are three major groups of lymph drainage from the stomach, namely, left gastric, gastroepiploic, and pyloric nodes 4, as shown in...

Duodenitis

Duodenitis is a term given to inflammation of the duodenum. Pathology Etiology Duodenitis can result from both intrinsic processes within the duodenum as well as from processes occurring outside the duodenum. It can occur from infective as well as non-infective inflammatory processes. Non-in...

4D syndrome

4D syndrome is a term used to describe a manifestation of syndromic glucagonoma, a type of pancreatic endocrine tumor. D: dermatitis 2 necrolytic migratory erythema - a widespread rash, tending to involve perioral and perigenital regions oral rashes (angular stomatitis, cheilitis) tend to re...

Spigelian-cryptorchidism syndrome

Spigelian-cryptorchidism syndrome ( also known as Raveenthiran syndrome ) is the association of Spigelian hernias and cryptorchidism in children. Pathology It is reported that ~50% (range 28-75%) range of pediatric patients with Spigelian hernias will have ipsilateral cryptorchidism 1,2. Al...

Frimann-Dahl sign

The Frimann-Dahl sign is a diagnostic sign demonstrated when three dense lines, representing the sigmoid walls, are seen converging to the site of obstruction in sigmoid volvulus and associated with empty rectal gas 1. History and etymology Johan Frimann-Dahl (1902-1982) was a Norwegian Profes...

AAST injury scoring scales

The American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST) injury scoring scales are the most widely accepted and used system of classifying and categorizing traumatic injuries. Injury grade reflects severity, guides management, and aids in prognosis. Currently (early 2019), 32 different injury s...

Small bowel mesentery internal hernia

Small bowel mesentery internal hernias (alternative plural: herniae) are a form of internal bowel herniation, involving protrusions of viscera through defects in the peritoneum or bowel mesentery. This type of internal herniation is more often seen in neonates than in adults. There are two type...

Gastrointestinal angiodysplasia

Gastrointestinal angiodysplasias (a.k.a. angioectasias) are one of the most common causes of occult gastrointestinal bleeding. Epidemiology Peak incidence occurs in patients in their 60s-70s 3. Associations Heyde syndrome: bleeding angiodysplasia and aortic stenosis (controversial 1) chroni...

Fundic gland polyp

Fundic gland polyps (FGP) are the most common type of gastric polyp. Epidemiology Fundic gland polyps occur most commonly in middle-aged females. They have been reported to be identified in ~1% of gastroscopies 3,4. Clinical presentation Fundic gland polyps are usually an asymptomatic, inci...

Middle rectal artery

The middle rectal artery, also known as the middle hemorrhoidal artery, is a branch from the anterior division of the internal iliac artery supplying the rectum. Summary origin: anterior division of the internal iliac artery location: pelvis supply: inferior rectum, seminal vesicles, prostat...

Tissue tropism

Tissue tropism is a phenomenon by which certain host tissues preferentially support the growth and proliferation of pathogens. This concept is central to the radiological evaluation of infectious disease. Pathology As infections that display tissue tropism will thrive in certain tissue locati...

Primary pneumatosis intestinalis

Primary pneumatosis intestinalis (PPI) is a benign idiopathic condition in which multiple gas-filled cystic lesions are seen in the gastrointestinal tract wall. The changes are usually seen initially on radiography or CT with CT being the more sensitive test. Epidemiology Primary pneumatosis i...

Colonic esophageal interposition

Colonic esophageal interposition is a rarely performed upper gastrointestinal tract surgical procedure, in which colon is used to replace the distal esophagus. The transverse colon with all or part of the ascending colon is the substitute of choice. This has been performed for long esophageal ...

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