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1,423 results found

Anal sphincter

The anal sphincter is divided into internal and external anal sphincters. It surrounds the anal canal. Gross anatomy Internal anal sphincter continuation of inner rectal muscle thickened, circular muscle fibers, up to 5 mm thick composed of visceral muscle External anal sphincter Compose...

Hepatic pseudolesion near falciform ligament

Hepatic pseudolesions near the falciform ligament show abnormal attenuation without mass effect. They may be seen on contrast-enhanced CT scans as either a region of high or low attenuation relative to the rest of the liver. They are typically located in the medial segment of the left lobe of th...

Vertical-banded gastroplasty

Vertical-banded gastroplasty (VBG) is an older, purely restrictive procedure used to treat morbid obesity. Procedure It involves creating a small gastric pouch, based on the lesser curvature of the stomach (which is thicker and less resistant to stretching than the greater curvature), by using...

Serrated polyposis syndrome

Serrated polyposis syndrome (SPS), also called hyperplastic polyposis syndrome, is one of numerous polyposis syndromes and is characterized by the presence of multiple serrated polyps or a mixture of serrated and hyperplastic polyps, with the exact number required for diagnosis dependent on loca...

Juvenile polyposis syndrome

Juvenile polyposis syndrome, also referred as familial juvenile polyposis, is one of the polyposis syndromes and consists of hundreds of juvenile polyps. Epidemiology Presentation in the second decade is most common 2. Clinical presentation Rectal bleeding, bowel obstruction and intussuscept...

Familial adenomatous polyposis

Familial adenomatous polyposis syndrome (FAPS) is characterized by the presence of hundreds of adenomatous polyps in the colon. It is the most common of the polyposis syndromes. Terminology Familial polyposis coli and attenuated familial adenomatous polyposis are variants of the same disease a...

CT peritoneography

CT peritoneography is an examination used to assess difficulties with peritoneal dialysis. Indications Recurrent peritonitis with difficulty with fluid exchange, abdominal wall or genital soft tissue edema, localized bulging of the abdomen, and poor ultrafiltration. Technique Before perform...

Levator ani muscle

The levator ani muscle, also known as the muscular pelvic diaphragm, is the musculotendinous sheet that forms the majority of the pelvic floor, supports the pelvic viscera, and aids in urinary and fecal evacuation as well as maintaining continence. Gross anatomy The levator ani has three main ...

Buried bumper syndrome

Buried bumper syndrome is a rare but important complication in patients with a percutaneous gastrostomy (PEG) tube, occurring by migration of the internal bumper along its track. The tube may get lodged anywhere between the gastric wall and the skin and lead to life-threatening complications tha...

Diffuse esophageal spasm

Diffuse/distal esophageal spasm (DOS) is a motility disorder of the esophagus. On barium swallow, diffuse esophageal spasm may appear as a corkscrew esophagus, but this is uncommon. Manometry is the gold standard diagnostic test. Diffuse esophageal spasm differs from hypercontracting esophagus ...

Non-specific esophageal motility disorder

Non-specific esophageal motility disorder (NSMD) is one of the esophageal dysmotility disorders. It is used to describe patients with esophageal dysmotility that do not meet diagnostic criteria for other esophageal motility disorders. Clinical presentation Patients may be asymptomatic or pres...

Rectocele

Rectocele refers to a herniation or bulge of the rectal wall, with the most common type being an anterior rectocele where the bulge is into the posterior vaginal wall in a female patient. Rectoceles can also occur posteriorly or laterally. Rectocele is the term most commonly used by colorectal s...

Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP)

Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) is a non-invasive imaging technique to visualize the intra and extrahepatic biliary tree and pancreatic ductal system. It can provide diagnostically-equivalent images to ERCP and is a useful technique in high risk patients to avoid significant ...

Ladd bands

Ladd bands are the most commonly encountered form of peritoneal bands in disarrangement of intestines, e.g. intestinal malrotation. Pathology Classically they extend from the abnormally positioned cecum to peritoneum and liver, crossing the duodenum in their course. Extension, however, can inc...

Lateral crescent sign (inguinal hernia)

The lateral crescent sign is a useful diagnostic sign of a direct inguinal hernia on CT scan, the hernia causing compression and lateral displacement of the inguinal canal contents (ductus deferens, testicular vessels, fat, etc.) to form a semicircle of tissue that resembles a moon crescent seen...

Paraneoplastic syndromes

Paraneoplastic syndromes occur secondary to the indirect effects of a malignancy and occur remotely to the primary malignancy. Symptoms are mediated by cytokines, hormones or immune cross-reactivity. These syndromes can cause a diverse range of symptoms and can affect multiple systems. Epidemio...

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZES) is a clinical syndrome that occurs secondary to elevated gastrin levels produced by a gastrinoma. Clinical presentation Diagnosis of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome is often delayed by 5-7 years after the onset of symptoms 2. Pathology Gastrinomas are usually mu...

Pancreas transplant

A pancreas transplant is a procedure in which a donor pancreas is transplanted to a recipient. The donor pancreas is typically cadaveric, but may rarely be a segment from a living donor 1. The transplant is meant to establish normoglycemia in patients with diabetes mellitus, typically type 1, th...

Lesser sac hernia

Lesser sac hernias (alternative plural: herniae) are a type of internal hernia, where abdominal contents protrude through the foramen of Winslow, hence they are also known as foramen of Winslow hernia. Epidemiology Lesser sac hernias are rare, accounting for <0.1% of abdominal hernias and 8% ...

Paraumbilical hernia

Paraumbilical hernias (alternative plural: herniae) are a type of midline ventral abdominal hernia. Pathology Paraumbilical hernias occur near the umbilicus when abdominal contents protrude through a defect in the linea alba and can be quite large. They are usually related to rectus abdominis ...

CT angiography of the splanchnic vessels (protocol)

Multislice CT angiography of the splanchnic vessels is a powerful minimally invasive technique for the evaluation of the splanchnic vascular system. Indications CT angiography is indicated in the evaluation of the following conditions related to the splanchnic vessels 8: aneurysm thromb...

Frey procedure

The Frey procedure is a type of pancreaticojejunostomy designed to treat chronic pancreatitis. The fundamental technique is similar to the Puestow procedure, with a lateral incision of the pancreatic duct from an anterior approach, and then a side-to-side anastomosis between the pancreas and a ...

Umbilical hernia

Umbilical hernias (alternative plural: herniae) are the most common ventral abdominal wall hernia and occur in the midline through the umbilicus. Epidemiology Ten times more common in females 2 and represent ~5% of all abdominal hernias 4. Clinical presentation Umbilical hernias may present ...

Amoebic colitis

Amoebic colitis is a type of infectious colitis, more common in tropical and subtropical areas. The causative agent is the trophozoite form of the protozoan Entamoeba histolytica. In most cases of transmission, the cyst form lives in the colon as a commensal and patients remain asymptomatic. Cl...

Malignant vs benign gastric ulcer (barium)

Barium meal has been frequently used to differentiate malignant and benign gastric ulcers: Features suggesting benign gastric ulcer outpouching of ulcer crater beyond the gastric contour (exoluminal) smooth rounded and deep ulcer crater smooth ulcer mound smooth gastric folds that reach the...

Whipple procedure

The Whipple procedure (or partial pancreaticoduodenectomy) is considered the definitive surgical operation to resect carcinoma of the head of the pancreas, periampullary carcinoma, or duodenal carcinoma 1. Procedure In the procedure, the head of the pancreas and adjacent duodenum is resected. ...

Bowel perforation (summary)

This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists Bowel perforation is an acute surgical emergency where there is a release of gastric or intestinal contents into the peritoneal space. Reference article This is a summary article; read more in our article on bowel perfora...

Appleby procedure

The Appleby procedure is a type of pancreatic cancer resection. For some patients with pancreatic cancer involving the body and tail of the pancreas, involvement of the celiac axis is a classic contraindication to pancreaticoduodenectomy (Whipple procedure). With the Appleby procedure, there...

Large bowel obstruction (summary)

This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists Large bowel obstruction (LBO) occurs when there is mechanical obstruction of the large bowel and is often impressive on imaging on account of the ability of the large bowel to massively distend. This condition requires prom...

Ebola virus disease

Ebola virus disease (EVD) (also known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF) or simply Ebola) is a viral hemorrhagic disease caused by the Ebola filovirus. Ebola is an extremely virulent virus with a case fatality rate of ~70% 1. Epidemiology First recognized in 1967 after polio vaccine laboratory w...

Right iliac fossa mass (differential)

Right iliac fossa mass is a common clinical presentation and has a range of differentials that need to be excluded. Radiology plays an important role in this differentiation. Differential diagnosis appendicular mass appendicular abscess appendicular mucocele appendicular neoplasms ileoceca...

Nasogastric tube position on chest x-ray (summary)

This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists Nasogastric (NG) tube position on chest x-ray should be assessed following initial placement and on subsequent radiographs. Reference article This is a summary article; we have a more in-depth reference article NGT. S...

Accessory appendicular artery

The accessory appendicular artery, also known as the artery of Seshachalam, is a branch of the posterior cecal artery. It arises from the ileocolic artery, and runs in the mesoappendix. The exact prevalence of this accessory artery and its impact upon the risk of appendicitis varies among studi...

Cricopharyngeal bar

Cricopharyngeal bar refers to the radiographic appearance of a prominent cricopharyngeus muscle contour on barium swallow. Terminology The terms cricopharyngeal bar and cricopharyngeal muscle spasm/achalasia are often used synonymously but this is incorrect because studies have demonstrated th...

A ring (esophagus)

A rings are a type of distal esophageal ring. They are above the B ring and occur a few centimeters proximal to the gastro-esophageal junction. They represent a physiological contraction of esophageal smooth muscle covered by mucosa. A rings are uncommonly symptomatic.

Peritoneal spaces

Peritoneal spaces are separate compartments within the peritoneal cavity. Gross anatomy These spaces are separated or compartmentalized by various peritoneal ligaments and their attachments. The peritoneal cavity can be divided into the following spaces: supramesocolic space: right supram...

Splenorenal ligament

Splenorenal ligament, also known as the lienorenal ligament is a peritoneal ligament. It represents the dorsal most part of dorsal mesentery and forms part of the lateral border of the lesser sac. It is continuous with the gastrosplenic and phrenicocolic ligaments 1. Gross anatomy The splenore...

Gastrosplenic ligament

The gastrosplenic ligament is a peritoneal ligament which is formed by ventral part of the dorsal mesentery. Gross anatomy The gastrosplenic ligament extends from the greater curvature of the stomach to the hilum of the spleen. It contains the short gastric arteries. the left gastroepiploi...

Hepatoduodenal ligament

The hepatoduodenal ligament is a peritoneal ligament of lesser omentum containing the portal triad 1. Gross anatomy The hepatoduodenal ligament is a thickening of the right edge of the lesser omentum and forms the anterior margin of the epiploic foramen. It extends from the porta hepatis to t...

Infectious colitis

Infectious colitis refers to inflammation of the colon due to an infective cause, including bacterial, viral, fungal, or parasitic infections. Epidemiology In Western countries, bacterial infection is the most common cause, while in developing countries parasitic infection is much more common....

Perianal abscess

Perianal abscess refers to a formed infective-inflammatory collection within the perianal region. It forms part of the broader group of anorectal abscesses. They are often associated with perianal fistulae and are components of grades 2 and 4 fistulae of the St James’ University Hospital classif...

Small bowel obstruction (summary)

This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists Small bowel obstruction (SBO) accounts for 80% of all mechanical intestinal obstruction; the remaining 20% result from large bowel obstruction. It has a mortality rate of 5.5%. Reference article This is a summary article;...

Ingested foreign bodies in children

Ingested foreign bodies in children are common as the world is a curious place to young children, who will put anything and everything into their mouth, and will often inadvertently swallow. The usual practice is for plain films of the chest and/or abdomen to identify a foreign body. Epidemio...

Geophagy

Geophagy is the intentional ingestion of earth, soil or clay and is a form of pica. This practice is not uncommon in the southern regions of the United States or provinces of Africa. It is found most commonly in children and pregnant women 3,4. Although geophagy may be seen in the context of a v...

Nasogastric tube positioning

Assessment of nasogastric (NG) tube positioning is a key competency of all doctors as unidentified malpositioning may have dire consequences, including death. Radiographic features Plain radiograph A correctly placed nasogastric tube should 10: descend in the midline, following the path of ...

MR enterography

MR enterography (MRE) is a non-invasive technique for the diagnosis of small bowel disorders. Note: This article is intended to outline some general principles of protocol design. The specifics will vary depending on MRI hardware and software, radiologist's and referrer's preference, institutio...

CT enterography (protocol)

CT enterography (CTE) is a non-invasive technique for the diagnosis of small bowel disorders. Indications Indications for CT enterography include 4,8: Crohn disease diagnosis and complications (primarily) most common indication suspected small bowel bleeding, usually pe...

Segmental arterial mediolysis

Segmental arterial mediolysis (SAM) is an increasingly recognized vascular disease of the middle-aged and elderly and a leading cause of spontaneous intra-abdominal hemorrhage. It is characterized by fusiform aneurysms, stenoses, dissections and occlusions within splanchnic arterial branches. Im...

Esophageal diverticulum

Esophageal diverticula are sac or pouch projections arising from the esophagus. Epidemiology They can occur in all ages but more frequent in adults and elderly people. Pathology Esophageal diverticula are either: true diverticula: include all esophageal layers false diverticula: contain on...

MR enteroclysis

MR enteroclysis is an invasive technique for MRI evaluation of the small bowel, and is mostly used for evaluation of Crohn disease. NB: This article is intended to outline some general principles of protocol design. The specifics will vary depending on MRI hardware and software, radiologist's a...

CT gastrography (protocol)

Computed tomographic (CT) gastrography, also called virtual gastroscopy (VG), is a noninvasive procedure for the detection of gastric abnormalities. Advantages rapid and noninvasive exam offers information about local tumor invasion, lymph node and distant metastasis in cases of gastric ...

CT colonography (protocol)

Computed tomographic (CT) colonography, also called CTC, virtual colonoscopy (VC) or CT pneumocolon, is a powerful minimally invasive technique for colorectal cancer screening. Indications screening test for colorectal carcinoma colon evaluation after incomplete or unsuccessful optica...

Ileocecal valve

The ileocecal valve (TA: ostium ileale), also known as Bauhin valve or Tulp valve, separates the terminal ileum from the cecum and functions to regulate flow between these two structures and prevent reflux from the cecum into the small intestine. Terminology There are a large number of additi...

Giant colonic diverticulum

Giant colonic diverticula, also referred to as giant colonic pseudodiverticula, are an uncommon form of presentation of colonic diverticulosis and are characterized by large diverticular masses, usually filled with stool and gas, that communicate with the colonic lumen. Terminology Although th...

Esophageal bronchus

Esophageal bronchus, a.k.a. communicating bronchopulmonary foregut malformation, refers to the rare occurrence where a bronchus arises directly from the esophagus. Epidemiology It is more common in females with a M:F of 1:2 2. Gross anatomy Esophageal bronchi may be the main bronchus, which...

Gastric diverticulum

Gastric diverticula are sac-like projections that usually originate from the gastric fundus, most commonly on the posterior surface. They are the least common of the gastrointestinal diverticula. Epidemiology Gastric diverticula are rare and commonly detected incidentally. The incidence varie...

Subdiaphragmatic free gas

Subdiaphragmatic free gas is one of the ways of detecting presence of free intraperitoneal gas (i.e. pneumoperitoneum). It is the presence of free, extraluminal gas in the anterior subhepatic space. Radiographic features Plain radiograph Subdiaphragmatic free gas is well appreciated as the g...

Esophageal leiomyoma

Esophageal leiomyoma is a benign smooth muscle neoplasm of the esophagus. It is the most common benign tumor of the esophagus. Epidemiology It is most frequently presents in young and middle age groups (20-50 years). The overall incidence is around 8-43 per 10,000 autopsy series 4. Clinical p...

Vascular Ehlers Danlos syndrome

Vascular Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) or type IV Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS 4) is the most malignant form of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. This form is often accompanied by neurovascular complications secondary to vessel dissections and/or aneurysms. Epidemiology Vascular EDS represents about 4% of...

De Garengeot hernia

De Garengeot hernias (alternative plural: herniae) are femoral hernias that contain the appendix. It is not to be confused with Amyand hernia, which is an appendix-containing inguinal hernia. Epidemiology It is a rare phenomenon, with only 1% of all femoral hernias containing the appendix (an...

Bucket handle appearance (disambiguation)

Bucket handle appearance is used in imaging to refer to several different entities: bucket handle fracture - non-accidental injury bucket handle fracture of the pelvis bucket handle meniscal tear bucket handle mesenteric injury

Lower gastrointestinal bleeding

Lower gastrointestinal bleeding (LGIB) is defined as that occurring distal to the ligament of Treitz (i.e. from the jejunum, ileum, colon, rectum or anus) and presenting as either hematochezia (bright red blood/clots or burgundy stools) or melena. Epidemiology The incidence of lower gastrointe...

Revised Atlanta classification of acute pancreatitis

The Revised Atlanta classification of acute pancreatitis from 2012 is an international multidisciplinary classification of the severity of acute pancreatitis, updating the 1992 Atlanta classification. The worldwide consensus aims for an internationally agreed-upon classification of acute pancre...

Hyperattenuating ring sign (epiploic appendagitis)

The hyperattenuating ring sign is a sign that has been described with epiploic appendagitis and refers to a hyperattenuating ring of visceral peritoneum surrounding an inflamed epiploic appendage 1. On CT it can be seen as a ring of soft tissue surrounding a region of fat attenuation adjacent to...

Gastric metastases

Gastric metastases are rare, found in less than 2% of patients who die of a carcinoma 6. Epidemiology Usually affects the middle-aged and elderly population. Affects males and females equally without predilection. Clinical presentation The patient may be asymptomatic, but the most common sig...

Asplenia

Asplenia refers to absence of the spleen thereby leading to deficient splenic function. Epidemiology Seen in 3% of neonates with structural heart disease and in 30% of patients who die from cardiac malposition. The male-to-female ratio is 2:1. Associations heterotaxy isomerism congenital h...

Bilateral adrenal gland hyperenhancement

Bilateral adrenal gland hyperenhancement or intense adrenal enhancement may be a feature of hypotension and forms part of the CT hypoperfusion complex. Adrenal gland hyperenhancement has been described in pediatric and small adult series or individual cases of hemorrhagic shock, pancreatitis, s...

Lucent liver sign

The lucent liver sign is represented by a reduction of hepatic radiodensity on supine radiograph when there is a collection of free intraperitoneal gas located anterior to the liver.

Abnormal bowel wall attenuation patterns

Abnormal bowel wall attenuation patterns on CT scan can be grouped under five categories: white enhancement gray enhancement water halo sign fat halo sign black attenuation The first three patterns are seen on contrast studies. White enhancement It is defined as uniform enhancement of th...

Ingested bones

Ingested bones that become lodged in the throat or gastrointestinal tract are a common presentation to the emergency department. Recognition is important because these cases can be potentially fatal. Clinical presentation Fish bones are more commonly ingested than chicken or pork bones. Patie...

Bannayan–Riley–Ruvalcaba syndrome

Bannayan–Riley–Ruvalcaba syndrome (BRRS or BRR syndrome) is a very rare autosomal dominant hamartomatous disorder caused by a mutation in the PTEN gene. It is considered in the family of hamartomatous polyposis syndrome. There are no formal diagnostic criteria for this disease, but characterist...

Fluoroscopic nasojejunal tube insertion

Fluoroscopic nasojejunal (NJT) or nasogastric tube (NGT) insertion is a valuable procedure offered by radiologists in patient care. The majority of nasogastric tubes are inserted on the ward level and nasojejunal tubes may be placed in theater at the time of surgery. In difficult cases, inserti...

Corrosive esophagitis

Corrosive esophagitis is a from of esophagitis and usually occurs from accidental or suicidal ingestion of alkaline substances (e.g. lye, household cleaners, bleaches, washing soda), and is harmful to the esophagus due to their alkali medium. The stomach is not affected as the gastric acid can n...

Hepatic and splenic tuberculosis

Hepatic and splenic tuberculosis refers to tuberculosis affecting the liver and the spleen. It generally occurs due to hematogenous spread from the primary site of infection, commonly from pulmonary tuberculosis. Pathology Two types of lesions are known: micronodular (common) macronodul...

Fleischner sign (tuberculosis of ileocecal junction)

The Fleischner sign (also known as the inverted umbrella sign), refers to a widely gaping, thickened, patulous ileocecal valve and a narrowed, ulcerated terminal ileum associated with tuberculous involvement of the ileocecum. See also gastrointestinal tuberculosis Stierlin sign not to be con...

Stierlin sign (tuberculosis of ileocecal junction)

The Stierlin sign refers to repeated emptying of the cecum, seen radiographically as barium remaining in the terminal part of the ileum and in the transverse colon. This occurs due to irritation of the cecum caused by M. tuberculosis. It is not specific for tuberculosis and can also be seen in C...

Ileocecal tuberculosis

Ileocecal tuberculosis is the most common site of gastrointestinal tuberculosis, which in turn is the third most common site of extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Pathology Three morphological types of ileocecal tuberculosis are known: ulcerative hypertrophic ulcerohypertrophic Radiog...

Gallbladder agenesis

Agenesis of the gallbladder describes the rare congenital absence of the gallbladder. Epidemiology overall incidence is estimated <0.1% (range 0.04-0.1%) gender: reported 3:1 female predominance of symptomatic cases equivalent gender distribution in autopsy cases ...

Gallbladder triplication

Gallbladder triplication is an extremely rare anomaly. There are three types of gallbladder triplication are described according to the number of cystic duct and their insertion: Three gallbladders and three cystic ducts which unite to form a common cystic duct before joining the common bile du...

Bronchogenic cyst vs esophageal duplication cyst

Bronchogenic cysts and esophageal duplication cysts are embryological foregut duplication cysts and are also differential diagnoses for a cystic mediastinal mass. Differences Symptoms asymptomatic bronchogenic cyst symptomatic esophageal cyst in the case of peptic ulceration Plain radiograp...

Endoscopic ultrasound

Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is a procedure combining the range of endoscopy with the diagnostic abilities of ultrasound. EUS is used in the imaging of the upper GI tract and surrounding structures as well as the respiratory tract (where it is referred to as endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS)). A hi...

Pancreatic ultrasound

Pancreatic ultrasound can be used to assess for pancreatic malignancy, pancreatitis and its complications, as well as for other pancreatic pathology. Preparation Fast the patient to reduce interference from overlying bowel gas, which may otherwise make visualization difficult. Scanning techni...

Esophageal duplication cyst

Esophageal duplication cysts are a type of congenital foregut duplication cyst. Epidemiology Less common compared to other foregut duplication cysts. There may be an increased male predilection 5. Clinical presentation Esophageal duplication cysts typically present in childhood, can occur an...

Esophagus

The esophagus (plural: esophagi or esophaguses) is a muscular tube that conveys food and fluids from the pharynx to the stomach. It forms part of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Gross anatomy The esophagus is 23-37 cm long with a diameter of 1-2 cm and is divided into three parts: cervical:...

Splenic vein

The splenic vein drains the spleen, part of the pancreas, and part of the stomach. Gross anatomy Origin and course The splenic vein is formed by splenic tributaries emerging at the splenic hilum in the splenorenal ligament at the tip of the tail of pancreas. It runs in the splenorenal ligame...

Retained barium in appendix

Retained barium in appendix refers to the presence of barium in appendix beyond 72 hours from the start of procedure. Proposed significance Previously used as a sign of appendicitis. Actual significance Retained barium outlining the appendiceal lumen allows evaluation of its width and contou...

Enterovirus 71

Enterovirus 71 is one of the viruses that causes hand-foot-and-mouth disease in children. It is an enterovirus, one of the picornaviruses. Infection with enterovirus 71 predominantly results in a vesicular rash of the hands and feet that follows a prodrome of symptoms including fever, vomiting ...

Gastroduodenal artery

The gastroduodenal artery (GDA) is a terminal branch of the common hepatic artery which mainly supplies the pylorus of the stomach, proximal duodenum, and the head of the pancreas. Due to its proximity to the posterior wall of the first part of the duodenum, the gastroduodenal artery is one of t...

Retroperitoneal hydatid infection

Retroperitoneal hydatid infection refers to the presence of hydatid cyst in the retroperitoneal region of the abdomen. For a general discussion, and for links to other system specific manifestations, please refer to the article on hydatid disease. Pathology It is generally seen secondary to ...

Rapunzel syndrome

Rapunzel syndrome is the term for a trichobezoar (gastric 'hair ball') which has a tail-like extension into the small bowel through the pylorus causing gastric outlet obstruction. For discussion of other gastrointestinal foreign bodies, please see: bezoars. Epidemiology Trichobezoars are much...

Duplex appendix

Duplex appendix is a rare anomaly of the appendix and is usually discovered incidentally during surgery for appendicitis. Epidemiology Duplication of the vermiform appendix is extremely rare. It is found in only 1 in 25,000 patients (incidence ~0.004%) operated on for acute appendicitis. Altho...

Abdominal opacities

An opacity projecting over the abdomen has a broad differential. Possibilities to consider include: foreign bodies ingested, e.g. coins, batteries, bones, etc artifacts, e.g. object attached to the cloth of the patient like a safety pin or button iatrogenic, e.g. hemostatic clips, gastric ba...

Gasless abdomen

A gasless abdomen refers to a paucity of gas on abdominal radiography, and the specific cause can usually be identified when the patient's history is known. Common causes include: high obstruction: gastric outlet obstruction, congenital atresia small bowel obstruction bowel ischemia ascites ...

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