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Adenocarcinoma (endometrium)

Adenocarcinoma of the endometrium is the commonest histological subtype of endometrial cancer and accounts for up to 90% of such cases 1. Pathology Histological subtypes endometrioid carcinoma serous adenocarcinoma of the endometrium clear cell adenocarcinoma of the endometrium mixed aden...

Sex cord / stromal ovarian tumors

Sex cord / stromal ovarian tumors are a subtype of ovarian tumors and account for 8-10% of all ovarian tumors. They arise from two groups of cells in the ovary: stromal cells primitive sex cords: celomic epithelium The group of tumors includes ovarian fibroma-thecoma spectrum ovarian fibrom...

Embedded intrauterine contraceptive device

An embedded intrauterine contraceptive device is a situation where there is an abnormally-positioned IUCD within the endometrium or myometrium; however without an extension through the serosa. The intrauterine contraceptive device should be removed in this situation. An intrauterine contraceptiv...

Salpingitis

Salpingitis refers to inflammation of the fallopian tube, it can be a part of pelvic inflammatory disease. See also salpingitis isthmica nodosa

Specialized teratoma (ovary)

Specialized teratomas of the ovaries are a rare subtype of ovarian teratomas where there is a monodermal differentiation of tissue element. Therefore they usually contain only endodermal, ectodermal or mesodermal elements. Entities that are classified under this sub group include: struma ovari...

Predominantly solid ovarian neoplasms

Predominantly solid ovarian neoplasms account for a minority of ovarian neoplasms. They include a wide pathological spectrum: epithelial tumors: ~28% of all solid ovarian tumors 1 Brenner tumor germ cell tumors: ~22% 1 ovarian teratoma: noncystic type ovarian dysgerminoma sex cord / strom...

Juvenile granulosa cell tumor (ovary)

Juvenile granulosa cell tumors of the ovary (JGCT) are a less common subtype of granulosa cell tumor of the ovary (~5% of cases). They are classified as ovarian sex cord / stromal tumors. Epidemiology It typically occurs in premenarchal girls and young women. The mean age of presentation is 13...

Functional ovarian cyst

A functional ovarian cyst is a term given to a group of non neoplastic type of ovarian cysts. A large proportion of ovarian cysts detected on imaging are functional ovarian cysts. Entities that fall under this group include ovarian follicular cysts corpus luteum cysts theca lutein cysts Func...

True hermaphroditism

True hermaphroditism is a form of disorder of gender development. Pathology Patients with true hermaphroditism have mosaicism of 46XX and 46XY. They therefore have both ovarian and testicular tissues. Subtypes There are three forms of true hermaphroditism: unilateral true hermaphroditism ...

Male pseudohermaphroditism

Male pseudohermaphroditism (MPH) is a variation of gender development. Pathology Patients with male pseudohermaphroditism have 46 XY karyotype and may manifest as a female phenotype with various degrees of undervirilization secondary to partial androgen insensitivity. Causes androgen insen...

Female pseudohermaphroditism

Female pseudohermaphroditism is a form of disorder of gender development. Pathology Patients with female pseudohermaphroditism have female internal genitalia and female karyotype (46 XX) with various degrees of external genitalia virilization. Causes congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH): c...

Ovarian Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor

Ovarian Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors (SLCT), also known as ovarian androblastomas, are a subtype of ovarian sex cord-stromal tumor. Epidemiology They are rare and only account for ~0.5% of all ovarian tumors. While they can present at any age, they typically present <30 years old, with a mean ag...

Placental mosaicism

Placental mosaicism is a situation where there discrepancy between the chromosomal makeup of the cells in the placenta. According to one study fetal mosaicism was found in 50% of cases with placental mosaicism. When the fetal cells are normal in chromosomal composition, this is then known as con...

Focal adenomyosis

Focal adenomyosis is a morphological subtype of adenomyosis. Terminology Some authors regard this term synonymous with an adenomyoma. Epidemiology It is considered less common than diffuse uterine adenomyosis 4. Pathology Focal adenomyosis most commonly occurs at the fundal endometrial-myo...

Placental fusion

Placental fusion is a phenomenon that can occur in a twin pregnancy. This can occur to varying degrees. Determination of chorionicity on ultrasound can sometimes be difficult if there has been a placental fusion. In a DCDA pregnancy, there are no vascular anastomoses between the twin placentae...

Rupture of fetal membranes

A rupture of membranes (ROM) or amniorrhexis is a term used during pregnancy to describe a rupture of the amniotic sac. This can occur as part of normal birth (or "spontaneously") if it occurs at full term at the onset of, or during, labor. It is also colloquially known as "breaking water." S...

Bartholin gland tumors

Bartholin gland tumors represent neoplasms of the Bartholin glands. They include: squamous cell carcinoma of the Bartholin gland: tends to be the most common histological subtype adenocarcinoma of the Bartholin gland adenoid cystic carcinoma of the Bartholin gland

Frontonasal dysplasia

Frontonasal dysplasia, also known as median cleft face syndrome, is a rare disorder characterized by midline defects involving the face, head, and central nervous system. Epidemiology Frontonasal dysplasia is considered to be a very rare condition, with approximately 100 cases having been repo...

Mono nostril

A mono nostril falls under the midline facial defects which arise from cleavage anomalies. It can occur as part of many underlying conditions such as holoprosencephaly: particularly alobar holoprosencephaly trisomy 13 Pathology Associations Several other facial anomalies can be associated ...

Ovarian adenofibroma

An ovarian adenofibroma is a type of ovarian epithelial tumor. Many authors however overlap this entity with an ovarian cystadenofibroma and consider these tumors often as part of an adenofibroma - cystadenofibroma spectrum. Pathology Adenofibromas are benign compound tumors composed of interm...

Uterine enlargement (differential)

Uterine enlargement can occur in a number of situations from both diffuse and focal processes. These include: gestation related events normal intrauterine pregnancy molar pregnancy - gestational trophoblastic disease postpartum uterus - still larger than usual hormonal ...

Adult granulosa cell tumor of the ovary

Adult granulosa cell tumor of the ovary is a type of ovarian sex cord / stromal tumor. They are by far the most frequent subtype of granulosa cell tumors of the ovary (95%) and are commoner than the juvenile granulosa tumor of the ovary. Epidemiology Approximately two-thirds of this subtype ar...

Massive ovarian edema

Massive ovarian edema (MOO) is a very rare disease characterized by a tumor-like, usually unilateral, enlargement of the ovary. Epidemiology It characteristically presents in young women ~ 6 to 33 years (mean age ~21 years 4). Associations Meig syndrome precocious puberty in infants...

Gestational choriocarcinoma

Gestational choriocarcinoma (GC) is a type of choriocarcinoma that follows a gestational event. Similar to choriocarcinomas in general, it lies at the malignant end of the spectrum of gestational trophoblastic disease. Pathology Approximately 50% of gestational choriocarcinomas arise from a pr...

Vaginal atresia

Vaginal atresia refers to a spectrum of anomalies comprising of failure to form a part or all of the vagina. Epidemiology It is considered the second most common cause of primary amenorrhea. The estimated Incidence is at ~ 2 in 10000 women. Clinical presentation The most common symptom...

Vaginal leiomyoma

Vaginal leiomyomas are an extremely rare entity and fall under extra-uterine pelvic leiomyomas. Epidemiology They are extremely rare with only ~ 300 cases reported in literature 3. Pathology It may occur anywhere along the vaginal canal and is usually localized, mobile, non-tender, and circ...

Congenital utero-vaginal anomalies

There are many classification systems for congenital utero-vaginal anomalies. These include: Buttram and Gibbons classification 2 American Fertility Society (AFS) classification Modified Rock and Adam - AFS classification Modified Rock and Adam - AFS classification This classification divid...

Transverse vaginal septum

Transverse vaginal (transvaginal) septum (TVS) is a type of rare congenital uterovaginal anomaly (class II under the Rock and Adam classification). Epidemiology It is rare with a frequency of 1 in 70,000 females. Clinical presentation In the case of a complete septum, patients commonly prese...

Ovarian tumors associated with endometrial thickening

There are several ovarian tumors associated with endometrial thickening and this is often due to oestrogenic effects of the ovarian tumor. Such tumors include: ovarian epithelial tumors endometrioid carcinoma of the ovary may have synchronous endometrial carcinoma or endometrial hyperplasia,...

Ovarian teratoma

Ovarian teratomas are the most common group of ovarian germ cell tumors. They can be divided into 3 main sub types mature ovarian teratoma immature ovarian teratoma specialized teratoma struma ovarii tumor See also ovarian tumors

Scar endometriosis

Scar endometriosis is a term given to endometriosis occurring in a cesarian section scar. It can be located in the skin, subcutaneous tissue, rectus muscle/sheath, intraperitoneally, or in the uterine myometrium (within uterine scar). Epidemiology The reported incidence of abdominal scar endom...

Diffuse uterine adenomyosis

Diffuse uterine adenomyosis is the most common of uterine adenomyosis. For the discussion of adenomyosis, please refer to the parent article - adenomyosis of the uterus. Epidemiology Diffuse adenomyosis may account for ~2/3rd of uterine adenomyosis. Pathology Diffuse adenomyosis can be even ...

Placental tumors

There are many tumors that can involve the placenta. These can be of very different pathology and can include placental chorioangioma (considered the most common primary tumor of the placenta 1) placental chorioangiomatosis placental teratoma placental metastases placental site trophobla...

Placental teratoma

A placental teratoma is a very rare placental tumor. Pathology A placental teratoma is benign and almost never associated with congenital deformities in the fetus. Radiographic features Antenatal ultrasound May show a heterogeneous mass at the placental margin. Hyperechoic foci consistent w...

Vaginal stenosis

Vaginal stenosis refers to a narrowing of the vagina, it can be congenital or acquired. Clinical presentation dyspareunia painful pelvic examination Complications retrograde menstruation Pathology Causes Acquired causes include: iatrogenic scarring from prior pelvic irradiation - brach...

Mesomelia

Mesomelia refers to a shortening of the middle (intermediate) portion of a limb. Pathology Associations mesomelia-synostoses syndrome (MSS) or mesomelic dysplasia with acral synostoses1 Ellis van-Creveld syndrome 2 Robinow syndrome See also rhizomelia

Ovarian yolk sac tumor

Ovarian yolk sac tumors, also known as endodermal sinus tumors, are a type of ovarian germ cell tumors. Epidemiology Ovarian yolk sac tumor is a rare malignant ovarian germ cell tumor that usually occurs around the second decade of life. It is considered the most common malignant germ cell tum...

Shortening of the cervical canal

Shortening of the uterine cervical canal as the name implies refers to an abnormal shortening of the uterine cervical length. It is considered a sign of cervical incompetence during pregnancy and can lead to premature delivery. Pathology Etiology primary (i.e. congenital/idiopathic) secondar...

Subendometrial cysts

Subendometrial cysts can arise from several pathologies which include adenomyosis 2 tamoxifen-associated endometrial changes 1,3 Differential diagnosis Considerations include superiorly positioned nabothian cyst

Cystic endometrial atrophy

Cystic endometrial atrophy is a benign process that can occur as part of tamoxifen-associated endometrial change. Pathology It is diagnosed histologically when multiple cystic spaces (dilated glands) lined with atrophic epithelium are present within a dense fibrous stroma. At hysteroscopy, ...

In utero bowel perforation

In utero bowel perforation results in a chemical peritonitis (meconium peritonitis) from peritoneal leakage of sterile meconium. It can result from many causes which include: intestinal atresias: jejuno-ileal atresia ileal atresia anal atresia in utero intestinal ischemia underlying gastr...

Placental chorioangiomatosis

Placental chorioangiomatosis is an extremely rare condition where numerous placental chorioangiomas involve the placenta. The individual chorioangiomas can be of varying size. Complications Recognized complications include precipitation of fetal hydrops 2 fetal anemia fetal cerebral emboli 1

Epithelioid trophoblastic tumor

An epithelioid trophoblastic tumor (ETT) is an extremely rare form of trophoblastic neoplasm. It is considered as a rare subtype of gestational trophoblastic disease 2,4. Epidemiology It typically presents in women of reproductive age (peak age in late 30's) and can occur between 1 and 18 year...

Non-gestational choriocarcinoma

Non-gestational choriocarcinoma is choriocarcinoma occurring in the absence of a preceding gestation. As opposed to gestational choriocarcinoma, this is a much rarer situation. Pathology In women, they often tend to occur in the ovary. Most ovarian non-gestational choriocarcinomas occur in mix...

Squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the cervix is the most common histological subtype of cervical cancer and accounts for 80-90% of cases. Pathology Most cervical squamous cell carcinomas grow at the squamocolumnar junction (SCJ). In younger women, the SCJ is located outside the external uterine...

Leiomyoma of the uterine cervix

Leiomyomas of the uterine cervix are an unusual variation in terms of location for uterine leiomyoma. Epidemiology They are rare and account for ~5% (range 0.6-10%) of uterine leiomyomas 1,4. Clinical presentation Clinical symptoms of cervical leiomyomas, including hypermenorrhea, dysmenorrh...

Broad ligament leiomyoma

Broad ligament leiomyomas are extra-uterine leiomyomas that occur in relation to the broad ligament. Terminology Broad ligament leiomyomas are also referred to as a type of parasitic leiomyomas 5. Clinical presentation While in most cases broad ligament leiomyomas are asymptomatic, patients...

Long philtrum

A long philtrum is a clinical or imaging observation where the philtrum (middle part of the upper lip) is longer than normal. Pathology Associations It can be associated with a number of anomalies which include Aarskog syndrome Cornelia de Lange syndrome DiGeorge syndrome femoral hypopl...

Umbilical venous dilatation

Umbilical venous dilatation is a rare entity and often tends to occur as an isolated finding 4. Dilatation of the umbilical vein can arise from a number of pathologies: umbilical venous varix (UVV): particularly if focal fetal hydrops: a focal dilatation due to an umbilical venous varix with...

Malignant mixed germ cell tumor of the ovary

A malignant mixed germ cell tumor of the ovary is a subtype of ovarian germ cell tumor. These are not to be confused with malignant mixed Müllerian tumors of the ovary. Epidemiology These tumors are rare. They most commonly affect adolescent women of reproductive age 1. Pathology They are ma...

Carcinosarcoma of the ovary

Carcinosarcomas of the ovary, previously known as Malignant mixed Müllerian tumors (MMMT) of the ovary, are a rare type of mixed ovarian tumor with both epithelial and stromal components. Terminology Carcinosarcomas of the female genital tract were previously known as malignant mixed Müllerian...

Ovarian choriocarcinoma

Ovarian choriocarcinoma is a rare sub type of ovarian germ cell tumor. Epidemiology They account for less than 1% of ovarian tumors. Clinical presentation In pre-menarchal patients, the tumors manifest with iso-sexual precocity (approximately 50% of cases) and other symptoms associated with...

Subserosal leiomyoma of the uterus

Subserosal uterine leiomyoma is a subtype of uterine leiomyoma that often exophytically projects outwards from a subserosal location. While its exact definition may vary, a leiomyoma is often called subserosal if >50% of the fibroid protrudes out of the serosal surface of the uterus 2. Clinica...

Fallopian tubal rupture

Fallopian tube rupture is most often a complication of a tubal ectopic pregnancy where the pregnancy breaks open due to progressive growth. It can potentially lead to shock. Pathology Risk factors Factors that raise the risk for a tubal rupture in a given tubal ectopic pregnancy include 2-4: ...

Fimbrial ectopic pregnancy

A fimbrial ectopic pregnancy is a subtype of tubal ectopic pregnancy. This subtype accounts for ~ 5 -11% 1,3 of all tubal ectopic pregnancies. In a fimbrial ectopic, the implantation is at the fimbria of the fallopian tube which is closest to the ovary. The chance of a tubal rupture is comparati...

Hemorrhagic corpus luteal cyst

Hemorrhagic corpus luteal cysts result from bleeding into corpus luteal cysts. Radiographic features Ultrasound Commonly described findings include: complex adnexal mass adnexal thick-walled cystic lesion with lace-like strands adnexal thick-walled cystic lesion with low-level echoes withi...

Intramural uterine leiomyoma

Intramural uterine leiomyoma is the most common type of uterine leiomyoma in terms of location. They are centered primarily within the myometrium. A large intramural uterine leiomyoma can, however, have a submucosal or subserosal component. Clinical presentation They are usually asymptomatic; ...

Prolonged rupture of membranes

Prolonged rupture of membranes refers to a rupture of membranes lasting longer than 18-24 hours (i.e. between time of rupture and time of delivery) 1-2. This situation can occur in either the term or pre-term newborns where in the latter case it is also termed prolonged preterm rupture of membra...

Sclerosing stromal tumor of the ovary

Sclerosing stromal tumor (SST) of the ovary is a rare ovarian neoplasm. It is considered a subtype of ovarian sex cord / stromal tumor and is included in the fibroma-thecoma group of ovarian tumors 9. Epidemiology It occurs predominantly in young women and its incidence peaks around the 2nd to...

Ovarian mucinous cystadenocarcinoma

Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary is a rare malignant ovarian mucinous tumor. This type can account for 5-10% of all ovarian mucinous tumors. It is a type of ovarian epithelial tumor. Pathology Retrospective studies have suggested that many mucinous carcinomas initially diagnosed as pr...

Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome

Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome (RTS) is a very rare genetic multi-system disorder primarily characterized by intellectual disability, broad and often angulated thumbs and halluces, and distinctive facial features. Epidemiology The estimated incidence is 1 in 100,000-125,000 live births 5. Clinical...

Polysyndactyly

Polysyndactyly refers to the combined presence of polydactyly as well as syndactyly involving either the hands or feet. Polysyndactyly can be associated with a number of syndromes which includes: acrocephalopolysyndactylies (GCPS) type I: Noack syndrome type II: Carpenter syndrome...

Diffuse peritoneal leiomyomatosis

Diffuse or disseminated peritoneal leiomyomatosis, also known as leiomyomatosis peritonealis disseminata, is an exceedingly rare benign disorder characterized by multiple vascular leiomyomas growing along the submesothelial tissues of the abdominopelvic peritoneum. Epidemiology It is usually d...

Parasitic leiomyoma

Parasitic leiomyomas are considered a type of extra-uterine leiomyoma and present as peritoneal pelvic benign smooth-muscle masses separate from the uterus. Pathology This sort of leiomyoma likely originates as a pedunculated subserosal leiomyoma that twists and torses from its uterine pedicl...

Diffuse uterine leiomyomatosis

Diffuse uterine leiomyomatosis is a benign and extremely rare condition in which the uterus is symmetrically enlarged as a result of the almost complete replacement of the myometrium by innumerable poorly defined, confluent leiomyomatous nodules. Clinical presentation Initial symptoms of diff...

Ovarian cystic neoplasms

Ovarian cystic neoplasms can be either benign or malignant and can arise from epithelial, stromal, or germ cell components. In general, the risk of malignancy in unilocular cystic tumors <10 cm in women over the age of 50 years is thought to be low 3,4. benign ovarian mature cystic tera...

Ovarian follicle

An ovarian follicle (also known as a Graafian follicle in its mature state) is the basic unit of female reproductive biology and is composed of roughly spherical aggregations of cells and contains a single oocyte. Gross anatomy An ovarian follicle can be initiated to grow and develop, culminat...

Fallopian tube polyp

A fallopian tube polyp refers to a small focal lesion of ectopic endometrial tissue located at the intramural portion of the fallopian tube. Epidemiology The reported incidence is 1- 2.5% on hysterosalpingograms performed for assessment of infertility 3 Clinical presentation Most patients w...

Ovarian borderline mucinous cystadenoma

Ovarian borderline mucinous cystadenomas are a subtype of ovarian mucinous tumors and, as the name stands, are intermediate between mucinous cystadenomas and mucinous cystadenocarcinomas. Epidemiology They account for ~ 10-15% of all ovarian mucinous tumors. Pathology They are microscopicall...

Low set ears

Low set ears is a descriptive term used to given a depressed or abnormally low positioning of the pinna by two or more standard deviations below the population average. Pathology Associations Low set ears can be associated with a number of anomalies which include: aneuploidic / chromosomal s...

Pure primary ovarian choriocarcinoma

A pure primary ovarian choriocarcinoma is an extremely rare form of ovarian malignancy. It falls under the subcategory of ovarian germ cell tumors. Epidemiology They are thought to account for less than 1% of ovarian tumors. Pathology They are a type of non gestational choriocarcinoma. As wi...

Ovarian mucinous tumors

Ovarian mucinous tumors are a subgroup of ovarian epithelial tumors. They represent 10-15% of all ovarian tumors and ~10% of all malignant ovarian tumors. They are subdivided according to their malignant potential and clinical behavior into: ovarian mucinous cystadenoma ovarian borderline...

Abnormally thickened endometrium (differential)

Abnormally thickened endometrium on imaging may occur for a number of reasons which may be categorized based on whether or not they are related to pregnancy. Etiologies may also be classified based on whether the patient is premenopausal or postmenopausal. Differential diagnosis Pregnancy-rela...

Juberg-Hayward syndrome

Juberg-Hayward syndrome (JHS), also known as the oro-cranio-digital syndrome, is a rare autosomal recessive syndrome characterized by the association of the following: growth retardation microcephaly cleft lip and palate minor vertebral and rib anomalies 4 horseshoe kidneys 4 thumb anomal...

Hyperechoic myometrial foci

Hyperechoic myometrial foci are sonographic observation where the myometrium contains numerous bright echogenic foci. They can be observed in very different situations and the clinical context is vital in their interpretation. Pathology Recognized causes include intra-myometrial air: due to...

Intrauterine blood clot

Intrauterine blood clot can result from a number of situations in gravid, non-gravid and postpartum states. It can mimic many other pathologies. Pathology Any condition that predisposes to an intrauterine hemorrhage can potentially result in an intrauterine blood clot. Radiographic features ...

Uterine perforation

Uterine perforation represents a serious complication that can occur as a result of any type of intrauterine procedure or implantation. Some authors use the term uterine rupture synonymously with the term uterine perforation. Pathology Causes IUCD insertion: IUCD related uterine perforation ...

IUCD-related uterine perforation

IUCD-related uterine perforations are one of the causes of uterine perforation. It is a rare, but serious complication of an intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD), and is often clinically silent. Epidemiology The incidence rate is reported at ~2 in 1000 2. Risk factors postpartum period ...

Fallopian tube spasm

Fallopian tube spasm is a transient functional anomaly that can mimic a true mechanical tubal occlusion. At radiography, tubal spasm cannot be distinguished from a tubal occlusion. Administration of spasmolytic agents such as glucagon can occasionally result in uterine muscle relaxation and cons...

Klinefelter syndrome

Klinefelter syndrome (KS) is a sex chromosomal anomaly, which in most cases is characterized by 47 chromosomes instead of the usual 46. Epidemiology The estimated incidence is 0.15-0.2% of live births. Clinical presentation the testes are normal prior to puberty and small in post pubertal te...

Trisomy 22

Trisomy 22 is an aneuploidic chromosomal anomaly which is usually fatal unless in mosaic forms. Pathology Variants Duplication of the short arm (p) and a small section of the long arm (q) of chromosome 22 can give result to the cat-eye syndrome - Schmidt-Fraccaro syndrome. Radiographic featu...

Pelvic inflammatory disease

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a broad term that encompasses a spectrum of infection and inflammation of the upper female genital tract, resulting in a range of abnormalities. Epidemiology The highest incidence is seen among sexually-active women in their teens, with 75% of cases being ...

Fallopian tube torsion

A fallopian tube torsion is a type of adnexal torsion and usually occurs in association with an ovarian torsion (when it is then termed a tubo-ovarian torsion). An isolated fallopian tube torsion is rare but can occur. Pathology An isolated tubal torsion can occur as a late complication of tu...

Polycystic ovaries

Polycystic ovaries (PCO) or polycystic ovarian morphology (PCOM) is an imaging descriptor of a particular type of change in ovarian morphology. A proportion of women with polycystic ovaries will have the polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), which in turn requires additional clinical, as well as b...

Cervical length

In obstetric and gynecological imaging, the cervical length is defined as the distance between the internal cervical os and the external cervical os. Radiographic assessment Ultrasound the cervical length is most accurately assessed on a transvaginal scan with an empty bladder in a normal gr...

Tunnel cluster

Tunnel clusters are a type of nabothian cyst characterized by complex multicystic dilatation of the endocervical glands. Epidemiology Tunnel cluster is found in ~8% of adult women, 40% of whom are pregnant, almost exclusively multigravid women, and older than 30 years. Clinical presentation ...

Adenomyotic cyst

An adenomyotic cyst is an extremely rare variation of cystic adenomyosis. The lesion consists of a large hemorrhagic cyst, which is partly or entirely surrounded by a solid wall. It can be entirely within the myometrium, submucosal, or subserosal and frequently is associated with symptoms of men...

Hydrometra

Hydrometra is a descriptive term that refers to a distended uterus filled with clear, non-infected fluid. See also hematometra pyometra hydrometrocolpos hydrocolpos endometrial fluid

Uterine duplication anomalies

Uterine duplication anomalies are a group of Müllerian duct anomalies where fusion of the Müllerian duct associated structures fail to some degree: uterus didelphys: class III bicornuate uterus: class IV (second commonest duplication anomaly) septate uterus: class V (commonest du...

Gonadal dysgenesis

Gonadal dysgenesis refers to a spectrum of anomalies with abnormal development of the gonads. It falls under the even broader group of disorders of gender development. Pathology In many cases, the gonads are replaced by fibrous tissue. Subtypes complete gonadal dysgenesis (CGD) / Swyer syndr...

Lower vaginal atresia

Lower vaginal atresia is a type of vagina atresia where the lower 3rd of the vagina fails to develop. Clinical presentation Patients may present with primary amenorrhea with progressive cyclical abdominal pain. Pathology It is usually not considered a type of Mullerian duct anomaly. It occur...

Submucosal uterine leiomyoma

Submucosal leiomyomas of the uterus refer to a subtype of uterine leiomyoma that primarily projects into the endometrial cavity; when the fibroid is predominantly within the cavity it is often called an intracavitary fibroid 7. They are the least common, albeit the most symptomatic, type of leio...

Intrauterine gas

The presence of intrauterine gas (a.k.a. pneumouterus) can sometimes be inferred by tiny hyperreflective foci, with dirty reverberation shadows on ultrasound, foci of very low attenuation at computed tomography (CT) or signal voids with susceptibility artifact in MRI. The term encompasses air wi...

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