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Placental surface cyst

Placental surface cysts are often related to cystic change in an area of subchorionic fibrin. They can be variable in size. Pathology Subtypes subchorionic cyst: commonest type 2 amniotic epithelial inclusion cyst Treatment and prognosis Most placental surface cysts are associat...

Hypocoiled umbilical cord

A hypocoiled umbilical cord is an umbilical cord with less than normal coiling. This is normally estimated by a low umbilical cord coiling index (usually less than 0.2 2). Associations single umbilical artery abnormal cord insertion(s) See also non coiled umbilical cord

Hydropic degeneration of the placenta

Hydropic degeneration of the placenta is a phenomenon where numerous cystic spaces are formed within the placenta which is often accompanied by placental enlargement. It can occur in a number of situations which include simple hydropic degeneration in 1st trimester pregnancy loss - fetal demise...

Placental trophotropism

Placental trophotropism refers to a phenomenon where there is a dynamic migration of the placenta at its insertion through gestation. The placenta tends to grow in areas of good blood supply and nutrition and atrophies in areas with poor blood supply and poor nutrition. It may play a role in the...

Undifferentiated carcinoma of the ovary

Undifferentiated carcinoma of the ovary is a rare type of ovarian epithelial tumor. They account for ~ 4% of ovarian cancer 2. Pathology With these tumors, cellular differentiation is not sufficient for the tumor to be categorized into serous, mucinous or other specified subtypes. Pure undiffe...

Granulosa cell tumor of the ovary

Granulosa cell tumors of the ovary are a type of sex cord / stromal ovarian tumor. Epidemiology Sex cord-stromal tumors represent approximately 8% of all ovarian tumors and are believed to arise from and/or to contain combinations of the sex cord and stromal components of the developing gonad....

Isolated cleft palate

An isolated cleft palate is a type of facial cleft. This is a much rarer occurrence than a cleft lip +/- palate and is thought to represent a different pathological entity. Epidemiology The estimated incidence is at ~1 per 2000-2500 pregnancies 4-5. There may be a slight female predilection 4....

Irregular yolk sac

An irregular yolk sac or an abnormally shaped yolk sac is an imaging feature that can be observed in early pregnancy scanning. It may be seen in up to 17% of early pregnancy scans 1. In contrast to an irregular gestational sac, the observation of an irregular yolk sac in not thought to correlate...

Deepest vertical pocket method

The deepest (maximal) vertical pocket (DVP) depth is considered a reliable method for assessing amniotic fluid volume on ultrasound 1,2. It is performed by assessing a pocket of a maximal depth of amniotic fluid which is free of an umbilical cord and fetal parts. The usually accepted values are...

Omphalomesenteric duct cyst

An omphalomesenteric duct cyst is a type of true umbilical cord cyst. Pathology The omphalomesenteric duct serves as a communication between the midgut and yolk sac of an embryo. It usually obliterates between the 9th to 18th week of gestation. The omphalomesenteric duct cyst is an embryolog...

Habitual miscarriage

A habitual miscarriage is the term given when a woman has had more than three miscarriages and it affects approximately 1-2% of women. Pathology Many causes are identified. congenital uterine Mullerian duct anomalies acquired uterine causes leiomyoma uterine adhesion bands cervical incom...

Russell-Silver dwarfism

Russell-Silver dwarfism is a very rare syndrome representing a form of primordial dwarfism. Epidemiology Associations single umbilical artery Clinical presentation intrauterine growth restriction: tends to give an asymmetrical IUGR postnatal growth restriction relatively large calvarium: ...

Hematocolpos

Hematocolpos is a term given to a blood-filled dilated vagina due to menstrual blood in the setting of an anatomical obstruction, usually an imperforate hymen. When there is concurrent uterine distention, the term hematometrocolpos is used. Clinical presentation Patients may present with ameno...

Hematometrocolpos

Hematometrocolpos refers to a blood-filled distended uterus and vagina usually due to an anatomical mechanical obstruction precluding the evacuation of the menstrual blood. Epidemiology The estimated incidence in teenagers is at ~1 in 1000-2000 5. Associations Müllerian duct anomalies: uter...

Hydrolethalus syndrome

Hydrolethalus syndrome is a rare lethal genetic syndrome characterized by multiple developmental defects of the fetus which include: midline malformations cleft lip + / - palate CNS malformations fetal hydrocephalus agenesis of the corpus callosum Dandy-Walker malformation absent midline ...

Oral-facial-digital syndromes

Oral-facial-digital syndromes (OFDS) are a group of rare genetic developmental disorder that affects the mouth, face, digits and also may cause some problems on the central nervous, kidney and the other organs. Classification Some publications have classified at least 13 forms of OFDS based on...

Monochorionic twin pregnancy

A monochorionic twin pregnancy is a type of monozygotic twin pregnancy where the twins share a single chorion. Depending on the sharing of the amnion this can be divided into two types. monochorionic monoamniotic (MCMA) pregnancy: single amnion monochorionic diamniotic (MCDA) pregnancy: two am...

Uterine arteriovenous malformation

Uterine arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) result from the formation of multiple arteriovenous fistulous communications within the uterus without an intervening capillary network. Terminology Somewhat confusingly, the term “uterine arteriovenous malformation” has been used interchangeably with...

McKusick Kaufman syndrome

McKusick Kaufman syndrome (MKS) is an autosomal recessive multiple malformation syndrome primarily characterized by hydrometrocolpos - vaginal atresia post-axial polydactyly congenital heart disease

Monozygotic twin pregnancy

A monozygotic (MZ) twin pregnancy results from the division of single zygote following fertilisation and shares similar genetic materials. These twins are therefore always of the same gender. Epidemiology Monozygotic twins account for approximately 30% of all twin pregnancies 1. The estimated ...

Endometritis

Endometritis refers to inflammation or infection involving the endometrium. Endometritis can be acute or chronic and may arise in an obstetric setting, such as following delivery or miscarriage, or in a non-obstetric setting due to pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) or endometrial instrumentation...

MURCS association

MURCS association refers to the combination of: MU: Müllerian duct aplasia R: renal aplasia /renal agenesis CS: cervicothoracic somite dysplasia See also Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome

Ovarian fibrothecoma

Ovarian fibrothecomas comprise tumors in the spectrum of ovarian sex cord / stromal tumors where there are components of both an ovarian fibroma and an ovarian thecoma. Epidemiology Most occur in adult women, with ~66% in postmenopausal women. Although they account for ~1% of all ovarian tumo...

Incarcerated uterus

An incarcerated uterus or trapped uterus describes an extremely rare situation where a retroverted or retroflexed gravid uterus fails to ascend into the abdominal cavity. Epidemiology This is an uncommon presentation and is said to occur in 1 in 3000 pregnancies. Uncomplicated retroversion may...

Premature rupture of membranes

Premature rupture of membranes (PROM) refers to a rupture of the amniotic sac and chorion (membranes) occurring prior to the onset of uterine contractions. When this occurs prior to 37 weeks it is then termed a pre term premature rupture of membranes (PPROM). By this definition, PROM is classifi...

Post dates fetus

Post dates fetus or post-term pregnancy is when the gestation has extended 2 weeks beyond the expected date of delivery (>42 weeks gestation). Epidemiology The reported prevalence is 7 % of pregnancies 3. Pathology The etiology of post-term pregnancy is still unknown. Research has shown th...

Ovarian lymphoma

Ovarian lymphoma can refer to primary involvement of the ovaries with lymphoma (i.e. primary ovarian lymphoma): very rare secondary ovarian involvement of the ovaries with generalized lymphoma (i.e. secondary ovarian lymphoma): more common scenario

Primary peritoneal neoplasms

Primary peritoneal neoplasms comprise an uncommon group of heterogeneous entities, which include: mesothelial derivatives primary (malignant) peritoneal mesothelioma peritoneal multicystic mesothelioma primary peritoneal well-differentiated papillary mesothelioma primary peritoneal adenomat...

Germ cell tumors of the ovary

Germ cell tumors of the ovary account for approximately 15-20% of all ovarian tumors. In children and adolescents, up to 60% of ovarian tumors can be of germ cell origin. They include: ovarian teratoma(s): commonest primary benign tumor of ovary and commonest germ cell tumor: mature (cystic) ...

Borderline ovarian serous cystadenoma

Borderline ovarian serous cystadenomas lie in the intermediate range in the spectrum of ovarian serous tumors and represent approximately 15% of all serous tumors. Epidemiology They present at a younger age group 1-2 than the more malignant serous cystadenocarcinomas with a peak age of present...

Ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma

Ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma is the malignant form of ovarian serous tumor, the most common type of ovarian epithelial tumor. It is the most common type of ovarian malignancy. Increasingly, high-grade serous carcinoma and low-grade serous carcinoma are recognized as distinct tumor types ra...

Vaginal lymphoma

Vaginal lymphoma can refer to: secondary involvement of the vagina (secondary vaginal lymphoma) from widespread generalized lymphoma relatively commoner usually comprises of diffuse large cell B non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (DLBCL) 2 primary vaginal lymphoma much rarer

Vaginal cancer (staging)

The staging of primary vaginal cancer covers all histological subtypes and is as follows FIGO staging system stage 0: carcinoma in situ stage I: tumor confined to vagina stage II: invasion of paravaginal tissues but no extension beyond pelvic side walls stage III: extension to pelvic side w...

Vulval cancer (staging)

Staging of vulval cancer can be done with either the AJCC or FIGO systems, although both are similar. Staging FIGO stage I:tumor confined to the vulva IA lesions ≤2 cm in size, confined to the vulva or perineum and with stromal invasion ≤1.0 mm*, no nodal metastasis IB: lesions N2 cm in si...

Primary vulval cancer

Primary vulval cancer is a rare gynecological malignancy that originates from the vulva. Epidemiology It accounts for ~3-5% of female genital tract malignancies and typically presents in postmenopausal patients peaking around the age of 65-70 years of age 1. Pathology The commonest histolog...

Struma ovarii tumor

Struma ovarii tumor is a subtype of an ovarian teratoma and is composed entirely or predominantly of thyroid tissue and containing variable-sized follicles with colloid material. Epidemiology It accounts for 0.3-1% of all ovarian tumors and ~3% of all mature cystic teratomas 1. Clinical prese...

CA-125

CA-125 is a high-molecular-weight glycoprotein found on the surface of Müllerian and celomic epithelial-derived cell types and is the best known tumor marker for epithelial ovarian cancer 6. Importantly, it may also be elevated in several other conditions (see differential diagnosis section belo...

Ovarian collision tumor

Ovarian collision tumors are an uncommon ovarian neoplasm where there is co-existence of two adjacent but histologically distinct tumors in an ovary with no histologic admixture at the interface. Pathology The exact pathogenesis is not well known. They are most commonly composed of ovarian ter...

Ovarian serous cystadenoma

Ovarian serous cystadenomas are a type of benign ovarian epithelial tumor at the benign end of the spectrum of ovarian serous tumors. Terminology Serous ovarian tumors are traditionally described with a "cyst-" prefix because of their primarily cystic composition, e.g. cystadenoma, cystadenoca...

PET-CT indications

PET-CT is a combination of cross-sectional anatomic information provided by CT and the metabolic information provided by positron emission tomography (PET). PET is most commonly performed with 2-[F-18]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG). Fluorine-18 (F-18) is an unstable radioisotope and has a half-...

Bartholin gland abscess

Bartholin gland abscess (maybe shortened to Bartholin abscess) is a complication that may result from an infected Bartholin gland cyst. Radiographic features Abscesses are usually in a similar location to Bartholin gland cysts. Features of Bartholin gland abscess are otherwise similar to Bart...

Ovarian dysgerminoma

Ovarian dysgerminomas are a type of germ cell tumor of the ovary. They are the most common malignant germ cell tumors of the ovary and are thought to account for ~1% of all ovarian neoplasms 5. Epidemiology They are rare ovarian tumors that occur predominantly in young women (majority occurrin...

Mendelson syndrome

Mendelson syndrome, also known as peptic pneumonia, refers to acute chemical pneumonitis caused by the aspiration of stomach contents in patients under general anesthesia. Clinical presentation This syndrome develops rapidly (2-12 hours after aspiration) and within hours the patient may beco...

Choriocarcinoma (staging)

The staging system for choriocarcinoma (usually refers to uterine choriocarcinoma) is the FIGO staging system and is as follows 1: stage I: disease limited to the uterus stage II: disease out of the uterus but limited to the female genital tract stage III: metastasis in the lung with or with...

Hematosalpinx

A hematosalpinx refers to intraluminal blood within the fallopian tube (often dilated). Pathology Etiology tubal ectopic pregnancy: common cause 1 endometriosis: common cause 5 tubal carcinoma pelvic inflammatory disease fallopian tube torsion retrograde menstruation uterine cervical s...

Placental grading

Placental grading (Grannum classification) refers to an ultrasound grading system of the placenta based on its maturity. This primarily affects the extent of calcifications. In some countries, the use of placental grading has fallen out of obstetric practice due to a weak correlation with advers...

Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines

Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines, previously known as LEOPARD syndrome (LS), is a rare autosomal dominant RASopathy that has many similarities to Noonan syndrome. Clinical presentation Despite a change in formal name, the 'LEOPARD' acronym is still useful to summarize the clinical feat...

Herlyn-Werner-Wunderlich syndrome

Herlyn-Werner-Wunderlich (HWW) syndrome, is a rare anomaly characterized by Müllerian duct anomalies (MDA) associated with mesonephric duct anomalies 3. This entity is also known as obstructed hemivagina and ipsilateral renal anomaly (OHVIRA). It is not to be confused with the Wunderlich syndrom...

Perinatal lethal hypophosphatasia

Perinatal lethal hypophosphatasia (PLH) is the most severe form of hypophosphatasia. If untreated, it is lethal in all cases. Epidemiology The estimated incidence is at ~1:100,000 live births. Pathology Genetics As with all hypophosphatasia cases, this is due to a mutation in chromosome 1q3...

Androgen insensitivity syndrome

Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS), also known as the testicular feminization syndrome, results from end-organ resistance to androgens, particularly testosterone. AIS may be complete or incomplete with variable imaging findings. Epidemiology The incidence may vary depending on whether it i...

Tuberculous pelvic inflammatory disease

Tuberculous pelvic inflammatory disease refers to pelvic inflammatory disease due to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Epidemiology Genital tract involvement may be present in ~1.5% of cases of those affected with tuberculosis 4. Pathology Infection almost always results from spread from an extrag...

Disorders of gender development

Disorder of gender development refers to the spectrum of rare congenital conditions where there is an atypical development of chromosomal, gonadal, or anatomic sex. They can be classified broadly into four categories on the basis of gonadal histologic features which include: female pseudoherma...

Pelvic actinomycosis

Pelvic actinomycosis is a rare but serious infection caused by Actinomyces spp., an opportunistic gram-positive bacteria usually introduced by foreign bodies, particularly intra-uterine contraceptive devices, surgery, or trauma. It generally falls under the broader spectrum of pelvic inflammator...

Monochorionic monoamniotic twin pregnancy

A monochorionic monoamniotic (MCMA) twin pregnancy is a subtype of monozygotic twin pregnancy. These fetuses share a single chorionic sac, a single amniotic sac, and, in general, a single yolk sac. Epidemiology It accounts for the minority (~5%) of monozygotic twin pregnancies and ~1-2% of a...

Overlapping fetal fingers

Overlapping fetal fingers is an antenatal ultrasound observation where the fetal fingers are seen to overlap each other. It may be seen seen with a concurrent clenched fetal hand. If the hand is clenched typically the 2nd finger is seen to overlap the 3rd 4. Pathology Associations a well re...

VACTERL-H association

The VACTERL-H association is a rare non-random association which bears the features of the standard VACTERL association with added fetal hydrocephalus. Unlike the standard VACTERL association which is sporadic, the VACTERL-H is hereditary with both X-linked 3 and autosomal recessive 2 inheritan...

Potter sequence

The Potter sequence is a constellation of findings demonstrated postnatally as a consequence of severe, prolonged oligohydramnios in utero. Clinical presentation It consists of: pulmonary hypoplasia: often severe and incompatible with life growth restriction (IUGR) abnormal facies (Potter f...

Urethral agenesis

Urethral agenesis (or urethral atresia) refers to a situation where there is a congenital absence of the urethra. It can be a cause of fetal obstructive uropathy. Pathology Associations prune belly syndrome 5 bladder agenesis 2 Radiographic features Antenatal ultrasound May show a dilate...

Partial hydatidiform mole

Partial hydatidiform mole is a type of molar pregnancy, which in turn falls under the spectrum of gestational trophoblastic disease. Clinical presentation Clinical signs and symptoms such as abdominal pain, cramps of the lower abdomen and vaginal bleeding during pregnancy are common but non-s...

Short rib polydactyly syndrome

Short rib polydactyly syndrome(s) (SRPS) comprise a rare group of severe osteochondrodysplasias. There are four major recognized types present: type I: Saldino-Noonan type type II:: Majewski type type III: Verma-Naumoff type type IV: Beemer-Langer type There may also be other very rare type...

Uterine dehiscence

Uterine dehiscence is usually used to refer to the process of gradual myometrial rupture without a rupture of membranes. However, the term is used synonymously with uterine rupture by some authors. It is often described in the context of a cesarean section scar where it is also termed an incisio...

Long umbilical cord

A long umbilical cord has been variably defined. Considering the mean length of the umbilical cord at ~50-70 cm 1, a long cord in absolute terms is usually taken as one that is over 70 cm in length at term 1-3. Complications increased incidence of umbilical cord knots increased incidence of ...

Uterine artery flow notching

Uterine artery flow notching refers to a phenomenon observed in uterine arterial Doppler ultrasound assessment. Pathology Associations The presence of notching after 22 weeks is associated with several other conditions including adverse pregnancy outcomes. These include pregnancy induced hyp...

Syndactyly

Syndactyly (plural: syndactylies) refers to a congenital fusion of two or more digits. It may be confined to soft tissue (soft tissue syndactyly/simple syndactyly) or may involve bone (bony syndactyly/complex syndactyly). Epidemiology The overall estimated incidence is at ~1 per 2,500 to 5,000...

Immature ovarian teratoma

Immature ovarian teratomas are uncommon ovarian germ cell tumors. They differ from mature ovarian teratomas (dermoid cysts) both histologically by the presence of immature tissue, and clinically by their more malignant behavior. Epidemiology They are considerably less common than mature ovaria...

Pyosalpinx

Pyosalpinx refers to a fallopian tube that is filled, and often distended, with pus. Pathology A pyosalpinx often tends to be a complication of background pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Inflammation results in tubal and peritubal adhesions with superimposed obstruction of the fimbrial end....

Paraurethral duct cyst

Paraurethral duct cysts are retention cysts that form secondary to inflammatory obstruction of the paraurethral (Skene) ducts in females. Pathology The cysts are lined by stratified squamous epithelium due to their origin from the urogenital sinus. Clinical presentation Usually asymptomatic....

Primary ovarian lymphoma

Primary ovarian lymphoma (POL) refers to the involvement of the ovary with lymphoma but without the involvement of any other site. It is an extremely rare yet well-recognized condition. Epidemiology Primary ovarian lymphoma accounts for ~1.5% of ovarian tumors 5. Pathology The rarity of this...

Primary serous papillary carcinoma of the peritoneum

A primary serous papillary carcinoma of the peritoneum (PSPCP) is an extremely rare primary peritoneal tumor. Epidemiology They usually present in postmenopausal women. Clinical presentation Patients tend to present with non-specific complaints such as abdominal pain, anorexia, and abdominal...

Primary fallopian tube carcinoma (staging)

The staging used for primary fallopian tubal carcinoma is the FIGO system and is as follows: stage I: limited to fallopian tubes stage Ia: limited to lining of one fallopian tube (intraluminal) stage Ib: limited to inner linings of both tubes (intraluminal) stage Ic: invasion beyond the inne...

Primary fallopian tube carcinoma

Primary fallopian tube carcinoma is an extremely rare malignancy that arises from the fallopian tube. It accounts for ~1 (0.2-1.1)% of all gynecological malignancies (least common of all gynecological malignancies 3). Epidemiology The estimated incidence is at ~3-4 per million women 3. It typi...

Macroglossia

Macroglossia means an enlarged tongue. It may be absolute (greater than the 95th centile) or relative (enlarged compared with oral cavity). Pathology Associations Recognized associations include: chromosomal anomalies Down syndrome tends to be a relative macroglossia may also have intermi...

Placentomegaly

Placentomegaly is a term applied to an abnormally-enlarged placenta. Epidemiology Associations It can be associated with a number of maternal and fetal disorders which include: maternal maternal anemia(s) maternal diabetes chronic intrauterine infections alpha-thalassemia fetal umbilic...

Placental thickness

Placental thickness tends to gradually increase with gestational age in a linear fashion. Sonographically, this can be seen to be approximately 1 mm per week and the thickness of the placenta can be used to approximate gestational age: approximate gestational age (in weeks) = placental thicknes...

Nuchal cord

Nuchal cord is a term given to the situation where there are one or more loops of umbilical cord wrapped around the fetal neck for ≥360°. Epidemiology The prevalence is dependent on the extent of coiling and ranges from ~25% for a single loop to 2.5% for a double loop to ~0.5% for more than tw...

Persistent right umbilical vein

A persistent right umbilical vein (PRUV) is an uncommon vascular anomaly which is often detected in utero. Epidemiology The estimated prevalence is ~2 per 1000 births 1,2. Pathology In the normal situation, the right umbilical vein begins to obliterate in the ~4th week of gestation and disap...

Clear cell ovarian carcinoma

Clear cell carcinoma of the ovary is a subtype of malignant ovarian epithelial tumor. Epidemiology They represent ~2-5% of all ovarian carcinomas and ~4-12% of epithelial ovarian neoplasms. The mean age at presentation is ~10 years younger than for other ovarian epithelial tumors (peak ~55 yea...

Lethal multiple pterygium syndrome

Lethal multiple pterygium syndrome (LMPS) is a lethal subtype of the multiple pterygium syndrome. Epidemiology Associations polyhydramnios congenital cardiac anomalies 10 omphalocele 7 Pathology It is primarily characterized by the presence of pterygia (or wings) present in two or more bo...

Primary fetal hydrothorax

Primary fetal hydrothorax (PFHT) is a rare entity that refers to a primary accumulation of fetal pleural fluid without any underlying abnormality. It can present with a wide spectrum of severity and can be uni or bilateral. Epidemiology The estimated prevalence is at ~ 1:10,000-15,000 pregnanc...

Low-lying placenta

Low-lying placenta occurs when the placenta extends into the lower uterine segment and its edge lies too close to the internal os of the cervix, without covering it. The term is usually applied when the placental edge is within 0.5-5.0 cm of the internal cervical os 1. Some alternatively give th...

Fryns syndrome

Fryns syndrome (FS) is a rare congenital disorder which can have significant phenotypic variability but is primarily characterized by cranio-facial anomalies, diarphagmatic defects and distal limb anomalies. Epidemiology Incidence is estimated at 1:15,000 live births. Clinical presentation T...

Meconium pseudocyst

Meconium pseudocyst formation is a complication that can occur with meconium peritonitis. Pathology It occurs when the extruded meconium becomes walled off within the peritoneal space. Radiographic features Plain radiograph May be seen as a rim calcified mass within the abdomen. Antenatal ...

Ovarian cystadenocarcinofibroma

An ovarian cystadenocarcinofibroma (CACF) is an extremely rare ovarian tumor. The tumor has a fibrous component is considered as the malignant counterpart of an ovarian cystadenofibroma (CAF) 1. There is very little literature on the imaging findings of these.

Ovarian cystadenofibroma

Ovarian cystadenofibromas are a relatively uncommon benign epithelial ovarian tumor where the fibrous stroma remains a dominant component of the neoplasm. As a group, they are thought to represent ~1.7 % of all benign ovarian tumors 3. Pathology Lesions can be bilateral in ~15% of cases. Altho...

Sirenomelia

Sirenomelia (also known as the mermaid syndrome) is a rare congenital malformation characterized by the fusion of lower limb structures. Epidemiology The estimated incidence is at ~1 in 60,000-70,000 of pregnancies 9. There may be greater male predilection (somewhat paradoxical given the usage...

Endometrioid carcinoma of the ovary

Endometrioid carcinomas of the ovary are a subtype of epithelial ovarian tumors. The vast majority are malignant and invasive. On imaging, they are usually characterized as complex, non-specific solid-cystic masses, and are associated with endometriosis. Epidemiology Endometrioid carcinomas a...

Ovarian follicular cyst

An ovarian follicular cyst is type of simple physiological ovarian cyst. Terminology The terms "ovarian cyst" and "ovarian follilcular cyst" are often used interchangeably. These two terms describe lesions >3 cm, and it is important to differentiate them from an "ovarian follicle" which is <3 ...

Ovarian fibromatosis

Ovarian fibromatosis (OF) refers to a rare benign phenomenon where there is tumor-like ovarian enlargement due to diffuse ovarian fibrosis. Epidemiology It may have a predilection towards younger pre-menopausal females (age range around 13-39 years) with a mean age of presentation of 25 years ...

Meigs syndrome

Meigs syndrome is defined as the presence of ascites and pleural effusion in association with a benign, usually solid ovarian tumor, most commonly an ovarian fibroma. Epidemiology Most presentations occur in post-menopausal women with a peak incidence at ~70 years old. It is extremely rare in ...

Triploidy

Triploidy is a rare lethal chromosomal (aneupliodic) abnormality caused by the presence of an entire extra chromosomal set. Epidemiology It is considered the 3rd commonest fatal chromosomal anomaly 7. While it is thought to affect as much as 1-2% of conceptions, the vast majority are thought ...

Adenoma malignum of the cervix

Adenoma malignum of the cervix, also referred to as minimal deviation carcinoma / minimal deviation adenocarcinoma, is considered a rare variant of cervical mucinous adenocarcinoma. Epidemiology It is thought to represent ~1-3% of all cervical adenocarcinomas. It can present in a wide age gro...

Ovarian serous tumors

Ovarian serous neoplasms are the commonest of four general types of the epithelial ovarian tumors, and are more prevalent than the mucinous ovarian tumors. Serous ovarian neoplasms are subdivided into benign, borderline, and malignant lesions according to their malignant potential and clinical ...

Ovarian mucinous cystadenoma

Mucinous cystadenoma of the ovary is at the benign end of the spectrum of mucin-containing epithelial ovarian tumors. Epidemiology The estimated peak incidence is at around 30-50 years of age. They comprise approximately 80% of mucinous ovarian tumors and 20-25% of all benign ovarian tumors....

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