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Ovarian serous tumors

Ovarian serous neoplasms are the commonest of four general types of the epithelial ovarian tumors, and are more prevalent than the mucinous ovarian tumors. Serous ovarian neoplasms are subdivided into benign, borderline, and malignant lesions according to their malignant potential and clinical ...

Ovarian mucinous cystadenoma

Mucinous cystadenoma of the ovary is at the benign end of the spectrum of mucin-containing epithelial ovarian tumors. Epidemiology The estimated peak incidence is at around 30-50 years of age. They comprise approximately 80% of mucinous ovarian tumors and 20-25% of all benign ovarian tumors....

Paraovarian cystadenoma

Paraovarian cystadenoma is a usually benign adnexal tumor that does not arise from the ovary. There is an association with Von Hippel Lindau syndrome. Radiographic features Pelvic ultrasound typically seen as a unilateral cystic adnexal lesion may be a simple cyst, or contain solid nodular a...

Hydrosalpinx

Hydrosalpinx is a descriptive term and refers to a fluid-filled dilatation of the fallopian tube. If the fluid is infected, i.e. pus, then it is a pyosalpinx, if bloody, then hematosalpinx. Clinical presentation Patients may be asymptomatic or may present with pelvic pain or infertility. Path...

Ovarian fibroma

Ovarian fibromas are benign ovarian tumors of sex cord/stromal origin. Although fibromas account for ~4% of all ovarian neoplasms, they are the most common sex cord ovarian tumors. Epidemiology Fibromas occur at all ages but are most frequently seen in middle-aged women. Associations They ar...

Paraovarian cyst

Paraovarian cysts are remnants of Wolffian duct in the mesosalpinx that do not arise from the ovary. They account for ~10-20% of adnexal masses 3,4. Terminology Paraovarian cysts are also sometimes referred to as paratubal cysts or hydatid cysts of Morgagni 14. Epidemiology They typically oc...

Primary vaginal carcinoma

Primary vaginal carcinoma, although being a rare overall, is still the 5th commonest gynecological malignancy. A primary vaginal carcinoma is defined as a neoplasm that arises solely from the vagina with no involvement of the external os superiorly or the vulva inferiorly, the importance of this...

Pulmonary hypoplasia

Pulmonary hypoplasia refers to deficient or incomplete development of parts of the lung. It can develop as a result of a number of other in utero anomalies. Epidemiology Pulmonary hypoplasia has been reported to affect 1.4% of all births 13 however the true prevalence is not well known. In cas...

Stenosis of the uterine cervix

Stenosis of the uterine cervix is the pathologic narrowing of the uterine cervix. The term cervical stenosis is clinically defined as cervical narrowing that prevents the insertion of a 2.5 mm wide dilator through the cervical os. Epidemiology One-fifth of patients have a history of exposure t...

Cervical stenosis (disambiguation)

The term cervical stenosis can refer to: stenosis of the uterine cervix bony cervical canal stenosis (cervical spinal stenosis)

Nabothian cyst

Nabothian cysts, also known as retention cysts of the cervix 11, are non-neoplastic cystic lesions that occur in relation to the uterine cervix. Terminology Nabothian is generally written without capitalization, i.e. "nabothian", and not "Nabothian", as it is an adjectival form derived from a ...

Cervical polyp

Cervical polyps are polypoid growths projecting into the cervical canal. They can be one of the most common causes of intermenstrual vaginal bleeding. Epidemiology Most patients are perimenopausal at the time of presentation, especially in the 5th decade of life. They are the most common mass...

Carcinoma of the cervix

Carcinoma of the cervix is a malignancy arising from the cervix. It is the third most common gynecologic malignancy (after endometrial and ovarian). Epidemiology It typically presents in younger women with an average age of onset at around 45 years. Risk factors human papillomavirus (HPV) 1...

Large for dates uterus

A large for date uterus is a clinical observation based on uterine fundal height, which may result in referral for ultrasound assessment, usually in mid to late pregnancy. Pathology Etiology incorrect dates constitutionally large fetus multiple pregnancy fetal macrosomia polyhydramnios u...

Proboscis

Proboscis is a rare congenital anomaly where an anterior appendage-like structure is seen projecting from the midline fetal face/forehead. Depending on the exact location, this has further been classified into various subtypes (e.g. interorbital proboscis). Pathology Associations The presence...

Maternal hydronephrosis in pregnancy

Maternal hydronephrosis in pregnancy often results as a physiological phenomenon due to the presence of the fetus. Epidemiology It is estimated that up to 90% of women have some degree of asymptomatic dilatation of the renal calyces, the renal pelves and the upper two-thirds of the ureters du...

Ovarian cancer (staging)

The most commonly adopted ovarian cancer staging system is the FIGO staging system. The most recent staging system is from 2014 1: CT is considered the best imaging modality for staging ovarian cancer 4. stage I: tumor limited to the ovaries stage Ia: tumor limited to one ovary capsule i...

Sandal gap deformity

A sandal gap deformity, also known as hallux varus, is an imaging observation in antenatal ultrasound (typically second trimester) where there is an expanded first interspace, i.e. the gap between the great toe of the foot from the rest of the toes (likened to the gap caused by a sandal). Whil...

Theca lutein cyst

Theca lutein cysts, also known as hyperreactio luteinalis, are a type of functional ovarian cyst. They are typically multiple and seen bilaterally. Epidemiology Associations They have a very high association with gestational trophoblastic disease. Other reported associations include: multif...

Placental site trophoblastic tumor

Placental site trophoblastic tumors (PSTT) are rare and one of the least common (~0.2% 7) forms of gestational trophoblastic disease. Epidemiology Placental site trophoblastic tumors typically occur in women of reproductive age with an average age of ~30 years. They may occur after a normal pr...

Invasive mole

Invasive mole is a tumorous growth associated with gestation and falls under the spectrum of gestational trophoblastic disease. Due to their aggressive growth characteristics, invasive moles are considered locally invasive non-metastasizing neoplasms. Epidemiology An invasive mole develops in ...

Ovarian thecoma

Ovarian thecomas are benign ovarian tumors of sex cord / stromal (mesenchymal) origin. They are thought to account for approximately 0.5-1% of all ovarian tumors. As ovarian thecomas secrete estrogen, they are described as functional ovarian tumors. Epidemiology They typically present in older...

T-shaped uterus

T-shaped uterus refers to a specific radiographic appearance of the endometrial cavity. Pathology It is the most commonly associated abnormality from in utero diethylstilbestrol (DES) exposure, seen in 31% of exposed women. It is classified as a class VII Müllerian duct anomaly. Background D...

Molar pregnancy

Molar pregnancies, also called hydatidiform moles, are one of the most common forms of gestational trophoblastic disease. Epidemiology Molar pregnancies are one of the common complications of gestation, estimated to occur in one of every 1000-2000 pregnancies 3. These moles can occur in a pre...

Lymphoma of the uterine cervix

Lymphoma of the uterine cervix is generally uncommon and when it does occur tends to present as cervical involvement with added background multi-organ disease rather than isolated primary cervical lymphoma 1. It is often considered part of the spectrum of uterine lymphoma. Epidemiology In the ...

Cystic retroperitoneal lesions

Cystic retroperitoneal lesions carry a relatively broad differential, which includes: retroperitoneal lymphatic malformation retroperitoneal mucinous cystadenoma retroperitoneal cystic teratoma retroperitoenal cystic mesothelioma pseudomyxoma retroperitonei with cystic change perianal muci...

Physiological gut herniation

Physiological gut herniation is a natural phenomenon that occurs in early pregnancy. It usually occurs from around 6-8 weeks until 12-13 weeks in utero, after which the bowel returns to the abdominal cavity. Physiology It occurs as a result of the bowel (particularly ileum) growing faster tha...

Intravenous leiomyomatosis

Intravenous leiomyomatosis is characterized by the extension into venous channels of histologically benign smooth muscle tumor arising from either the wall of a vessel or from a uterine leiomyoma. Terminology Intravenous leiomyomatosis should not be confused with benign metastasizing leiomyoma...

Uterine choriocarcinoma

Uterine choriocarcinomas are one of the commonest choriocarcinomas and are often associated with gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD). Epidemiology Uterine choriocarcinomas typically occur in women of childbearing age as a gestational choriocarcinoma. Most such cases present within one yea...

Choriocarcinoma

Choriocarcinoma is an aggressive, highly vascular tumor. When it is associated with gestation, it is often considered part of the spectrum of gestational trophoblastic disease; it is then termed gestational choriocarcinoma. When it occurs in the absence of preceding gestation, it is termed non-g...

WHO classification of uterine tumors

The World Health Organization (WHO) classification of tumors of the uterine corpus is a commonly used classification system for uterine tumors. It is part of the 5th edition WHO classification of female genital tumors, published in 2020 1. Classification Endometrial epithelial tumors and prec...

Endometrial carcinoma

Endometrial carcinoma is generally considered the most common gynecological malignancy. It frequently presents with vaginal bleeding. Both ultrasound and pelvic MRI are useful modalities for evaluation. Epidemiology Endometrial carcinoma is the most common gynecological malignancy, with peak i...

Obstetric curriculum

The obstetric curriculum is one of our curriculum articles and aims to be a collection of articles that represent the core obstetric knowledge. Definition Topics pertaining to the normal and abnormal pregnancy, the gravid uterus and fetal environment, placenta, normal fetal development and fet...

Hemorrhagic ovarian cyst

Hemorrhagic ovarian cysts usually result from hemorrhage into a corpus luteum or other functional cyst. Radiographic features are variable depending on the age of the hemorrhage. They typically resolve within 8 weeks. Clinical presentation Patients may present with sudden-onset pelvic pain, p...

Endometrial polyp

Endometrial polyps are benign nodular protrusions of the endometrial surface, and one of the entities included in a differential of endometrial thickening. Endometrial polyps can either be sessile or pedunculated. They can often be suggested on ultrasound or MRI studies but may require sonohyste...

Endometrial stromal tumors

Endometrial stromal tumors (EST) are an uncommon group of tumors arising from endometrial stromal cells. They account for <2% of all uterine malignancies and 10% of all uterine sarcomas 7. Epidemiology Half occur in premenopausal women, with most patients presenting in the 5th decade. Clinica...

Endometrial atrophy

Endometrial atrophy is a response to a hypo-oestrogenic state. If it occurs after menopause it can be more specifically termed postmenopausal endometrial atrophy. Clinical presentation While most patients are asymptomatic, endometrial atrophy is one of the commonest cause of postmenopausal bl...

Uterine sarcoma

Uterine sarcoma is a malignant uterine tumor thats is composed of part or all sarcomatous (mesodermal) elements. They however account for a minority of all uterine malignancies (1-6% 3,4). Pathology Classification They can be broadly classified as pure or mixed 4: mixed carcinosarcoma of t...

Carcinosarcoma of the uterus

Carcinosarcomas of the uterus, previously known as malignant mixed Müllerian tumors (MMMT) of the uterus, are the most common (up to 50%) type of uterine sarcoma. They are thought to account for 2-8% of all malignant uterine cancers 1,2. The uterus is the most common site for carcinosarcomas of ...

Endometrial hyperplasia

Endometrial hyperplasia is an abnormal proliferation of the endometrial glands and stroma, defined as diffuse smooth thickening >10 mm 13. One of the major concerns is the potential malignant transformation to endometrial carcinoma. Epidemiology Endometrial hyperplasia affects women of all age...

Carcinosarcoma of the female genital tract

Carcinosarcomas of the female genital tract, previously known as malignant mixed Müllerian tumors (MMMTs), are uncommon malignancies that can occur anywhere along the female genital tract. Terminology Carcinosarcomas of the female genital tract were previously known as malignant mixed Mülleria...

Uterine leiomyosarcoma

Uterine leiomyosarcomas are malignant uterine tumors that arise from the myometrium. The uterus is the commonest location for a leiomyosarcoma. Epidemiology Typically, these tumors present in women in the 6th decade. They account for up to one-third of uterine sarcomas but only ~8% of all uter...

Peritoneal inclusion cyst

Peritoneal inclusion cysts, also known as peritoneal pseudocysts, are a type of cyst-like structure that appears in relation to the peritoneal surfaces and results from a non-neoplastic reactive mesothelial proliferation. Terminology The nomenclature for this condition can be confusing due to ...

Posterior urethral valves

Posterior urethral valves (PUVs), also referred as congenital obstructing posterior urethral membranes (COPUM), are the most common congenital obstructive lesion of the urethra and a common cause of obstructive uropathy in infancy. Epidemiology Posterior urethral valves are congenital and only...

Ovarian vein thrombosis

Ovarian vein thrombosis (actually most often thrombophlebitis) occurs most commonly in postpartum patients and can result in pulmonary emboli. A presentation is usually with acute pelvic pain in the postpartum period, then termed puerperal ovarian vein thrombosis or postpartum ovarian vein throm...

Benign metastasizing leiomyoma

Benign metastasizing leiomyomas (or leiomyomata) are a rare non-malignant metastatic phenomenon that may be observed with a pelvic leiomyoma. Epidemiology Women who have undergone hysterectomy for leiomyomas are most commonly affected. Associations diffuse peritoneal leiomyomatosis intraven...

Tamoxifen-associated endometrial changes

The oncological agent tamoxifen has pro-oestrogenic changes on the endometrium resulting in abnormal growth with an increased prevalence of: endometrial polyps: occurs in ~8-36% of women in treated 8 endometrial hyperplasia: occurs in ~1-20% of women treated ref cystic endometrial atrophy en...

Uterine rupture

Uterine rupture is a rare but nevertheless potentially catastrophic complication that can occur in pregnancy. Epidemiology The incidence rate in pregnancy is 0.05% 6. Clinical presentation Uterine rupture is usually an acute presentation with hemodynamic instability and abdominal discomfo...

Bartholin gland cyst

Bartholin gland cysts (often shortened to Bartholin cysts) are cysts of the Bartholin gland, found in the posterolateral inferior third of the vagina and are associated with the labia majora. Clinical presentation Most patients are asymptomatic 4. Complications infection: may turn into Barth...

Ovarian transposition

Ovarian transposition is a surgical procedure in which the ovaries are displaced from the pelvis before pelvic radiation therapy in order to protect them from radiation injury. It is performed in premenopausal women with a variety of pelvic malignancies (e.g cervical cancer, rectal cancer, and ...

HELLP syndrome

HELLP syndrome is a pregnancy-related condition and is an abbreviation for: haemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low platelets It is considered a severe and life-threatening form of pre-eclampsia although it can occur without co-existing pre-eclampsia. Epidemiology The estimated inciden...

Retained products of conception

Retained products of conception (RPOC) refer to the persistence of placental and/or fetal tissue in the uterus following delivery, termination of pregnancy or a miscarriage. Epidemiology RPOC complicates ~2.5% (range 1-5%) of all routine vaginal deliveries 12. According to one prospective st...

Gartner duct cyst

Gartner duct cysts develop from embryologic remnants of the Wolffian (mesonephric) duct. They are often noticed incidentally on ultrasound or MRI. Epidemiology Associations Gartner duct cysts most often are isolated findings, but can also be associated with abnormalities of the metanephric ur...

Ovarian ectopic pregnancy

Ovarian ectopic pregnancies are rare when compared to other types of ectopic pregnancy such as tubal ectopic. Epidemiology The ovary is the anatomic site of less than 3% of ectopic pregnancies 5. Clinical presentation Patients present with abdominopelvic pain during the first trimester (usu...

Common calcifying metastases (mnemonic)

A simple mnemonic to recall a list of commonly calcifying metastases is: BOTOM Mnemonic B: breast cancer O: osteosarcoma T: papillary thyroid cancer O: ovarian cancer (especially mucinous) M: mucinous adenocarcinoma (especially colorectal carcinoma)

Neu-Laxova syndrome

Neu-Laxova syndrome is a lethal autosomal recessive multiple malformation syndrome with a heterogeneous phenotype. Clinical presentation The clinical spectrum can be quite wide and includes: dermal / cutaneous severe skin restriction ichthyosis decreased fetal movement marked intrauterine...

Salpingitis isthmica nodosa

Salpingitis isthmica nodosa (SIN), sometimes also referred to as perisalpingitis isthmica nodosa or diverticulosis of the fallopian tube, refers to nodular scarring of the fallopian tubes. In very early stages, the tubes may appear almost normal. As scarring and nodularity progress, the changes ...

Brenner tumor

Brenner tumors are an uncommon surface epithelial tumor of the ovary. It was originally known as a transitional cell tumor due to its histological similarity to the urothelium. Brenner tumors account for ~3% of ovarian epithelial neoplasms. They can very rarely occur in other locations, includin...

Uterine artery embolization

Uterine artery embolization (UAE) is an interventional radiological technique to occlude the arterial supply to the uterus and is performed for various reasons. History Uterine artery embolization has been practised for more than 20 years for controlling hemorrhage following delivery/abortion,...

Uterine lipoleiomyoma

Uterine lipoleiomyomas result from degeneration of smooth muscle cells in an ordinary leiomyoma and represent a rare benign tumor of the uterus 1. Epidemiology Lipoleiomyomas have a reported incidence of 0.03-0.20% and are typically found in postmenopausal patients with typical uterine leiomyo...

Asherman syndrome

Asherman syndrome, also known as uterine synechiae, is a condition characterized by the formation of intrauterine adhesions, which are usually sequela from injury to the endometrium, and is often associated with infertility. Epidemiology There is a tendency for the condition to develop soon af...

Noonan syndrome

Noonan syndrome (NS) is a genetically and phenotypically heterogeneous non-aneuploidic congenital RASopathy. Affected individuals can bear some clinical features similar to that of Turner syndrome. Epidemiology The estimated incidence is at ~1 in 1000-2500 10. As individuals have normal numbe...

Carcinosarcoma

Carcinosarcomas are highly malignant biphasic tumors with both carcinomatous (epithelial) and sarcomatous (bone, cartilage, or skeletal muscle) components. Pathology It can arise in many organs: lung 5: pulmonary carcinosarcoma esophagus 1: esophageal carcinosarcoma genitourinary tract 2 ...

Canal of Nuck

The canal of Nuck is an abnormal patent pouch of parietal peritoneum extending anteriorly from the round ligament of the uterus into the labia majora through the inguinal ring into the inguinal canal. Incomplete obliteration of this canal is known as a patent processus vaginalis and can result i...

Hydrocele of the canal of Nuck

Hydrocele of the canal of Nuck is a rare condition in female children caused by a failure of complete obliteration of the canal of Nuck 1. The canal of Nuck is an abnormal patent pouch of peritoneum extending anterior to the round ligament of the uterus into the labia majora 2. Incomplete oblite...

Urethral diverticulum

Urethral diverticula, or urethroceles, are focal outpouchings of the urethra. They should not be confused with a ureterocele of the distal ureter. Epidemiology Urethral diverticula occur far more frequently in women than in men and are estimated to occur in 1-6% of women, especially those with...

Hysterosalpingogram

A hysterosalpingogram (HSG) is a fluoroscopic examination of the uterus and the fallopian tubes, most commonly used in the investigation of infertility or recurrent spontaneous abortions. Indications infertility: to assess uterine morphology and tubal patency Contraindications pregnancy act...

Uterine leiomyoma

Uterine leiomyomas, also known as uterine fibroids, are benign tumors of myometrial origin and are the most common solid benign uterine neoplasms. Commonly an incidental finding on imaging, they rarely cause a diagnostic dilemma. Epidemiology They are clinically apparent in ~25% of women of re...

Gynecology curriculum

The gynecology curriculum is one of our curriculum articles and aims to be a collection of articles that represent the core gynecological knowledge. Definition Topics pertaining to the ovaries, uterus, vagina and associated stuctures, but excluding those specific to obstetrics and urinary syst...

Haematometrium

A haematometrium refers to retention of blood into the endometrial cavity due to obstruction at the level of the uterus, cervix, or vagina. Primary haematometrium occurs in young women, usually due to congenital anomalies such as an imperforate hymen or a non-communicating Müllerian duct. Secon...

Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome

Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome (MRKH), also known as Müllerian aplasia, is a congenital anomaly characterized by vaginal and uterine aplasia or agenesis 9. It is usually also associated with a spectrum of other genitourinary tract abnormalities. MRKH syndrome belongs to class I Mulleria...

Corpus luteal cyst

Corpus luteal (CL) cysts are a type of functional ovarian cyst that results when a corpus luteum fails to regress following the release of an ovum. When associated with pregnancy, it is the most common pelvic mass encountered within the 1st trimester. There is also some overlap with the term "he...

Cystic adenomyosis

Cystic adenomyosis is a rare variant of adenomyosis and is believed to be the result of repeated focal hemorrhages resulting in cystic spaces filled with altered blood products. Radiographic features MRI MRI is the most sensitive and specific imaging modality for this diagnosis and will demon...

Adenomyoma

An adenomyoma is a focal region of adenomyosis resulting in a mass, which is difficult to distinguish from a uterine fibroid, although in general the degree to which the contour of the uterus is distorted is less marked in adenomyosis 2. Additionally, the 'mass' is poorly defined and blends with...

Adenomyosis

Adenomyosis (or uterine adenomyosis) is a common uterine condition of ectopic endometrial tissue in the myometrium, sometimes considered a spectrum of endometriosis. Although most commonly asymptomatic, it may present with menorrhagia and dysmenorrhea. Pelvic imaging (i.e. ultrasound, MRI) may...

Perivascular epithelioid cell tumors (PEComas)

Perivascular epithelioid cells tumors (PEComas) are a group of related mesenchymal tumors and tumor-like conditions found in many locations. This group includes: angiomyolipoma (AML) clear cell "sugar" tumor of the lung lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) clear cell myomelanocytic tumor (CCMMT) ...

Tubo-ovarian abscess

Tubo-ovarian abscesses are one of the late complications of pelvic inflammatory disease. Epidemiology Risk factors Risk factors for tubo-ovarian abscesses include 15: previous pelvic inflammatory disease 16 intrauterine device multiple sexual partners diabetes mellitus immunosuppression ...

Mucocele (general)

A mucocele simply refers to accumulation and expansion of a structure by mucus 1. It occurs in a variety of locations which are discussed separately: paranasal sinus mucocele lacrimal mucocele 3 mucocele of the mastoid (rare) 4 mucocele of the oral cavity e.g. ranula, mucous retention cysts...

Ovarian torsion

Ovarian torsion, also sometimes termed adnexal torsion or tubo-ovarian torsion, refers to rotation of the ovary and portion of the fallopian tube supplying the vascular pedicle. It can be intermittent or sustained and results in venous, arterial and lymphatic stasis. It is a gynecological emer...

Squamous cell carcinoma (ovary)

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the ovary is extremely rare and usually arises in a mature cystic ovarian teratoma 2. As only parts of the lesion are composed of malignant tissue, it is difficult to diagnose malignant transformation of a teratoma preoperatively, unless invasion into adjacent st...

Teratoma

Teratomas are germ cell tumors that arise from ectopic pluripotent stem cells that fail to migrate from the yolk sac endoderm to the urogenital ridge during embryogenesis. By definition, they contain elements from all three embryological layers: endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm although frequentl...

Germ cell tumors

Germ cell tumors are found widely throughout the body and encompass a wide range of individual tumors. This article does not deal with any specific body locations. For detailed discussion please refer to the articles listed at the end of this page. Pathology Germ cell tumors arise from ectop...

Germ cell tumors (mnemonic)

A mnemonic for the differential diagnosis for germ cell tumors is: SECTE Mnemonic S: seminoma E: embryonal cell carcinoma C: choriocarcinoma T: teratoma E: endodermal sinus tumor (yolk sac tumor)

Parametrium

The parametrium is a band of fibrous tissue that separates the supravaginal portion of the cervix from the bladder. It extends on to its sides and laterally between the layers of the broad ligaments. The uterine artery and ovarian ligament are located in the parametrium. The parametrium is imp...

FIGO staging system

The FIGO staging systems are determined by the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (Fédération Internationale de Gynécologie et d’Obstétrique). In general, there are five stages: stage 0: carcinoma in situ (common in cervical, vaginal, and vulval cancer) stage I: confined to...

Endometrioma

Endometriomas, also known as chocolate cysts or endometriotic cysts, are a localized form of endometriosis and are usually within the ovary. They are readily diagnosed on ultrasound, with most demonstrating classical radiographic features. Epidemiology These occur in up to 10% of women of rep...

Corpus luteum

The corpus luteum (plural: corpora lutea) is a temporary endocrine structure involved in ovulation and early pregnancy. During ovulation, the primary follicle forms the secondary follicle and subsequently the mature vesicular follicle. At ovulation the follicle ruptures expelling the ovum into...

Rokitansky nodule

A Rokitansky nodule or dermoid plug refers to a solid protuberance projecting from an ovarian cyst in the context of mature cystic teratoma. It often contains calcific, dental, adipose, hair, and/or sebaceous components 1. This region has the highest propensity to undergo malignant transformatio...

Whirlpool sign (mesentery)

The whirlpool sign of the mesentery, also known as the whirl sign, is seen when the bowel rotates around its mesentery leading to whirls of the mesenteric vessels. Terminology The term whirlpool sign is used in other contexts: see whirlpool sign (disambiguation). Radiographic features It is...

Sacrococcygeal teratoma

Sacrococcygeal teratoma refers to a teratoma arising in the sacrococcygeal region. The coccyx is almost always involved 6. Epidemiology It is the most common congenital tumor in fetus 11 and neonate 3. The incidence is estimated at ~1:35,000-40,000. There is a recognized female predilection wi...

Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome

Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome (FHCS), or perihepatitis, is the inflammation of the liver capsule and overlying peritoneum associated with adhesion formation, without the involvement of the hepatic parenchyma. It is a chronic complication of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Epidemiology The preva...

Endometrial thickness

Endometrial thickness is a commonly measured parameter on routine gynecological ultrasound and MRI. The appearance, as well as the thickness of the endometrium, will depend on whether the patient is of reproductive age or postmenopausal and, if of reproductive age, at what point in the menstrual...

Krukenberg tumor

Krukenberg tumor, also known as carcinoma mucocellulare, refers to the "signet ring" subtype of metastatic tumor to the ovary. The stomach followed by colon are the two most common primary tumors to result in ovarian metastases, pursued by the breast, lung, and contralateral ovary. Epidemiology...

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