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Apheresis

Apheresis is an extracorporeal procedure in which the main components of blood (red blood cells, plasma, and plasma proteins) are separated and removed from the body. It is used as therapeutic measure for certain conditions. Radiological implications It is one of the indications of placement o...

Yttrium-90 ibritumomab tiuxetan

Yttrium-90 ibritumomab tiuxetan, also known by the trade name Zevalin (Acrotech Biopharma LLC, USA), is a theranostic radiopharmaceutical approved for the treatment of patients with relapsed or refractory low grade or follicular non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). More specifically, it is a radioimmunot...

Lederer-Brill disease

Lederer-Brill disease is an autoimmune hemolytic anemia with very variable clinical features 1. Clinical presentation It usually occurs in children with a recent history of infection. Symptoms and signs include 1: massive hemolysis resulting in anemia, jaundice, and hemoglobinuria fever le...

Nezelof syndrome

Nezelof syndrome is a hereditary primary immunodeficiency state caused by thymic dysplasia, lack of T cell function and normal levels of immunoglobulins. Epidemiology Nezelof syndrome is extremely rare. Clinical presentation Common clinical features include 4,5 failure to thrive metaphysea...

Congenital agammaglobulinemia

Congenital agammaglobulinemia, also known as Bruton disease or X-linked agammaglobulinemia, is a hereditary condition due to a mutation in the Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) gene located on the long arm of the X-chromosome. BTK is critical in the maturation of pre-B cells to mature B cells. Clini...

Prothrombin 20210 mutation

Prothrombin 20210 mutation is a prothrombotic hematological condition which predisposes individuals to thromboembolic events such as deep venous thrombosis cerebral venous thrombosis cerebrovascular events pulmonary embolism Epidemiology It considered the second most commonly inherited thr...

Splenic ultrasound

Splenic ultrasound is a non-invasive diagnostic imaging method that uses high-frequency sound waves to visualize and assess the size, shape, structure, and potential abnormalities of the spleen. Indication trauma: splenic injuries resulting from accidents, sports injuries, or any other form of...

Fat-containing splenic lesions

Fat-containing splenic lesions are rare, and the differential diagnosis is limited. Differential diagnosis Neoplastic splenic hamartoma 1 splenic myelolipoma 2 splenic lipoma splenic liposarcoma 3 splenic angiomyolipoma Non-neoplastic Non-mass and pseudo-lesions may also occasionally co...

Anti Sjögren syndrome related antigen antibodies

Anti Sjögren’s syndrome related antigen antibodies are a group of antibodies against autoantigens which include Ro/SSA anti-Ro52 anti-Ro60 La/SSB They are currently thought to be associated a number of autoimmune conditions. They were originally identified in patients with Sjögren syndrom...

Evans syndrome

Evans syndrome is an autoimmune condition with two or more cytopenias, usually caused by autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) and immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), with or without immune neutropenia. Epidemiology Evans syndrome is considered rare, with defining bicytopenias present in less than 5% ...

Disseminated histoplasmosis

Disseminated histoplasmosis, also known as progressive disseminated histoplasmosis, is a severe form of histoplasmosis infection typically seen in immunosuppressed patients, especially in the setting of HIV infection. It results from hematogenous dissemination of the infection, involving multipl...

Normal imaging examples

This article lists examples of normal imaging divided by body region and system. brain head and neck spine chest breast gastrointestinal genitourinary hepatobiliary upper limb lower limb pediatrics

VEXAS syndrome

VEXAS (vacuoles, E1 enzyme, X-linked, autoinflammatory, somatic) syndrome is a severe, treatment-refractory, monogenic, multiorgan, autoinflammatory condition with vasculitic and hematological complications. Epidemiology VEXAS syndrome is likely to be rare, but also likely to be underdiagnosed...

Bone marrow reconversion

Bone marrow reconversion generates a red bone marrow pattern that is in reverse to the normal red-to-yellow distribution. Pathology Bone marrow reconversion occurs when there is increased hematopoietic demand, which may be 1,2: physiological cigarette smoking obesity high endurance athlet...

Focal nodular marrow hyperplasia

Focal nodular marrow hyperplasia is a rare, benign condition where there is a localized conversion of red/hematopoietic from yellow/fatty bone marrow. Its main relevance is of having a pseudotumor appearance mimicking skeletal metastases on MRI 1. Pathology Location Most commonly located in t...

Cyanosis

Cyanosis (plural: cyanoses) is a physical sign represented by bluish discolouration of the skin. It indicates there is reduced oxygen bound to red blood cells in the bloodstream. Diagnosis of the underlying cause of cyanosis is based on a thorough history and physical examination. Pathology Et...

Notch sign (primary CNS lymphoma)

The notch sign refers to an abnormally deep depression at the tumor margin in contrast-enhanced MRI in primary CNS lymphoma 1. It is not an uncommon sign in primary CNS lymphoma and can be seen in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients. It suggests an irregular growth pattern as wel...

Birbeck granules

Birbeck granules refer to unusual rod-shaped structures specific to Langerhans cells. Their origin and function remain undetermined. Langerin is a crucial component within Birbeck granules. History and etymology Birbeck granules were first described by Michael S Birbeck in 1961 3. Related pat...

Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma

Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma (LPL) is an uncommon type of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. In this condition, the affected tissues (usually bone marrow) become infiltrated by small lymphocytes, plasmacytoid lymphocytes, and plasma cells. Some publications state this condition synonymous with Waldens...

Autoimmune hemolytic anemia

Autoimmune hemolytic anemia is a group of hemolytic anemias characterized by an antibody response to red blood cells. It can present as acute or chronic anemia. It can be idiopathic or can occur with other disorders. Several types have been described: warm-antibody type anemia (WAIHA) cold-a...

Peripheral T cell lymphoma

Peripheral T cell lymphoma is an uncommon, heterogeneous group of lymphoma. It can account for around 5-15% of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Terminology The word "peripheral" does not mean involvement in the extremities but refers to tumor cells that arise from lymphoid tissue outside of the bon...

Unicentric Castleman disease

Unicentric Castleman disease (UCD) is considered the more common form of Castleman disease and involves one or more enlarged lymph nodes in a single region of the body that demonstrates histopathologic features that have features of Castleman disease. A subset of patients can have systemic sympt...

Night sweats

Night sweats, also known as sleep hyperhidrosis, are a common clinical complaint and may herald malignancy, especially lymphoma, or infections. Patients typically report waking up in the night with sweating so severe that their clothes and bed sheets are soaked through ("drenching sweats") and n...

Blast crisis

A blast crisis or lymphoid blast crisis refers to the transition of chronic or accelerated phase chronic myeloid leukemia to acute leukemia. It is usually characterized by ≥30% blasts in the bone marrow or peripheral blood or development of extramedullary disease outside of the spleen Among p...

Felty syndrome components (mnemonic)

Felty syndrome is a rare condition that involves rheumatoid arthritis, decreased white blood cell count and spleen enlargement. A mnemonic to remember the basic components of Felty syndrome is: SANTA Mnemonic S: splenomegaly A: anemia N: neutropenia T: thrombocytopenia A: arthritis (rhe...

Thrombocytopenia causes (mnemonic)

A mnemonic to remember the commonest causes of thrombocytopenia is: PLATELETS Mnemonic P: platelet disorders (DIC, TTP, ITP) L: leukemia A: anemia T: trauma E: enlarged spleen L: liver disease E: ethanol T: toxicity (heparin, aspirin, chemotherapy, benzene) S: sepsis

Anion gap metabolic acidosis causes (mnemonic)

A mnemonic to remember the commonest causes of anion gap metabolic acidosis is: GOLDMARK Mnemonic G: glycols (ethylene glycol and propylene glycol) O: oxoproline L: L-lactate D: D-lactate M: methanol A: aspirin R: renal failure K: ketoacidosis

Platelets

Platelets, also known as thrombocytes, are an essential constituent of the cellular component of blood. They play a key role in normal hemostasis. Normal platelet levels in adult patients are 150-400 x 109/L. Physiology Platelets are tiny (2-4 μm) cells that lack nuclei 1-3. They are mass prod...

Immune thrombocytopenia

Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), historically known as idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, is an autoimmune disorder characterized by a decrease in platelet numbers to <100 x 109/L. In most cases it is a primary condition, i.e. no underlying cause is found. Terminology Historically, immune thro...

Hairy cell leukemia

Hairy cell leukemia is a rare and indolent form of small mature B-cell leukaemias. Epidemiology Its annual incidence is estimated at around 0.3 cases per 100 000, and the disease comprises 2-3% of all leukaemias. There is a recognized male predilection of around 4:1 with a median age of around...

Thrombocytosis

Thrombocytosis (plural: thrombocytoses) is a general term and is defined as a rise in platelet count to over two standard deviations above the normal range. Its exact quantitative definition is variable, but generally equates to a platelet count greater than 400-450x109 cells/L. Although there...

Bone lymphoma

Lymphoma of the bone may represent lymphoma that has originated within that bone itself i.e. primary, or metastasized there from another organ/tissue, i.e. secondary. Secondary forms of bone lymphoma are much more common than the primary bone form. primary osseous lymphoma secondary osseous ly...

Myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms

Myelodysplastic syndrome / myeloproliferative neoplasm (MDS/MPN) overlap syndromes refer to a group of chronic clonal myeloid malignancies in which there are features of both myelodysplastic syndrome and myeloproliferative neoplasm at the time of presentation. Entities that can fall into this g...

Years criteria for pulmonary embolism

The YEARS criteria is a diagnostic algorithm that determines the risk of pulmonary embolism (PE) derived from three items in the Wells score that are most predictive of PE1. Unlike the Wells score, it uses a variable D-dimer threshold based off clinical pre-test probability. The YEARS criteria i...

Bright band sign

The bright band sign is a sonographic sign found in the context of splenic infarction. It consists of highly hyperechoic linear-shaped bands within splenic infarct lesions of different ages 1. Histological examinations of spleens with the sign suggest it might be caused by preserved fibrous tr...

CD34

CD34 or hematopoietic progenitor cell antigen CD34 is an intercellular adhesion protein and cell surface glycoprotein and a frequently used marker of hematopoietic progenitor cells and endothelial cells. It is also expressed by many other non-hematopoietic cell types including multipotent mesenc...

Tumor lysis syndrome

Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) is an entity representing a constellation of laboratory and clinical derangements inclusive of: hyperuricemia hyperphosphatemia hypocalcemia and hyperkalemia It is considered an oncological emergency and can occur following treatment of malignancies with high cell...

Primary hypogammaglobulinemia

Primary hypogammaglobulinemia is a congenital/non-acquired form of hypogammaglobulinaemia and can be of heterogeneous etiology. The condition is characterized by low levels of serum immunoglobulins and impaired antibody responses. The majority of cases of primary hypogammaglobulinemia are repr...

Primary cutaneous lymphoma

Primary cutaneous lymphomas represent a group of extranodal non-Hodgkin lymphomas (T- or B-cell) primarily confined to the skin with no evidence of extracutaneous disease at the time of diagnosis (cf. secondary involvement of the skin). Mycosis fungoides is the most prevalent type of primary c...

Common variable immunodeficiency (hepatic manifestations)

Hepatic manifestations of common variable immunodeficiency are not uncommon and can be primarily related to nodular regenerative hyperplasia. For a general discussion of the underlying condition, please refer to the article on common variable immunodeficiency (CVID). Epidemiology General liv...

Agranulocytosis

Agranulocytosis refers to a situation where the absolute neutrophil count (ANC) falls to less than 100 neutrophils per microliter of blood. It predisposes to a very high risk of severe infection. Pathology It can be hereditary or acquired. hereditary: usually due to genetic mutations in the ...

Splenic histoplasmosis

Splenic histoplasmosis can manifest with splenomegaly and splenic hypoattenuation. It is more common in immunosuppressed patients (e.g. HIV/AIDS), particularly in endemic areas (e.g. central USA) 1,2. Healed splenic histoplasmosis is one of the causes of diffuse splenic calcifications 2. See a...

Hematinics

The hematinics are nutrients that are required by the body for erythropoiesis, i.e. the production of red blood cells 1,2. List of hematinics Clinically, the most important hematinics are vitamin B12, iron and folic acid because deficiency states of these three substances are much more common ...

Red blood cells

Red blood cells (RBCs), also known as erythrocytes (or rarely haematids), are cells that carry oxygen by means of hemoglobin, and form part of the cellular component of blood as it circulates throughout the body. These extremely common cells are typically made in the bone marrow in a process cal...

Lymphopenia

Lymphopenia (also known as lymphocytopenia, hypolymphemia and sublymphemia) is a deficiency of circulating lymphocytes 1. It may be either primary or secondary. Terminology The spelling lymphopaenia is erroneous and should never be used. Pathology Etiology Primary primary immunodeficienci...

Afibrinogenemia

Afibrinogenemia, also called congenital afibrinogenemia, is a rare autosomal recessive inherited blood disorder due to deficiency of the clotting protein fibrinogen. The disorder is associated with increased risk of spontaneous hemorrhage1. Epidemiology Afibrinogenemia has an estimated prevale...

Primary and secondary hemochromatosis (mnemonic)

A mnemonic to remember the radiological features of hemochromatosis is: P's for primary and S's for secondary Mnemonic Primary hemochromatosis P: parenchymal (liver, myocardium, thyroid and synovium) P: pancreas P: pituitary P: poor liver (organ dysfunction and malignancy) Secondary hemo...

Lymphatic system

The lymphatic system (also known as the lymphoid system or systema lymphoideum in Terminologia Anatomica) is the collective term given to the lymphatic vessels and lymphoid tissues in the body 1,4. Terminology Occasionally the lymphatic system is considered with the reticuloendothelial system ...

Episodic angioedema with eosinophilia

Episodic angioedema with eosinophilia (EAE), also known as Gleich syndrome, is a rare condition presenting as a self-limiting cyclic urticaria, fever, angioedema, weight gain and marked eosinophilia, with 3-4 weekly episodes 1. Epidemiology Episodic angioedema with eosinophilia is rare, only a...

Eosinophilia

Eosinophilia is defined as an abnormally high level of eosinophils in the blood, this is usually defined as >500 cells/μL (normal eosinophil level: <450 cells/μL). Hypereosinophilia is defined as >1500 cells/μL and is usually due to hematological malignancy 1,2. This article includes recommenda...

Lymphoid organ

The lymphoid organs represent sites in the body in which lymphocytes are concentrated. They are divided into primary and secondary lymphoid organs 1. Primary Primary lymphoid organs are responsible for the generation of new lymphocytes: bone marrow thymus Secondary Secondary (a.k.a. periph...

Lymph nodes

The lymph nodes (commonly shortened to nodes, and known as nodus lymphoideus in TA 4) collectively form one of the secondary lymphoid organs. Gross anatomy Macroscopically, a normal lymph node is a small ellipsoid structure, approximately 0.1 to 2.5 cm in maximal length 2,3. Nodes often posses...

Plasma cell leukemia

Plasma cell leukemia (PCL) is a rare and aggressive form of leukemia and plasma cell dyscrasia. It can be divided into primary (pPCL) and secondary (sPCL) following previously diagnosed multiple myeloma. It is also considered clinically and genetically distinct from multiple myeloma. Plasma cel...

B symptoms

The B symptoms (a.k.a. inflammatory symptoms) are a triad of systemic symptoms associated with more advanced disease and a poorer outcome in lymphoma 1,2: weight loss >10% unintentional decrease in body weight in the 6 months preceding the diagnosis fever: >38°C night sweats B symptoms are ...

Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALK+/ALK-)

Anaplastic large cell lymphomas (ALCL) are group of mature T-cell lymphoma first described in 1985 as a large-cell neoplasm with anaplastic morphology immunostained by the Ki-1 antibody, which recognizes CD30. The WHO classification of haematolymphoid tumors recognizes three distinct entities: ...

Splenic biopsy

Percutaneous splenic biopsy, using either ultrasound or CT guidance, is an accurate and reliable method of acquiring splenic tissue for histopathological assessment and has been proposed as an alternative for splenectomy in selected patients. Although the procedure has been historically feared ...

Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome

Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS) is a rare lymphoproliferative condition. Clinical presentation It presents with chronic lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and symptomatic multilineage cytopenias in an otherwise healthy child. Pathology It represents a failure of apoptotic mechanis...

Hemoglobin

Hemoglobin (Hb) is the oxygen-carrying molecule in red blood cells. Structure Hemoglobin is a tetrameric protein molecule composed of four subunits. Each subunit consists of an iron-containing cyclic heme component linked to a polypeptide chain, the polypeptides are together known as globin. E...

Hemoglobin SC disease

Hemoglobin SC (HbSC) disease is a hemoglobinopathy, and a common variant of sickle cell disease (SCD). There is coinheritance of one HbS gene and one HbC gene, resulting in a milder phenotype than full-blown sickle cell disease. It most commonly manifests with a proliferative retinopathy. Painfu...

Blood

Blood is a connective tissue usually found in a liquid phase; it comprises a fluid component called plasma (about 55% of the total volume), in which lies the cellular component, comprising several cell lineages, primarily the white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets. In an average adult ...

Diathesis

Diathesis (plural: diatheses) is a term used to describe a state in which there is an increased chance of something happening. Contemporaneously, the word is used as a synonym for the word predisposition; however the term predates a modern understanding of genetics or pathology 1. Most commonly...

Typical clinical manifestations of multiple myeloma (mnemonic)

The typical clinical manifestations of multiple myeloma can be recalled using the mnemonic: CRAB Mnemonic C: hypercalcemia R: renal failure A: anemia B: bone disease The CRAB mnemonic can help differentiate multiple myeloma from its precursor diseases - monoclonal gammopathy of undetermin...

Porphyria

Porphyrias are a group of rare metabolic diseases in which heme metabolism is altered. Epidemiology Porphyria is rare, with some forms being extremely rare. Estimates for the prevalence of the disease vary in the literature and could reflect differing geographic distribution and/or incomplete ...

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Epidemiology Associations Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma is sometimes associated with immunodeficiency, including acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Pathology Classification In the 2016 WHO classifica...

Concentric target sign (cerebral toxoplasmosis)

The concentric target sign is a typical sign of cerebral toxoplasmosis. It is seen on T2 weighted MR imaging as a deep parenchymal lesion showing a series of concentric rings with hyperintense and hypointense/isointense signals alternatingly. Strong perifocal edema is usually visible on T2/FLAIR...

Leishmaniasis

Leishmaniasis refers to zoonoses caused by parasites of the genus Leishmania. There are three main forms of leishmaniasis: visceral (also known as kala-azar or dum-dum fever) cutaneous mucocutaneous leishmaniasis Epidemiology Leishmaniasis is a truly global disease with a higher ...

Dyscrasia

Dyscrasia (plural: dyscrasias) was used historically in medicine to refer to an imbalance of the four bodily humors 1. It is now used as a synonym for disease, and is only found as part of the terms "blood dyscrasia" or "plasma cell dyscrasia". Blood dyscrasia refers to any disease of the blood...

White blood cell

White blood cells or leukocytes are one of the main cell types found in normal human blood. They are actually colourless (but appear white on light microscopy) and are divided into granular and non-granular types. Types of white blood cell: granular neutrophils eosinophils basophils non-gr...

Hypovitaminosis K

Hypovitaminosis K (also known as vitamin K deficiency) is caused by a lack of vitamin K in the body. Clinical presentation The main symptoms and signs are related to clotting dyscrasia as vitamin K is vital as a cofactor for the enzymatic activation of several key components of the clotting p...

Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene rearrangements

Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene rearrangements are known to occur in association with several tumors. The genes code for an enzyme called anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) or ALK tyrosine kinase receptor (also known as CD246) which is thought to play a role in brain development and exerts i...

Hepatosplenomegaly

Hepatosplenomegaly is simply the simultaneous presence of a pathologically-enlarged liver (hepatomegaly) and spleen (splenomegaly). Pathology Etiology Infection Many infections can produce a mild concurrent enlargement of the liver and spleen. This list is by no means exhaustive. viral EBV...

Vitamin B6 deficiency

Vitamin B6 deficiency (also known as hypovitaminosis B6) is rare, as the B6 vitamers are present in many commonly-consumed foodstuffs. It is most commonly seen in the context of chronic ethanol excess, although many other risk factors are known. In children, deficiency may manifest as seizures. ...

Lactate dehydrogenase

Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH or LD) is a key enzyme in most cells, catalyzing the reversible conversion of pyruvate to L-lactate. Its contemporaneous main clinical uses are limited primarily to the investigation of hemolysis, serous collections and as a tumor marker. Physiology L-lactate dehydro...

Gallbladder cholesterol polyps

Gallbladder cholesterol polyps are the most common subtype of gallbladder polyps, representing more than 50% of all polyps. They are frequently seen in middle-aged women and are benign lesions, with no malignant potential. For further details, please refer to the parental article on gallbladde...

Pyrexia

Pyrexia (or fever) is a clinical sign, indicated by an abnormally elevated core body temperature, which is defined by several medical societies as ≥38.3°C (≥≈101°F). The temperature elevation may be persistent or episodic. If the body temperature is greater than 41.5°C - a rare phenomenon - it i...

Leukemia (musculoskeletal involvement)

Musculoskeletal involvement of leukemia is not always apparent on imaging, although the disease is per se characterized by the bone marrow infiltration. Leukemia is a hematological neoplasm characterized by the overproduction of immature (blasts) or abnormally differentiated cells of the hemat...

Adenoid tonsil

The adenoid tonsils, or often just simply the adenoids (also known as the nasopharyngeal or pharyngeal tonsils), are paired foci of lymphatic tissue located on the superoposterior wall of the nasopharynx and form part of Waldeyer's ring.

Hereditary spherocytosis

Hereditary spherocytosis (HS) (also known as Minkowski-Chauffard disease 1) is a group of hemolytic anemias due to a genetic abnormality of the erythrocyte cell membrane resulting in spherocytes. The clinical spectrum is broad, from a subclinical state to severe transfusion-dependant anemia. Ep...

Leukemic cell lysis pneumopathy

Leukemic cell lysis pneumopathy, also referred to as acute lysis pneumopathy, refers to an acute respiratory failure that can occur in patients with leukemia after the initiation of chemotherapy, particularly in those with hyperleukocytosis. On imaging, it manifests with features of acute respir...

Therapy-related myeloid leukemia

Therapy-related myeloid leukaemias, also referred to as therapy-related myeloid neoplasms, occur as a late complication after cytotoxic therapies (e.g. chemotherapy, immunosuppressive therapy, and radiation therapy) performed to treat other conditions. They represent hematological malignancies w...

Acute myeloid leukemia

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML), also referred to as acute myelogenous leukemia, is a hematological malignancy characterized by the abnormal clonal proliferation of immature myeloid precursors (myeloblasts) or poorly differentiated cells of the hematopoietic system. It primary infiltrates the bone ...

Leukemia

Leukemia is a hematological neoplasm characterized by the overproduction of immature (blasts) or abnormally differentiated cells of the hematopoietic system in the bone marrow that often, but not always, extends into the peripheral blood. This article aims to provide an overview of leukemia as...

Neuroacanthocytosis syndromes

Neuroacanthocytosis syndromes (NAS), previously known collectively as Levine-Critchley syndrome, are characterized by basal ganglia degeneration, acanthocytosis, and normal serum lipoprotein. There are four core NAS: chorea-acanthocytosis (ChAc) McLeod syndrome (MLS) Huntington disease-like ...

Extranodal extension

Extranodal extension refers to the growth of a nodal cancer metastasis beyond the confines of the capsule of a lymph node into adjacent tissues. Less preferred synonyms include extranodal spread, extracapsular extension, or extracapsular spread. This finding holds prognostic implications. For e...

Chronic myeloid leukemia

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), also known as chronic myelogenous leukemia, is a myeloproliferative neoplasm characterized by the overproduction of granulocytes with fairly normal differentiation. Epidemiology The annual incidence is about 1 per 100,000 1,3. The typical age at presentation is ...

Lupus anticoagulant

Lupus anticoagulant refers to an immunoglobulin that binds to phospholipids and proteins associated with cell membranes. The name lupus "anticoagulant" is in fact a misnomer as it is a prothrombotic agent. Patients with lupus anticoagulant have a primary hypercoagulable state and a greater prope...

Primary hypercoagulable states

Primary hypercoagulable states are those situations where patients have laboratory (genetic) abnormalities resulting in clinical conditions that are associated with an increased risk of thrombosis (prothrombotic states) or have recurrent thrombosis without recognisable predisposing factors (thro...

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), also known as Marchiafava-Micheli syndrome or Strübing-Marchiafava anemia, is an acquired hematopoietic stem cell disorder whereby some of the red blood cells produced are defective and are susceptible to premature destruction by the immune system, lead...

Disseminated intravascular coagulation

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), also known as consumption coagulopathy or defibrination syndrome, refers to a systemic phenomenon of overactivation of coagulation and fibrinolysis resulting in widespread clots forming inside blood vessels. Clinical presentation Patients present w...

Magnetic resonance lymphangiography

Magnetic resonance lymphangiography (MRL) is an imaging technique used to visualize and map the lymphatic vessels. The technique is used for treatment planning in supermicrosurgical procedures, including lymphaticovenous anastomosis, lymphaticolymphatic bypass and vascularized lymph node transfe...

Copper deficiency

Copper deficiency (also known as hypocupremia) is unusual due to the ubiquity of copper in the normal diet. Epidemiology Copper deficiency is thought to be rare, but exact numbers are difficult to ascertain. Clinical presentation The typical presentation of copper deficiency mimics the more ...

Sideroblastic anemia

Sideroblastic anemia (also known as sideroachrestic anemia) is a rare cause of anemia characterized by the presence of ring sideroblasts rather than normal red blood cells in the bloodstream. Sideroblastic anemia is either congenital or acquired. Clinical presentation Symptoms and signs reflec...

Anemia

Anemia is the presence of reduced hemoglobin in the blood. Formally, the World Health Organizatiοn (WHO) defines anemia by the hemoglobin concentration in the blood according to age and sex 1: adult men: <130 g/L adult women: <120 g/L Values for pregnant women and children are differen...

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