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Cotswolds-modified Ann Arbor classification

The Cotswolds-modified Ann Arbor classification is a lymphoma staging classification system for both Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. They came about in 1988 following recommended modifications to the Ann Arbor staging system after a meeting in Cotswold, England. This classification h...

Lugano staging classification

The Lugano staging classification is the lymphoma staging system that is most commonly used in clinical practice currently. The categories for initial staging are defined in this article. See separate articles for the Lugano criteria for response assessment by PET-CT or by CT alone, as well as g...

Lugano classification (lesion measurement guidelines)

The Lugano classification is a lymphoma staging system resulting from recommended changes in 2011 to the Cotswolds modified Ann Arbor staging. This article outlines the lesion measurement guidelines for the system: Eligible lesions lymph nodes: the longest diameter in axial plane should be >1....

Lugano classification (PET-CT treatment response)

The Lugano classification is a lymphoma staging system for non-Hodgkin and Hodgkin lymphoma. This article outlines the classification's response to treatment based on PET-CT. Also included in the classification are staging and response to treatment based on CT. Scoring system The Lugano clas...

Lugano classification (response to treatment on CT)

The Lugano classification is a lymphoma staging system resulting from recommended changes in 2011 to the Ann Arbor staging with Cotswolds modifications. This article outlines the classification's response to treatment based on CT. Also included in the classification are staging and response to...

Lymphoma response to immunomodulatory therapy criteria (LYRIC)

The Lymphoma Response to Immunomodulatory Therapy Criteria (LYRIC) represents an adaptation of the Lugano classification for the evaluation of lymphoma after immune-based treatment. During immunomodulatory agents (e.g. checkpoint inhibitors) therapy, imaging findings suggestive of progressive d...

Necrobiotic xanthogranuloma

Necrobiotic xanthogranulomas are a rare form of cutaneous non-Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Epidemiology The condition occurs mostly in older adults 2. Clinical presentation Patients demonstrate cutaneous papules that develop into large, firm plaques, papules and nodules, which are often ye...

Histiocyte Society classification of histiocytoses

The Histiocyte Society classification of histiocytoses and neoplasms of macrophage-dendritic cell lineages is currently in its 2016 revision of the organization's initial classification system from 1987. Terminology Histiocytes are mononuclear phagocytes that reside in tissues, including macro...

Labeled imaging anatomy cases

This article lists a series of labeled imaging anatomy cases by body region and modality. Brain CT head: non-contrast axial CT head: non-contrast coronal CT head: non-contrast sagittal CT head: non-contrast axial with clinical questions CT head: angiogram axial CT head: angiogram coronal ...

Pulmonary artery stump thrombosis

Pulmonary artery stump thrombosis describes thrombus formation occurring at the site of the pulmonary arterial stump, a complication following lobectomy or pneumonectomy. It is usually discovered as an incidental finding on routine follow-up chest CT scans. Epidemiology The prevalence of pulmo...

Marginal zone lymphoma

Marginal zone lymphomas are a group of low grade non-Hodgkin lymphoma that arise from the marginal zone of B cell germinal follicles in lymph nodes. There are three types of marginal zone lymphomas depending on the site of origin, namely mucosa-accosiated lymphoid tissue (MALT), splenic and extr...

Capillary leak syndrome

Capillary leak syndrome is a situation characterized by the escape of blood plasma through capillary walls, from the blood vessels to surrounding tissues, muscle compartments, organs or body cavities. Clinical presentation The idiopathic form of the syndrome is characterized by three phases 1,...

Hand-foot syndrome (sickle cell disease)

Hand-foot syndrome, also simply referred to as dactylitis, is a self-limiting manifestation of a vaso-occlusive crisis in individuals with sickle cell anemia. Terminology Dactylitis is not a specific finding in sickle cell disease, therefore cautious usage is advised if one chooses to employ i...

Hemochromatosis (CNS manifestations)

Central nervous system manifestations of hemochromatosis are uncommon and can occur in either primary or secondary hemochromatosis. For a general discussion, and for links to other system specific manifestations, please refer to the article on hemochromatosis. Epidemiology Studies reporting p...

Factor V Leiden

Factor V Leiden is a primary hypercoagulable state due to a variant (mutated form) of human factor V (five). Factor V is one of several coagulation factors that assist in the clotting pathway. Epidemiology Heterozygous factor V Leiden may be present in around 5% of the European population and ...

Acute promyelocytic leukemia

Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APML) is a distinct subtype of acute myeloid leukemia. Pathology Genetics It is defined by a balanced translocation between chromosomes 15 and 17 resulting in fusion of the promyelocytic leukemia gene (PML) on chromosome 15 with the retinoic acid receptor alpha g...

Protein C deficiency

Protein C deficiency is a hypercoagulable state due to reduced activity or an absolute deficiency of protein C, an anticoagulant protein. Protein C deficiency increases the risk of venous thrombosis. Epidemiology The prevalence of protein C deficiency in the general population is around 1 per ...

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a malignant disorder of the bone marrow characterized by the proliferation of the lymphoid progenitor cells, typically of the B cell lineage. Epidemiology Acute lymphoblastic leukemia is the commonest form of childhood leukemia, accounting for ~80% of pedi...

Smoldering multiple myeloma

Smoldering multiple myeloma is a premalignant stage between monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) and multiple myeloma. Clinical presentation Similar to MGUS patients, smoldering multiple myeloma patients are asymptomatic. Diagnostic criteria The criteria for smoldering m...

Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance

Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) is the most common plasma cell disorder and refers to the presence of an abnormal monoclonal antibody in the blood but the absence of the overt bone marrow and clinical signs of multiple myeloma. Epidemiology MGUS is the most common pla...

Periprocedural anticoagulation

When planning an interventional procedure a patient’s coagulation status must be assessed and optimized to best balance the risk of bleeding and thrombosis. The following must be considered; bleeding risks associated with the procedure medications the patient is taking that alter coagulation o...

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), also known as Moschcowitz syndrome, is a rare but life-threatening condition characterized by thrombocytopenia, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (MAHA) and end-organ damage. Epidemiology The prevalence of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura is 1 in 1...

Hypogammaglobulinaemia

Hypogammaglobulinaemia is an immune disorder characterized by a reduction in all types of gammaglobulins. Terminology While hypogammaglobulinaemia means some loss of gammaglobulins, a total loss is termed agammaglobulinaemia which can occur as an X-linked form (X-linked agammaglobulinemia). ...

Eosinophil

Eosinophils, also less commonly known as acidophils, are myeloid granulocytes and form one of the main types of white blood cells. Their counts are routinely measured as part of a full blood count. They have important roles in fighting parasitic infections, but are increasingly recognized as hav...

Erythrocytosis

Erythrocytosis (or polycythemia) is the presence of an excessive number of red blood cells in the circulation. It can be primary or arise secondarily to another pathology. Terminology Absolute erythrocytosis is defined as a red cell mass which is >125% predicted for sex and age 2. Although th...

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is a non-specific marker of acute inflammation which is seen in a very wide spectrum of pathologies. In recent years it has been sidelined by the use of C-reactive protein and other acute phase markers but it still has an important role to play in the managem...

Primary effusion lymphoma

Primary effusion lymphoma is a rare form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (diffuse large B-cell lymphoma) characterized by malignant fluid accumulation in the absence of lymphadenopathy. Epidemiology Associations immunodeficiency states such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) infections inc...

Primary immunodeficiency states

The primary immunodeficiency states are a heterogenous group of disorders that occur when there is an impairment of humoral or cell-mediated immunity in the absence of any recognized precipitating cause such as drug therapy or infective agent such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Epidemio...

Splenic lymphoma

Splenic lymphoma, also termed as lymphomatous involvement of the spleen, represents the most common malignancy to involve the spleen. They are commonly secondary, rarely being primary (referred to as primary splenic lymphoma). This article focuses on the location-specific primary and secondar...

Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor of the spleen

Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors of the spleen are rare spindle cells tumors of indeterminate clinical behavior. Please refer to the article on inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors for a broad discussion on the subject. Radiographic features Ultrasound They usually present as a well define...

Pyrexia of unknown origin

A pyrexia of unknown origin, commonly shortened to PUO, and also known as a fever of unknown origin (FUO), was originally defined in 1961 as the condition in which the core body temperature is >38.3oC for a period of three weeks or more, with no diagnosis reached after one week of inpatient inve...

Protein S deficiency

Protein S deficiency is a hypercoagulable state associated with increased risk of venous thrombosis (up to 5% of patients with deep venous thrombosis may carry this deficiency). Epidemiology Protein S deficiency may be expected in ≈1 of every 500 people 3. Clinical presentation The spectrum ...

Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm

Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN) is a rare hematological malignancy. It was previously termed as blastic natural-killer lymphoma or agranular CD4+ natural killer cell leukemia. Epidemiology It only represent a very small proportion (~0.44%) of all hematological malignancies...

Catheter-directed thrombolysis

Catheter-directed thrombolysis (CDT) is an endovascular approach to the treatment of acute iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis. It involves the administration of a lytic agent directly into a thrombus. Indications precise diagnosis of iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis first episode of acute ili...

Diamond-Blackfan anemia

Diamond-Blackfan anemia (DBA) (previously known as congenital hypoplastic anemia) is the primary congenital form of pure red cell aplasia. It is a rare sporadic genetic form of anemia that typically presents in the first few years of life, and usually only affects cells of the erythroid lineage ...

Wells criteria for pulmonary embolism

The Wells criteria for pulmonary embolism is a risk stratification score and clinical decision rule to estimate the probability for acute pulmonary embolism (PE) in patients in which history and examination suggests acute PE is a diagnostic possibility. It provides a pre-test probability which, ...

AIDS-related diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

AIDS-related diffuse large B-cell lymphomas are one of the immunodeficiency-associated CNS lymphomas, and in Western countries represented a dramatic increase in primary CNS lymphoma during the HIV/AIDS epidemic of the 1980s, although the incidence is likely lower in patients treated with antire...

Widening of the diploic space

Widening of the diploic space refers to expansion of the cancellous (spongy) bone between the inner and outer tables of the calvaria. The diploic space is the medullary cavity of the skull, and a location of normal physiologic hematopoiesis in adults. Thus, expansion of this structure most commo...

Diffuse T1 bone marrow signal loss

Diffuse T1 vertebral bone marrow signal loss is associated with replacement of fatty marrow by edema or cellular tissue. Radiographic features MRI T1-weighted imaging without fat suppression is one of the most important sequences for distinguishing between normal and abnormal bone marrow. Ab...

Ommaya reservoir

Ommaya reservoir, also known as Ommaya shunt, is a device for the purpose of repetitive access to the intrathecal space, consisting of an intraventricular catheter connected to a reservoir (port) implanted beneath the scalp. It is used for intrathecal administration of medication such as chemoth...

Bing-Neel syndrome

Bing-Neel syndrome is an extremely rare neurological complication of Waldenström macroglobulinemia where there is malignant lymphocyte infiltration into the central nervous system (CNS). Epidemiology The exact incidence is unknown, however, in one study of patients with Waldenström macroglobul...

Perisplenitis

Perisplenitis is acute inflammation of the splenic capsule and its peritoneal covering. Epidemiology It is seen uncommonly but there is no data on its actual incidence. Clinical Presentation It is seen usually in young and middle-aged patients, with acute left hypochondrial or lower chest pa...

Extramedullary hematopoiesis in the adrenal gland

Extramedullary hematopoiesis in the adrenal gland is a rare physiologic compensatory event in many hematologic diseases. For a general discussion on this subject, please refer to the main article on extramedullary hematopoiesis. Epidemiology Extramedullary hematopoiesis in the adrenal gland i...

Hand-Schüller-Christian disease

Hand-Schüller-Christian disease is a clinically intermediate form of a spectrum of histiocytic disorders, which ranges from acute fulminant to chronic indolent disease. It primarily affects children, less often young adults, and rarely older adults. Hand-Schüller-Christian disease has been desc...

Hemoglobinopathies

A hemoglobinopathy is a genetic disorder which alters the structure of hemoglobin 1. The result is reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood to the tissues, and other sequelae. Clinical presentation Clinical presentation varies, is related to hypoxia, and characteristically includes the fo...

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a paradoxical thrombotic state resulting from an immune response to heparin. Terminology Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) are unrelated conditions. Epidemiology Occurs in 1:5000 patients who have received heparin, mo...

Von Willebrand disease

Von Willebrand disease (vWD) is the commonest inherited bleeding diathesis but may be acquired. Clinical presentation Bruising and mucosal bleeding are typical presentations, but there is a spectrum of severity. The more residual von Willebrand factor (vWF) a patient has, the less severe the b...

Vitamin K

Vitamin K is not a single compound but a family of fat-soluble vitamins essential for normal blood-clotting function and comprises two vitamers that are found naturally: phytomenadione (also known as phylloquinone or K1) and menaquinone (or K2). Menaquinone (K2) is synthesized by normal flora i...

Polycythemia vera

Polycythemia vera (older term: polycythemia rubra vera) is a myeloproliferative neoplasm that results in an excess of red blood cells in the bloodstream. Epidemiology The estimated prevalence is around 2-3 per 10,000 people. It typically presents in older individuals. There may be a slightly g...

Anatomy curriculum

The anatomy curriculum is one of our curriculum articles and aims to be a collection of articles that represent the core anatomy knowledge for radiologists and imaging specialists. General anatomy Neuroanatomy Head and neck anatomy Thoracic anatomy Abdominal and pelvic anatomy Spinal anat...

Histiocytic sarcoma

Histiocytic sarcoma is a rare malignant hematopoietic neoplasm that has been reported in association with other hematological malignancies (particularly B and T cell lymphomas). Pathology It comprises of tumor cells derived from the monocyte/macrophage lineage. Location It usually occurs in ...

Cryoglobulinaemic vasculitis

Cryoglobulinaemic vasculitis (CV) is a form of immune mediated primary vasculitis involving small to medium sized vessels. It may involve multiple organs and can have a range of clinical presentations. Terminology There are three main types of cryoglobulinaemia which are grouped, as per the Br...

Zebra spleen

Zebra spleen, also referred to as psychedelic spleen, tigroid splenic enhancement or more correctly inhomogeneous splenic enhancement, refers to the transient heterogeneous parenchymal enhancement of the spleen during the arterial or early portal venous phases of contrast enhancement in CT, MRI,...

Leukemic infiltration of liver

Leukemic infiltration of the liver can occur with several forms of leukemia inclusive of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL) and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Radiographic features CT Described features are non-specific but include: hepatomegaly periportal low att...

Essential thrombocythemia

Essential thrombocythemia (ET) is a myeloproliferative neoplasm characterized by an expansion of the megakaryocytic lineage, leading to an isolated elevation of platelets. It increases the risk of both thrombosis and hemorrhage. Pathology The disease has traditionally been a diagnosis of excl...

Osteosclerosing myeloma

Osteosclerosing (or osteosclerotic) myeloma is an uncommon form of multiple myeloma. It may manifest as multiple sclerotic lesions or areas of diffuse osteosclerosis 3. It once was considered in the same spectrum of plasma cell dyscrasias with polyneuropathy as POEMS syndrome but is now consider...

Immunity

The human body regularly encounters harmful micro-organisms, and because of this it has developed a system of defenses to help identify and eliminate infective pathogens in the body, known as immunity, executed by the immune system. This system also contributes to antioncogenic mechanisms. Type...

T-prolymphocytic leukemia

T-prolymphocytic leukemia (T-PLL) is a rare and unusual hematological malignancy. Terminology In the most recent version of the WHO classification, this is referred to as T-prolymphocytic leukemia rather than T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia. Epidemiology It represents around 2% of all mature ...

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (abdominal complications)

Abdominal complications of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation can occur early (0-100 days) or late (>100 days) post-transplant. Complications Early bacterial infections, e.g. pseudomembranous colitis fungal infections, often affecting the esophagus or as hepatic/splenic microabscesses ...

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) (encompasses bone marrow transplantation (BMT)) is a relatively common procedure used to treat a wide spectrum of conditions 1,2: lymphoproliferative disorders, e.g. multiple myeloma (most common indication), lymphoma, leukemia solid tumors, e.g...

Hypersensitivity reaction

Hypersensitivity reactions are the immunological response to both exogenous and endogenous antigens, and form the basis for many diseases. Pathology Classification Using the Gell and Coombs' classification, there are four types of hypersensitivity reactions, each mediated by a different mech...

Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome

Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is a rare immunodeficiency disease. Epidemiology The incidence currently quoted is approximately 4 per million live male births, although there can be regional variation. Rarely occurs in females. Associations splenic hamartoma infantile cortical hyperostosis ...

Splenic granulomatous disease

Splenic granulomatous disease refers to sequelae arising from granulomatous infection-inflammation of the spleen. They are a result of: infective splenic tuberculosis splenic histoplasmosis splenic brucellosis non-infective splenic sarcoidosis Radiographic features General In latent s...

Trousseau syndrome

Trousseau syndrome is an inconsistently defined entity which broadly represents the association between thromboembolism and malignancy, often prior to or concomitantly with the diagnosis of the underlying malignancy 1. The syndrome has been variably defined to include entities such as migratory...

Neurolymphomatosis

Neurolymphomatosis is a rare cause of neuropathy due to infiltration of the peripheral nervous system by a hematologic malignancy, in the great majority a B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. It should be differentiated from non-tumor neuropathies associated with lymphoma, such as irradiation, chemothe...

Reed-Sternberg cells

Reed-Sternberg cells are a classical finding diagnostic of Hodgkin lymphoma. They are giant, multinucleated cells with abundant pale cytoplasm. Reed-Sternberg cells are rare, making up <1% of lymphoid tissue, with the background consisting of lymphocytes, plasma cells, eosinophils and macrophages.

Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia

Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) is a relatively rare clonal hematologic disorder. In the World Health Organizatiοn classification, it is listed as a disorder with features of both myelodysplastic syndromes and myeloproliferative neoplasms. Clinical presentation Can be variable but many ...

Leukemia (CNS manifestations)

Leukemia CNS manifestations can be divided into those related to the disease itself and those associated with its treatment. Leukaemias are hematologic malignancies in which there is a proliferation of hematopoietic cells at an undifferentiated or partially differentiated stage of maturation. C...

Hyperimmunoglobulin IgE syndrome

Hyperimmunoglobulin E (hyper IgE) syndrome (HIES), also known as Job syndrome, consists of a heterogeneous group of complex hereditary combined B- and T-cell immune deficiency diseases characterized by recurrent Staphylococcus aureus chest infections, characteristic coarse facial appearance and ...

Richter transformation

Richter transformation is defined as the development of high-grade non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) or small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL). It has been expanded to include other lymphoid malignancies that develop in CLL patients, including Hodgkin dise...

Small lymphocytic lymphoma

Small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL) is a non-Hodgkin lymphoma affecting the B-lymphocytes of the immune system. This condition is now considered different manifestations of the same disease process as chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). On imaging, they are mostly depicted as lymphadenopathy. Pa...

Normal hepatobiliary imaging examples

This article lists examples of normal imaging of the liver and biliary tree and surrounding structures, divided by region and modality. Liver Plain radiographs liver silhouette: example Ultrasound liver ultrasound example 1 with shear wave elastography liver Doppler ultrasound: example ne...

Normal gastrointestinal tract imaging examples

This article lists examples of normal imaging of the gastrointestinal tract and surrounding structures, divided by modality. Plain radiograph abdominal film example 1 example 2: erect and supine example 3: pediatric example 4: pediatric example 5: young adult male Barium studies barium ...

Intravascular lymphoma

Intravascular lymphoma (IVL), also known as intravascular lymphomatosis or intravascular large cell lymphoma or intravascular large B-cell lymphoma, corresponds to a rare variant of extranodal diffuse large B cell lymphoma that affects small and medium-sized vessels and has no specific clinical ...

Antithrombin III deficiency

Antithrombin (AT) III deficiency (now simply called antithrombin deficiency) refers to a congenital lack of the endogenous anticoagulant antithrombin. Epidemiology Antithrombin deficiency is considered the least common of the three main anticoagulant deficiencies (the other two being protein C...

Leukostasis

Leukostasis, also known as symptomatic hyperleukocytosis, is a medical emergency in patients with leukemia, particularly acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and in the blast phase of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), characterized by the over-accumulation of leukemic cells within the small vessels. Altho...

Engraftment syndrome

Engraftment syndrome (ES) refers to a potential early complication of haematopoetic stem cell transplantation. It is thought to be related to increased capillary permeability and comprises of a combination of symptoms and signs which include fever erythrodermatous skin rash noncardiogenic pul...

Hemolytic uremic syndrome

Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is a multisystem thrombotic microangiopathic disease characterized by the triad of renal failure, hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia. It is the most common cause of renal failure in infancy and childhood requiring dialysis. There are two forms of this syndrom...

Angioimmunoblastic T cell lymphoma

Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL) (previously known as angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy with dysproteinemia (AILD)) is a rare, aggressive (fast-growing) form of peripheral T-cell lymphoma. It only accounts for around 1-2% of all non-Hodgkin lymphoma. It is one of the more common subtyp...

Splenic metastases

Splenic metastases are relatively rare on imaging, although they are more commonly found on autopsy. Typically they are part of a widespread metastatic disease. Epidemiology The rate of splenic metastases varies between 1-10% of autopsy studies, depending on whether microscopic or macroscopic ...

Retrorenal spleen

Retrorenal spleen refers to variant position of the spleen, when its inferior portion lies posterior to the upper pole of the left kidney. This normal variant occurs in ~20% of patients, with the finding more common in patients who lie supine 1. Recognition of this variant is important to avoi...

Hypersplenism

Hypersplenism is a cytopenia resulting from blood pooling in the spleen and is almost always associated with splenomegaly. Pathology Etiology There is an almost overwhelming list, some more common causes are given below 1,3,4: congestive splenomegaly: cirrhosis, Budd-Chiari syndrome, portal...

Splenic artery embolization

Splenic artery embolization is an endovascular technique for treatment of splenic and splenic artery pathology as an alternative to splenic artery ligation or splenectomy. It often results in successfully treating the underlying pathology, while maintaining at least partial splenic function. I...

Leukemia (testicular manifestations)

Leukemia testicular manifestations, or testicular leukemia, can be seen in patients during and after acute leukemia. The blood-testis barrier limits chemotherapy from reaching the testis, and therefore the testis can act as a sanctuary for leukemic cells. typically presents with painless testic...

Infectious mononucleosis

Infectious mononucleosis (also known as glandular fever) is the term for infection with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). The infection classically occurs in teenagers and young adults, hence its popular name kissing disease. It is usually a clinical diagnosis, with confirmation by serum testing, but ma...

Hepatic myeloid sarcoma

Hepatic myeloid sarcomas, also referred to as hepatic granulocytic sarcoma or hepatic chloromas, are rare neoplasms comprised of myeloid precursor cells happening in the liver. They are a unique presentation of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Please refer to the main article on myeloid sarcoma/c...

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is a neoplasm of the lymphoid tissues originating from B cell precursors, mature B cells, T cell precursors, and mature T cells. It includes all types of lymphomas apart from Hodgkin lymphoma. See the WHO classification of haematolymphoid tumors for further informatio...

Large bowel lymphoma

Large bowel (colorectal) lymphoma is a very rare tumor, accounting for <0.5% of primary colorectal malignancies, ~1.5% of all lymphomas, and ~15% of gastrointestinal lymphomas. Large bowel lymphoma differs from gastric and small bowel lymphoma in clinical presentation, management, and prognosis....

Secondary hepatic involvement with lymphoma

Secondary hepatic involvement with lymphoma (secondary hepatic lymphoma) is common, much more so than primary hepatic lymphoma. Clinical presentation Hepatomegaly with deranged liver function tests is the most common presentation. Jaundice is common. Rarely, patients may present with acute li...

MALT lymphoma

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma, sometimes shortened to MALToma, is a type of low-grade extranodal lymphoma. Terminology In the 5th edition of the WHO classification of haematolymphoid tumors, it is a mature B-cell neoplasm termed extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-a...

Secondary involvement of the bone with lymphoma

Secondary involvement of the bone with lymphoma, also referred as secondary bone lymphoma, is much more common than primary bone lymphoma, occurring in ~15% of disseminated lymphomas. Terminology Secondary bone lymphoma is defined as lymphoma involving the bone with nodal disease occurring wit...

Primary bone lymphoma

Primary bone (skeletal/osseous) lymphoma (PBL) is a less common manifestation of lymphoma than secondary involvement from disseminated lymphoma. It is rare, accounting for <5% of bone tumors and <1% of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Terminology PBL is defined as the presence of lymphoma isolated to one...

Muscle lymphoma

Muscle lymphoma is a rare manifestation of lymphoma. Epidemiology Muscle lymphoma is rare, representing <2% of all lymphomas. The average age of presentation is 70 years 1. Clinical presentation Focal swelling and/or pain along with B-type symptoms 2. Any muscle can be involved but most comm...

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