Articles

Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and edited by countless contributing members over a period of time. A global group of dedicated editors oversee accuracy, consulting with expert advisers, and constantly reviewing additions.

Create new article

1,924 results found

Barosinusitis

Barosinusitis, also known as sinus barotrauma or aerosinusitis, refers to inflammatory changes that affect the paranasal sinuses due to alterations in atmosphere pressure, with uncompensated pressure changes within the sinonasal cavities. Epidemiology Barosinusitis is most common in aviation t...

Catel-Manzke syndrome

Catel-Manzke syndrome is a digitopalatal syndrome initially described in 1961. Inheritance pattern is unknown. Radiographic findings include micronagthia and accessory ossicles at the bases of the metacarpals.

Orbital lymphangioma

Orbital lymphangiomas, also known as orbital venous lymphatic malformations, are congenital benign orbital vascular malformations composed of variable venous and lymphatic components. Epidemiology Orbital lymphangiomas are common in children. Clinical presentation orbital swelling and propto...

Root of tongue

The root of tongue is the deeper anatomical part of the tongue contained in the oral cavity. The term root of tongue should not be confused with the base of tongue, which is part of the oropharynx and is the posterior third of the tongue, posterior to the circumvallate papillae. Terminology ...

Uvula (disambiguation)

The uvula (plural: uvulae or uvulas) may refer to several different anatomical structures. When used as a standalone term it is usually understood to refer to the soft palate uvula. uvula (soft palate) uvula (cerebellum) uvula (male bladder) History and etymology Uvula is Latin for 'little ...

Tympanostomy tube insertion

Tympanostomy tube insertion is a surgical procedure in which a tiny tube is inserted in the tympanic membrane, to bypass Eustachian tube dysfunction and to relieve persistent middle ear effusion. Epidemiology Tympanostomy tube insertion is the most frequent pediatric ambulatory surgery perform...

Myringosclerosis

Myringosclerosis refers to the calcification and thickening of the tympanic membrane. Terminology It is similar but not entirely synonymous with the term tympanosclerosis where myringosclerosis, the calcium deposition is primarily on the eardrum where as is tympanosclerosis, calcium deposition...

Frontoethmoidal mucocele

A frontoethmoidal mucocele is a paranasal sinus cyst-like lesion (mucocele) lined with respiratory mucosa. The frontal and frontoethmoidal regions are reportedly the most common locations for paranasal sinus mucocele formation 1. They are thought to arise from obstruction of normal sinus drainag...

Retrotympanum

The retrotympanum is the posterior compartment of the middle ear cavity (posterior to the tympanic annulus) and contains a number of important recesses. Gross anatomy The midline of the retrotympanum is defined by the pyramidal eminence and styloid eminence 1. The pyramidal eminence is the mos...

Fossula post fenestram

The fossula post fenestram is a sac-like evagination of connective tissue within the otic capsule just posterior to the oval window. The region around the fossula is one of the less common areas of predilection for otosclerosis. It arises from the vestibule and is thus one of three extensions o...

Sphenoidotomy

A sphenoidotomy refers to a surgical procedure when the natural ostium of sphenoid sinus is enlarged in varying degrees. They can be part of functional endoscopic sinus surgery (for sinus disease) and also performed in the case of an endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal surgery (e.g. for surgic...

Rudimentary otocyst

Rudimentary otocyst, or otocyst deformity, is a type of congenital inner ear malformation characterized by a small otic capsule remnant not connected to the brainstem. Clinical presentation These ears show profound sensorineural hearing loss 1. Pathology Rudimentary otocyst represents an ano...

Hyoid bone fracture

Hyoid bone fractures are rare and are most commonly associated with victims of strangulation and hanging. Occasionally it has been reported in trauma other than manual strangulation. It can sometimes be serious due to complications with asphyxia 2. Classification One described method is as: i...

Gardner fibroma

Gardner fibromas or Gardner associated fibromas are benign fibrous plaque-like soft tissue masses formed by a haphazard arrangement of collagen fibers usually associated with familial adenomatous polyposis. Terminology The term 'desmoid precursor lesion' is now discouraged 1. Epidemiology Ga...

Uvula

The uvula is a small, conical, pendulous process projected inferiorly from the midline posterior margin of the soft palate. It is primarily formed from the insertions of the two muscles of the uvula and their covering mucosa. Summary location: posterior midline soft palate blood supply: from ...

Nasal bones (lateral view)

The lateral nasal bones view is a nonangled lateral radiograph showcasing two small oblong bones situated side by side, together forming the nasal ridge. Indications This view is often primarily used in assessing various nasal bone fractures in the trauma setting. Depending on the department, ...

Osteochondromyxoma

Osteochondromyxomas (OMX) are very rare benign tumors with both a chondroid and osteoid matrix mostly seen within the Carney complex. Epidemiology Generally, osteochondromyxomas are extremely rare. Within the Carney complex, they occur in about 1% of the patients and are usually seen early in ...

Teardrop sign (inferior orbital wall fracture)

The teardrop sign refers to the appearance of herniated intraorbital fat (+/- inferior rectus muscle) which has protruded through a fracture of the inferior orbital wall. This typically occurs following a "blow-out" fracture during a punch to the orbit 1.

Petrosal fossula

The petrosal fossula refers to a small depression on the inferior surface of the petrous temporal bone. It is located in the ridge between the jugular fossa and external opening of the carotid canal. The petrosal fossula houses the inferior (petrous) ganglion of the glossopharyngeal nerve (origi...

Tapia syndrome

Tapia syndrome , also called matador's disease, is a rare syndrome that is characterized by unilateral paralysis of the tongue and vocal cords. Although the problem typically occurs after anesthetic airway management or manipulation, it can be due to central causes in rare cases 11. The syndrom...

Triticeal cartilage

The triticeal cartilage is a small cartilage located within the lateral aspect of the thyrohyoid membrane, that may be bilateral, unilateral or absent. It is considered a laryngeal anatomical variant. Epidemiology It is found in 33% of an adult cadaver series 2. Gross anatomy The triticeal c...

Bethesda classification system for thyroid fine needle aspirates

Bethesda classification system for thyroid fine needle aspirates comprises six categories of pathological reporting of thyroid FNA, with each category linked to a malignancy risk. Classification category I: non-diagnostic category II: benign category III: atypia of undetermined sig...

Epiglottic enlargement

Epiglottic enlargement is often seen on lateral neck radiographs and it's accepted to confirm clinical suspicion of acute epiglottitis only on this finding 1. However, an enlarged epiglottitis has a wide range of differentials that should be considered. neoplasm hemangioma lymphangioma carci...

Dacryops

Dacryops, also known as lacrimal gland or duct cyst, is a rare phenomenon where a retention cyst is formed within the lacrimal gland due to duct obstruction. Epidemiology Dacryops is an uncommon benign orbital lesion with an incidence of 0.5-2% 1. It usually affects young adults or middle-aged...

Optic canal enlargement

Optic canal enlargement can be caused by numerous etiologies. Pathology The optic canal has an average transverse diameter of 3.6 ± 0.6 mm 1. The optic canal can be considered enlarged when it is >6.5 mm in transverse diameter 4. Etiology glioma of optic nerve meningioma of optic nerve shea...

Condylar process of the mandible

The condylar process, also called the condyloid process, is the process on the mandible that articulates with the disk of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Gross anatomy The mandibular condylar process consists of two portions: condyle presents an articular surface for articulation with th...

First branchial cleft fistula

First branchial cleft fistulae are rare congenital malformations arising from the branchial apparatus during embryogenesis 1-5. They are often in close relation to the parotid gland, facial nerve, external auditory canal and the anterior neck near the angle of the mandible 1,2,5. Diagnosis can b...

Supra bulla frontal cell

Supra bulla frontal cells are an anatomical variant of the paranasal sinuses, included in the International Frontal Sinus Anatomy Classification. Gross anatomy Cell that originates in the supra-bulla region and pneumatizes along the skull base into the posterior region of the frontal sinus. Th...

Supra agger cell

Supra agger cells are an anatomical variant of the paranasal sinuses, included in the International Frontal Sinus Anatomy Classification. Gross anatomy These are an anterior-lateral ethmoidal cell, located above the agger nasi cell (not pneumatizing into the frontal sinus). The supra agger cel...

Supra bulla cell

Supra bulla cells are an anatomical variant of the paranasal sinuses, included in the International Frontal Sinus Anatomy Classification. Gross anatomy Cell above the bulla ethmoidalis that does not enter the frontal sinus. The supra agger cells push the drainage pathway anteriorly.

Supra agger frontal cell

Supra agger frontal cells are an anatomical variant of the paranasal sinuses, included in the International Frontal Sinus Anatomy Classification. Gross anatomy Anterior-lateral ethmoidal cell that extends into the frontal sinus. A small SAFC will only extend into the floor of the frontal sinus...

International Frontal Sinus Anatomy Classification

International Frontal Sinus Anatomy Classification (IFAC) result from an expert consensus, developed to improve the ability of the surgeon to understand the possible variations of the frontal recess and frontal sinus anatomy. Classification anterior cells: push the drainage pathway of the fron...

Iannetti classification of orbital invasion

The Iannetti classification grades orbital invasion by ethmoido-orbital tumors, such as adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, undifferentiated carcinoma, sarcoma, or olfactory neuroblastoma. Classification grade I: erosion or destruction of the orbital medial wall ...

Chronic maxillary atelectasis

Chronic maxillary atelectasis is a descriptive term that is characterized by a persistent decrease in the maxillary sinus volume due to inward bowing of its walls. Terminology It is not considered synonymous with - but can include the term silent sinus syndrome, typically when there is also sp...

Van Wyk Grumbach syndrome

The Van Wyk Grumbach syndrome is characterized by chronic hypothyroidism with high levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), delayed bone age, precocious puberty but lacking pubic and axillary hair growth 1. Epidemiology The acquired form of hypothyroidism is seen in children caused by chr...

Pharyngocele

A pharyngocele, also known as a lateral pharyngeal diverticulum, refers to a lateral pharyngeal wall herniation in the piriform recess or vallecula 1,2. Epidemiology Pharyngoceles are rare and more often unilateral than bilateral 2-4. It is commonly associated with occupational exposure to inc...

Keutel syndrome

Keutel syndrome is an extremely rare inherited condition. Clinical presentation It is characterized by: cartilage calcification of: ears nose larynx trachea - with resultant tracheobronchial stenosis ribs pulmonary arterial stenoses brachytelephalangism (short fingers and nails that re...

Parathyroid 4D CT

Parathyroid four-dimensional (4D) CT refers to multiphase computed tomography of the neck used to localize abnormal parathyroid glands (i.e. involved with adenoma, hyperplasia, or, rarely, carcinoma). The "4D" indicates that imaging is performed in multiple phases of contrast, with time being th...

Odontogenic cutaneous fistula

Odontogenic cutaneous fistulae are rare and occur when chronic dental infection is complicated by a fistulous tract reaching the skin, usually in the chin or cheek regions 1. Clinical presentation Patients with odontogenic cutaneous fistula usually present with a cutaneous nodule or abscess, w...

Dermal filler injections

The injection of dermal fillers refers to the injection of biological or synthetic substances into compartments of the skin to achieve a desirable cosmetic outcome either to restore volume loss or to remove wrinkles or both. They can lead to complications, which might require imaging. Furthermor...

IgG4-related orbital disease

IgG4-related orbital or ophthalmic disease is a manifestation of systemic IgG4-related disease that accounts for a substantial minority of what was previously considered idiopathic orbital inflammation (orbital pseudotumor). Clinical presentation Patients usually present with either painless p...

Myxedema

Myxedema refers to a waxy swelling of the skin classically seen in hypothyroidism. Terminology Occasionally myxedema is also used as a synonym for hypothyroidism or as a shortening for myxedema coma. Historically the term myxedema has also been used for a localized form of skin thickening, es...

CT brain perfusion (protocol)

CT perfusion of the brain is a dynamic, contrast-enhanced study utilized in patients with suspected stroke to differentiate salvageable ischemic brain tissue (i.e. penumbra) from damaged infarcted brain 1. NB: This article is intended to outline some general principles of protocol design. The s...

Juvenile recurrent parotitis

Juvenile recurrent parotitis is a form of recurrent inflammatory parotitis occurring in childhood. Epidemiology Juvenile recurrent parotitis is considered the second most common cause of parotitis in childhood and commonly begins between 3 and 6 years of age. Clinical presentation Multiple ...

Frontal mucocele

A frontal mucocele is a paranasal sinus mucocele in a frontal sinus and is the most common location of all the paranasal sinus mucoceles 1. Clinical presentation Mucocoeles in the frontal sinus may be asymptomatic with insidious onset or present with headaches 2 and facial pain. Forehead (supr...

Venous lacunae (skull)

Venous lacunae, also known as venous lakes, are enlarged venous spaces within the skull, most often in the parasagittal region. They are normal variants and their primary importance is that they may mimic lytic lesions. Gross anatomy Venous lacunae are the result of focal venous dilatations ...

Idiopathic osteosclerosis of the mandible

Idiopathic osteosclerosis of the mandible is a common incidental finding on dental imaging. Terminology Idiopathic Osteosclerosis is also known as dense bone islands, enostoses, bone scar, bone whorl or focal periapical osteopetrosis 1,2,3. Idiopathic osteosclerosis is the preferred terminolo...

Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma of the head and neck

Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma, formerly known as malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH), is commonly recognized as an aggressive sarcoma with poor outcomes 1. Epidemiology Most patients are between 50 and 70 years of age, and men are affected 2–3 times as commonly as women 1-3. Clinical...

Anosmia

Anosmia (also known as anosphresia or olfactory anesthesia) is the complete absence of the sense of smell. Terminology In addition to anosmia, there is also hyposmia (a.k.a. microsmia or olfactory hypoesthesia) representing a diminished sense of smell and parosmia (a.k.a. dysosmia or paraosmi...

Chondromesenchymal hamartoma

Chondromesenchymal hamartomas are rare, benign, tumor-like nasal masses in children that have been associated with DICER1 mutations. Epidemiology The entity is rare: a systematic review of the literature in 2015 identified fewer than 50 reported cases 2. The mean age of presentation is 10 year...

Optic strut

The optic strut is a paired bony projection that joins the body of the sphenoid bone with the anterior clinoid process of the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone. It separates the optic canal superomedially from the superior orbital fissure inferolaterally 1. It also borders the anterior aspect of ...

Retrobulbar hemorrhage

Retrobulbar hemorrhage is the presence of a post septal orbital hematoma and is usually due to craniofacial trauma causing an extraconal hematoma. It may cause orbital compartment syndrome which is an ophthalmologic emergency. Clinical features If small, there may be no orbital or ocular sympt...

Neuroimaging (dual-energy CT)

Dual-energy CT has a number of clinical applications in neuroimaging particularly in the realm of material composition and virtual non-contrast imaging. Differentiation of hemorrhage from iodinated contrast Contrast staining of the brain parenchyma post iodinated contrast can lead to interpret...

Sequential CT image acquisition

Sequential CT scanning, also referred to as "scan-move-scan" or "step and shoot", was the conventional method of image acquisition in computed tomography before the advent of helical CT. In sequential scanning, the patient is moved forward along the longitudinal axis of the CT scanner, pausing...

Vagal schwannoma

Vagal schwannomas are uncommon benign masses that can occur anywhere along the course of the vagus nerve but most commonly occur in the cervical region. Epidemiology Most commonly occurs in the 3rd to 5th decades. No sex predilection 3. Clinical presentation Patients may be asymptomatic. Whe...

Blepharospasm

Blepharospasm is a type of focal dystonia where there is involuntary eyelid closure due to overactivity of muscles around the eyes, particularly orbicularis oculi. Epidemiology The prevalence of blepharospasm is 32 per 100,000 population with males more often affected than females (M:F = 3:2) ...

Pyogenic granuloma

A pyogenic granuloma, also known as lobular capillary hemangioma, is a common lesion found arising from the skin and mucous membranes. Sometimes it may be difficult to differentiate them from malignancy, clinically or on imaging. Terminology Despite its name, a pyogenic granuloma is not a tru...

Venous lake (disambiguation)

The term venous lakes may refer to: cutaneous venous lakes, often occurring on the lower lip 1 osseous venous lakes occurring in the skull 2 placental (venous) lakes 3

Periapical granuloma

Periapical granuloma (plural: granulomas or granulomata) refers to a localized mass-like region of chronic granulation tissue in relation to teeth formed in response to infection. It often results in relation to chronic apical periodontitis. Terminology The name of this condition is a misnomer...

Soap bubble appearance (differential diagnosis)

Soap bubble appearance describes a multi-loculated bubbly appearance of lesion or structure. A soap bubble appearance of a bone lesion refers to: an expansile lytic lesion with internal trabeculations and preserved cortex, usually of benign nature but may be used to describe more aggressive ...

Parathyroid carcinoma

Parathyroid carcinomas are very rare, and the overwhelming majority of discrete parathyroid gland lesions seen will be parathyroid adenomas. Carcinomas often present with profound hyperparathyroidism, as most of them are functional. Early metastasis is not uncommon. Imaging is important in their...

Lamina cribrosa sclerae

The lamina cribrosa sclerae, also known as lamina cribrosa of the sclera, is a net-like structure covering a small hole in the posterior sclera through which the optic nerve (cranial nerve II), central retinal artery and central retinal vein pass.

Lamina cribrosa (disambiguation)

The lamina cribrosa (rare plural: laminae cribrosae) is an anatomical term that is commonly used for two different structures in the head and neck region: lamina cribrosa of the ethmoid bone lamina cribrosa of the sclera Also note that the macula cribrosa of the vestibule of the inner ear has...

Central retinal vein

The central retinal vein (CRV) or central vein of the retina, and sometimes shortened to the retinal vein, is the venous counterpart of the central retinal artery. Gross anatomy Each quadrant of the retina is drained by multiple minor retinal veins which coalesce to form a main retinal vein. T...

Orbital epidermoid cyst

Orbital epidermoid cysts are a rare cause of an orbital mass. Clinical presentation Patients most commonly present with a mass and lid swelling 1. Pathology Orbital epidermoid cysts can be congenital, acquired (e.g. post-surgery, trauma), or lacrimal gland duct obstruction 3. They can be a...

Mediastinitis

Mediastinitis refers to inflammation of any of the soft tissues within the mediastinum. Terminology In clinical practice, mediastinitis is generally used to refer to acute mediastinitis, resulting from bacterial infection within the mediastinum. This is considered a serious and potentially li...

Cochlear cleft

The cochlear cleft is a curvilinear radiolucent area of incomplete endochondral ossification in the otic capsule adjacent to the cochlea. It is a variant most prominent in children that may also be visible in adults 1. Gross anatomy The cochlear cleft is a C-shaped structure in the otic capsul...

Schuller's view

Schuller's view is a oblique radiographic projection used to demonstrate the petrous temporal bone, internal auditory canal and bony labyrinth. It has an increasingly limited role in contemporary clinical practice because of the universal use of CT and MRI for imaging the temporal bone. Patien...

Hollenhorst plaque

Hollenhorst plaques are seen on clinical examination of the retina and are the result of cholesterol emboli at the retinal arteriole bifrication 1. They most commonly originate from the carotid or aortic atheroscleroritc plaque 2. Hollenhorst plaques are a a risk factor for ischemic stroke and a...

Skull vault osteoma

Skull vault osteomas are benign primary bone tumors that are commonly incidentally discovered. They are less common than paranasal sinus or mandibular osteomas. Clinical presentation Skull vault osteomas are typically asymptomatic but may present as painless, slow-growing masses or with compr...

Thyroid nodule

Thyroid nodules are any discrete lesion that can be delineated on imaging studies from the adjacent thyroid parenchyma. They can represent a range of benign or malignant conditions. Epidemiology They are more common in females (4:1 F:M) and have an increasing prevalence with increasing age and...

Paranasal sinuses and facial bones (lateral view)

The lateral paranasal sinuses and facial bones view is a nonangled lateral radiograph showcasing the facial bones (i.e. mandible, maxilla, zygoma, nasal, and lacrimal bone) and paranasal sinuses. Indications This view is useful in assessing any inflammatory processes or fractures to the facial...

Vestibular ganglion

The vestibular or Scarpa's ganglion is the ganglion of the vestibular branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve. It contains the bipolar cell bodies 5 of the vestibular nerve as the superior and inferior vestibular branches unite and is located within the nerve as it passes through the lateral aspec...

Anterior condylar confluence

The anterior condylar confluence is an extracranial venous structure at the base of skull that communicates extensively with regional veins and dural venous sinuses. It is located immediately anterior to the hypoglossal canal and medial to the jugular vein, just inferior to the jugular bulb an...

Skull (submentovertex view)

The skull submentovertex view is an angled inferosuperior radiograph of the base of skull. As this view involves radiographic positioning that is uncomfortable for the patient and with CT being more sensitive to bony detail, this view is rapidly becoming obsolete. Indications This view is usef...

Branchial apparatus

The branchial (or pharyngeal) apparatus is the complex region in the developing embryo between the head and chest that develops in the fourth week and provides bilateral ridges and valleys that subsequently develop into numerous anatomic structures of the head, face, palate and anterior neck. Th...

Clival diploic veins

Clival diploic veins are veins that travel through the body of the clivus connecting intracranial venous structures on the inner surface of the skull (e.g. basilar venous plexus, inferior petrosal sinuses, marginal sinus, internal carotid artery venous plexus of Rektorzik, inferior petro-occipit...

Sinusitis

Sinusitis is a broad and non-specific term referring to the inflammation within the paranasal sinuses. There are several forms which are specific entities based on etiology and clinical features, and hence covered individually: acute sinusitis chronic sinusitis fungal sinusitis non-invasive ...

Brachiocephalic vein stenosis

Brachiocephalic vein stenosis refers to a narrowing of the brachiocephalic vein. It is commonly seen in chronic hemodialysis patients. Epidemiology A study conducted in Chinese population shows a prevalence of stenosis in hemodialysis patients was 30-50% 3. Clinical presentation The presenta...

Sympathetic chain schwannoma

Sympathetic chain schwannomas or schwannomas of the cervical sympathetic chain (SCSC) are rare benign nerve sheath tumors. These longitudinally oriented tumors in the perivertebral space rely on anatomical mass effect to differentiate from the main differential masses of vagal schwannoma or spin...

Parotid lipoma

Parotid lipomas are rare benign non-epithelial salivary gland neoplasms. They show the characteristic imaging features of fat-containing lesions and resemble lipomas that can occur elsewhere in the body. Epidemiology Parotid lipomas account for 0.6-4.4% of documented benign parotid tumors 1. M...

HIV-associated salivary gland disease

HIV-associated salivary gland disease is a condition characterized by lymphatic infiltration of the salivary glands, especially the parotids. This condition of HIV patients can be part of the diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome. The condition is one of the most important AIDS-associated ...

Sinonasal polyposis (mnemonic)

A mnemonic to remember the causes of sinonasal polyposis is: KIC AAAN Mnemonic K: Kartagener syndrome I: infectious rhinosinusitis C: cystic fibrosis A: aspirin sensitivity A: allergic fungal sinusitis A: asthma N: nickel exposure

Meningo-ophthalmic artery

The meningo-ophthalmic artery is a variant arterial anatomy in which the entire supply to the ophthalmic artery derives from the middle meningeal artery. This variation represents one extreme of a spectrum of the persistence of the embryologic stapedial artery. Gross anatomy The meningo-ophtha...

Ice cream cone sign (disambiguation)

The ice cream cone sign may refer to: ice cream cone sign (middle ear ossicles) ice cream cone sign (vestibular schwannoma)

Ice cream cone sign (middle ear ossicles)

The ice cream cone sign describes the normal appearance of the middle ear ossicles on axial CT scan. The ball of the ice cream is formed by the head of the malleus and cone is formed by the body of the incus, with the tapering conical point formed by the short process pointing towards the aditus...

Doughnut sign (orbit)

The doughnut sign of optic nerve sheath meningioma refers to the appearance of this tumor on coronal CT/MRI. The meningioma forms a thick cuff of enhancing tumor around the central non-enhancing optic nerve, mimicking the appearance of a ring doughnut. It is the coronal equivalent of the tram-tr...

Sail sign (larynx)

The sail sign of the larynx refers to the axial appearance of unilateral dilatation of the laryngeal ventricle due to vocal cord/fold paralysis. It should not be confused with the several other sail signs in radiology. Radiographic features CT Axial images at the level of the glottis show the...

Petrosphenoidal ligament

The petrosphenoidal ligament, also known as Gruber ligament or petroclival ligament, forms the superior border of Dorello canal, the conduit for the abducens nerve. Terminology The ligament has previously been known as the petroclinoid ligament (ligamentum petroclinoideum) but it actually does...

Buccopharyngeal fascia

The buccopharyngeal fascia is the component of the middle layer of the deep cervical fascia that invests the outside of the pharyngeal constrictors and buccinator muscles. Terminology The term has been variably used to refer to the entire visceral component of the middle layer of the deep cerv...

Ghost image (orthopantomogram)

A ghost image is a commonly observed artifact in an orthopantomogram whereby a dense, often metallic object is located between the source of x-ray and the focal center, resulting in a duplicate 'ghost' image at the contralateral aspect of the image. Real image vs ghost image In panoramic imag...

Pneumolabyrinth

Pneumolabyrinth refers to the presence of gas within the inner ear and is a sign of perilymphatic fistula in a trauma setting. It manifests in HRCT of the temporal bone as gas bubbles in the cochlea, vestibule or semicircular canals. Epidemiology Pneumolabyrinth is not a rare finding following...

Vertebral artery hypoplasia

Vertebral artery hypoplasia is a congenital anatomical variation characterized by underdevelopment of the vertebral artery. Epidemiology The prevalence of hypoplastic vertebral arteries is reported to be 2-6% from autopsy and angiograms 1. Clinical presentation These are an asymptomatic anat...

Filtered (1)Done (clear)

+Systems

+Article Sections

+Sort By

ADVERTISEMENT: Supporters see fewer/no ads

Updating… Please wait.

Unable to process the form. Check for errors and try again.

Thank you for updating your details.