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Pleomorphic adenoma

Pleomorphic adenomas, also known by the misnomer benign mixed tumors (BMTs), are benign epithelial neoplasms related to glandular tissue. They have a small but real risk of malignant transformation. For a discussion of specific sites of pleomorphic adenoma, please refer to pleomorphic adeno...

Levator glandulae thyroideae muscle

The levator glandulae thyroideae muscle (a.k.a. musculus levator glandulae thyroideae or levator glandulae thyroideae of Soemmerring) is an anatomic variant, consisting of a band of fibrous/fibromuscular tissue, connecting the pyramidal lobe of the thyroid to the hyoid bone. When muscle fibers a...

Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia

Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (CPEO) is a rare mitochondrial ocular disorder. Clinical presentation Patients present with slowly progressive bilateral ophthalmoplegia (limitation of eye motion) and blepharoptosis. The entity can manifest in isolation or as a syndrome with other...

Tympanomastoid fissure

The tympanomastoid fissure is one of the intrinsic fissures of the temporal bone, located parallel and posterior to the bony external auditory canal, dividing the tympanic part of the temporal bone and mastoid process. Its radiological significance is as a fracture mimic (pseudofracture) 1. Its ...

Pleomorphic adenoma of the lacrimal glands

Pleomorphic adenomas of the lacrimal glands, also known as benign mixed tumors (BMTs), are the most common lacrimal gland tumors. Terminology Historically pleomorphic adenomas have also been called benign mixed tumors, however this name is now discouraged. It was previously thought that these ...

Planum sphenoidale

The planum sphenoidale is a common term for the anterior horizontal part of the superior surface of the body of the sphenoid bone. It is known in the Terminologia Anatomica (2019) as the jugum sphenoideum or sphenoidal yoke 1. Gross anatomy It forms part of the anterior skull base, separating ...

Hurthle cell

Hurthle cells are a type of oncocyte arising from thyroid follicular epithelial cells. Terminology The term Hurthle cell is now officially discouraged as the cells discovered by Hurthle were actually parafollicular C cells 5. Pathology Under microscopy, Hurthle cells are larger than typical ...

Crus (disambiguation)

A crus (plural: crura) is an anatomical term used for a structure which resembles a leg. crus (auricle) crus (cerebrum) crus (clitoris) crus (diaphragm) crus (fornix) crus (heart) crus (incus) crus (internal capsule) crus (nose) crus (penis) crus (semicircular duct) crus (stapes) cr...

Central retinal vein occlusion

A leading cause of monocular vision loss, central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) is most commonly caused by thrombosis of the central retinal vein, resulting in retinal edema and hemorrhage. Terminology Occlusion of the central retinal vein is subclassified as ischemic and non-ischemic based on...

Obstructive sleep apnea

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), also known as obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), is a disorder characterized by repetitive episodes of total (i.e. apnoeas) or reduction (i.e. hypopnoeas) in ventilation due to total or partial collapse of the upper airway during sleep. This condition is dis...

Cloison sagittale

The cloison sagittale (sagittal partition), also known as Charpy fascia, is a sagittally oriented fascia on either side of the neck that separates the midline deep neck spaces (retropharyngeal space, prevertebral space, and danger space) from the more lateral parapharyngeal space (including caro...

Schwartze sign

The Schwartze sign, also known as flamingo flush sign or rising sun sign, is the otoscopic sign of active otospongiosis characterized by reddish discolouration of the cochlear promontory. History and Etymology The sign is named after German otologist Hermann Schwartze (1837 -1910), whose work ...

Interzygomatic line

The interzygomatic line is a commonly used reference standard for the evaluation of proptosis due to various etiologies on CT/MRI scans. Technique A horizontal line should be drawn between the most anterior parts of the zygomatic bones in the axial plane. The normal distance of the interzygom...

GCA (disambiguation)

The abbreviation GCA can refer to: giant cell arteritis global cortical atrophy scale

Intratonsillar abscess

Intratonsillar abscesses, or simply tonsillar abscesses, are uncommon complications of tonsillitis in which pus accumulates focally in the parenchyma of the tonsil (within the capsule). Epidemiology They can occur in both children and adults, but their incidence is not well-defined. In a recen...

Non-tuberculous mycobacterial adenitis

Non-tuberculous mycobacterial adenitis refers to lymphadenopathy due to mycobacterial infection other than M. tuberculosis. Epidemiology Most cases occur in immunocompetent children younger than 5 years of age. Clinical presentation Patients present with a firm, painless mass that enlarges ...

Tensor-vascular-styloid fascia

The tensor-vascular-styloid fascia is a part of the middle layer of the deep cervical fascia that has been suggested to divide the prestyloid and poststyloid compartments of the parapharyngeal space. It is an extension of, and previously sometimes referred to as, the tensor veli palatini fascia ...

Deep layer of the deep cervical fascia

The deep layer of the deep cervical fascia is one of the three layers of the deep cervical fascia. It encases the paravertebral muscles and forms the perivertebral space. It consists of the perivertebral fascia (the anterior part of which is called the prevertebral fascia) and alar fascia 1-3. ...

Middle layer of the deep cervical fascia

The middle layer of the deep cervical fascia is the one of the three layers of the deep cervical fascia that most closely surrounds the visceral organs. This layer consists anteriorly of the strap muscle fascia (comprised of the sterno-omohyoid and sternothyroid-thyrohyoid layers) and posteriorl...

Superficial layer of the deep cervical fascia

The superficial layer of the deep cervical fascia, also known as the investing layer, is the one of three layers of the deep cervical fascia that surrounds all of the neck that is deep to the platysma. The layer includes the masticator fascia, submandibular fascia, and sternocleidomastoid-trapez...

Subacute thyroiditis

Subacute thyroiditis (plural is thyroiditides) is used for several different causes of thyroiditis. granulomatous (de Quervain) thyroiditis silent thyroiditis postpartum thyroiditis

Intra-ocular silicone oil

Intra-ocular silicone oil has been used as a vitreous replacement and for internal tamponade of complex retinal detachments. Some reported side effects include glaucoma and corneal decompensation 1. Radiographic features CT Hyperattenuating on unenhanced CT with a reported average CT unit va...

Inferior laryngeal artery

The inferior laryngeal artery accompanies the recurrent laryngeal nerve into the larynx, where it anastomoses with the superior laryngeal artery to supply the muscles and mucous membranes of the larynx 1. Summary origin: branch of the inferior thyroid artery course: ascends the trachea to en...

Apical periodontitis

Apical periodontitis refers to a spectrum of diseases that occur around the tooth apex and these can include 1,4: periodontitis chronic periodontitis aggressive periodontitis necrotizing periodontitis periapical granuloma periapical abscess periapical (radicular) cyst Clinical presentati...

Scalene triangle

The scalene triangle (also known as the interscalene triangle) is located laterally at the root of the neck and is the space through which the roots and trunks of the brachial plexus and the third part of the subclavian artery exit the neck. 1 Its anterior edge is formed by the scalenus anterio...

Spurling test

The Spurling test is a clinical maneuver used to assess nerve root pain (radiculopathy). It is usually performed by the examiner turning the patient's head to the affected side while extending and applying downward pressure to the top of the patient's head.

Sinus lift procedure

The sinus lift procedure, also known as subantral augmentation, is performed in patients with insufficient bone stock to secure a dental implant in the maxilla. Procedure The aim of the sinus lift procedure is to increase the height and width of maxillary alveolar bone (to at least 5 mm in wi...

Adenoidal hypertrophy (adults)

Adenoidal hypertrophy or enlargement in adults is much less commonly seen than in children. It is usually due to chronic infection or inflammation. HIV always needs to be excluded as a cause. Pathology In general, the adenoid tonsils enlarge after birth, maximizing by 6 years old. Thereafter, ...

Inferior orbital fissure contents (mnemonic)

Mnemonic for the contents of the inferior orbital fissure (from medial to lateral) is: Inferior Orbit Gets Infra-Orbital Nerves and VeinZ Mnemonic Inferior Orbit Gets Infra-Orbital Nerves and VeinZ IO: inferior ophthalmic vein (tributary to both pterygoid venous plexus and cavernous sinus) ...

Dental implant

Dental implants are a common procedure used to replace absent teeth. Radiology has a role in pre-implant planning as well as post-implant assessment including identification of complications. Radiographic features Dental cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) is the most common modality used in...

Dental luxation

Dental luxation is a common manifestation of dental trauma and may be associated with socket fractures. Pathology Dental luxation is a general term encompassing 1: concussion: tender tooth, no loosening/displacement subluxation: tender tooth, loosening without displacement extrusive luxat...

Dental fracture

Dental fractures are often clinically apparent but can be overlooked in cases with associated facial fractures, especially as root fractures may be clinically occult. Terminology When both a tooth and alveolar process are fractured, the term dentoalveolar fracture may be used 1. Pathology ...

Dental trauma

Dental trauma is common, affecting up to one-third of the population. While often clinically apparent, they may be overlooked in the setting of severe trauma. Pathology The maxillary incisors are the most commonly injured tooth. Dental trauma is commonly classified as 1,2: luxation concuss...

Pericoronitis

Pericoronitis is the inflammation of the tissues around the crown of a partially erupted tooth. Pathology Pericoronitis most commonly occurs around the third mandibular molars. It initially manifests as a localized gingivitis, can extend into the alveolar bone and may progress to a head/neck ...

Annulus of Zinn contents (mnemonic)

A mnemonic to remember the contents of the tendinous ring (also known as the annulus of Zinn) from superior to inferior is: One Canal, Several Orbital Nerves In One Annulus Mnemonic: OC: optic canal SO: superior division of oculomotor nerve N: nasociliary nerve IO: inferior division of ocu...

Anterior ethmoidal notch

The anterior ethmoidal notch contains the anterior ethmoidal artery and has significant rates of anatomic variation that put the artery during functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS). Gross anatomy The anterior ethmoidal notch lies in the medial wall of the superomedial orbit, adjacent to t...

Periapical radiolucency (teeth)

Periapical radiolucencies are commonly observed findings on OPG and other dental/head and neck imaging modalities. Differential diagnosis They can represent a number of pathologies: periapical lucency related to apical periodontitis periapical granuloma periapical abscess periapical cyst ...

American Journal of Neuroradiology (AJNR)

American Journal of Neuroradiology (AJNR) is the premier publication of the American Society of Neuroradiology and was first published in 1980 1. Its founding editor was Juan M Taveras (1919-2002), a pioneering American neuroradiologist and co-founder of the American Society of Neuroradiology. I...

American Society of Neuroradiology

American Society of Neuroradiology (ASNR) was established in 1962 to ensure that neuroradiologists in the United States could freely exchange ideas and act with a common voice. It publishes the American Journal of Neuroradiology (AJNR) and Neurographics. History At the VIth Symposium Neuroradi...

Empty nose syndrome

The empty nose syndrome refers to a paradoxical sensation of nasal obstruction despite objectively patent nasal airways following inferior and/or middle turbinate resection. Epidemiology The condition is rare, occuring in a minority of patients who have undergone prior turbinate resection. Cl...

Calcific cervical lymphadenopathy (differential)

Calcific cervical lymphadenopathy is uncommon and has a limited differential diagnosis, including malignant and benign etiologies. The most frequent causes include 1: malignancies (more common) metastatic thyroid carcinoma (most common; papillary or medullary types) 2,5 metastatic adenocarcin...

Incudomalleolar joint

The incudomalleolar joint, also known as the incudomallear joint, is the joint between the incus and the malleus. The joint is part of the chain of ossicles sending vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the oval window. Related pathology dislocations of the joint result in conductive hearin...

Tegmen tympani

The tegmen tympani, also known as the tegmental wall or roof of the tympanic cavity, is a thin plate of the petrous part of the temporal bone that separates the intracranial compartment and middle ear. Gross anatomy Relations and/or Boundaries anteriorly, roof of the canal for the tensor tymp...

Protympanum

The protympanum (rare plural: protympana) is the compartment of the middle ear cavity located anterior to the coronal plane defined by the anterior margin of the tympanic annulus. Some authors consider the protympanum the anterior part of the mesotympanum rather than a separate compartment or do...

Cog

The cog is a coronally oriented bony process in the middle ear cavity of the temporal bone that projects from the tegmen tympani, separating the anterior epitympanic recess from the posterior epitympanum. The cog ends anterosuperior to the head of the malleus and superior to the cochleariform pr...

Hernia (general)

Hernias (or herniae) are a common pathological entity, in which an anatomical structure passes into an abnormal location via an opening. The opening may be a normal physiological aperture (e.g. hiatus hernia: stomach passes through the diaphragmatic esophageal hiatus) or pathological. Iatrogeni...

Internal laryngeal nerve

The internal laryngeal nerve is one of the two branches of the superior laryngeal nerve and provides sensory innervation of the laryngeal mucosa down to the level of the vocal cords (supraglottic larynx). Summary origin: arises as the larger of the two branches of the superior laryngeal nerve...

External laryngeal nerve

The external laryngeal nerve is one of the two branches of the superior laryngeal nerve and supplies the cricothyroid muscle. Summary origin: arises as the smaller of the two branches of the superior laryngeal nerve at the level of the greater cornu of the hyoid bone course descends posterio...

Superior laryngeal nerve

The superior laryngeal nerve is a branch of the vagus nerve (CN X) which supplies the larynx. Summary origin: arises from the inferior ganglion of the vagus nerve (CN X) course descends within the carotid sheath posterior and then medial to the internal carotid artery pierces the medial wa...

Superior thyroid cornu syndrome

Superior thyroid cornu syndrome refers to a situation when there is precipitation of dysphagia and /or other symptoms as a hypertrophy +/- ossification of one of both the both of the superior horns (cornu) of the thyroid cartilage. This can also result from extreme medial deviation. Treatment a...

Lacrimal sac mass

Lacrimal sac masses are very uncommon and more commonly have a malignant (~80%) rather than benign (~20%) etiology. Pathology Etiology inflammatory granulomatosis with polyangiitis sarcoidosis orbital pseudotumor IgG4-related disease Sjogren syndrome neoplastic epithelial tumors beni...

Nasolacrimal injury

Nasolacrimal injuries are reported to be common and may result in temporary or permanent dysfunction. Epidemiology Fracture of the nasolacrimal apparatus has been reported in ~10% of patients with craniofacial fracture, with ~10% of these reporting symptoms of epiphora or dacryocystitis 1. ...

Macula cribrosa

The macula cribrosa is part of the vestibule of the inner ear, located medially between it and the lateral most part of the internal acoustic meatus. It represents clusters of small foramina that permit the passage of vestibular nerve fibers from the internal acoustic foramen into the vestibule....

Inferior thyroid vein

The inferior thyroid vein, along with the superior and middle thyroid veins contribute to the drainage of the thyroid venous plexus on the anterior surface of the thyroid 1. Gross anatomy After arising from the venous plexus, the left inferior thyroid vein passes downwards to join the left bra...

Choroid (eye)

The choroid is part of the uveal layer of the eye along with the ciliary body and iris 1. Summary location: posterior aspect of the globe function: vascularization of the outer retina arterial supply: posterior ciliary arteries innervation: short ciliary nerves, long ciliary nerves relat...

Inferior turbinate hypertrophy

Inferior turbinate hypertrophy is one of many causes of nasal obstruction and can be a contributing factor to obstructive sleep apnea. Pathology Etiology allergic rhinitis (most common) vasomotor rhinitis drug-induced rhinitis Treatment and prognosis Pharmacological treatment (e.g. topic...

Alphanumeric system of dental notation

The alphanumeric system of dental notation is a modification of Palmer notation for numbering and naming teeth made for electronic transcription. Its use is primarily in the United Kingdom 1,3,4. Permanent teeth First, the jaws are divided into four quadrants 1-5. Each quadrant is denoted by t...

Palmer notation

Palmer notation, also known as the Zsigmondy system or Zsigmondy-Palmer system, is a nomenclature for numbering and naming of teeth, primarily used in the United Kingdom. Permanent teeth Similar to the FDI World Dental Federation notation, individual teeth within each quadrant of the dental ar...

Fetal skull vault sutures

There are four sutures in the fetal skull vault of obstetric importance: 1. frontal suture: it lies between the two frontal bones 2. sagittal suture: it lies between the two parietal bones 3. coronal suture: it lies between the parietal and frontal bones 4. lambdoid suture: it lies between t...

Basal cell adenoma

Basal cell adenomas are uncommon salivary gland tumors, representing ~4% (range 1-7.5%) of benign parotid tumors. They can also occur in the other major salivary glands as well as the minor salivary glands. Clinical presentation Most commonly, a painless growing mass 1. Pathology Typically,...

SRU guidelines for assessment of thyroid nodules

The Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound (SRU) guidelines for the assessment of thyroid nodules were defined in a consensus conference statement published in 2005 focused on which thyroid nodules detected on ultrasonography should undergo fine needle aspiration. Recommendations The recommenda...

Incidental thyroid nodule

Incidental thyroid nodules, sometimes called thyroid incidentalomas, are discrete lesions in the thyroid gland found on cross-sectional imaging performed for indications other than thyroid evaluation. They are common but occasionally represent thyroid cancer 1. This article discusses the epidemi...

American Dental Association Universal Numbering System

The American Dental Association Universal Numbering System is a tooth notation system primarily used in the United States. Teeth are numbered from the viewpoint of the dental practitioner looking into the open mouth, clockwise starting from the distalmost right maxillary teeth. Permanent teeth...

Eyebrow

The eyebrows may refer either to: horizontal ridge where the forehead meets the superior eyelid consisting of the five layers of the scalp, i.e. skin, subcutaneous soft tissue, intertwined fibers of the orbicularis oculi and occipitofrontalis muscles, areolar layer and lastly the pericranium of...

Depressor septi nasalis muscle

The depressor septi nasalis muscles (DSN), also known as the depressor septi nasi muscles, are paired muscles of the nose, a subset of the facial muscles, which depress the nose. Summary origin: maxilla insertion: nasal septum, medial crura, membranous septum innervation: facial nerve (VII) ...

Suprascapular vein

The suprascapular vein drains the posterior structures of the scapula including the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles. Gross anatomy Course Running adjacent to the suprascapular nerve and artery it passes through the suprascapular notch in a number of configurations: above the transver...

Vomerovaginal canal

The vomerovaginal canal is a small paired variably present canal between the alae of the vomer and the vaginal processes of the sphenoid bone body. It is medial to the palatovaginal canal. When present it transmits the sphenopalatine vessels. Practical points Knowledge of the anatomy of vomer...

Lenticonus

Lenticonus is a rare congenital abnormality characterized by conical bulging of the posterior or anterior lens surface. If the bulging is global rather than conical, the condition is referred to as lentiglobus 1. Clinical presentation It produces a decrease in visual acuity and irregular refra...

Levator labii superioris alaeque nasalis muscle

Levator labii superioris alaeque nasalis (LLSAN) muscle is traditionally thought of as a muscle of the mouth, but is also a crucial muscle of the nose, a subset of the facial muscles 1. Interestingly, it has the longest name of any muscle in the human body. Summary origin: maxilla, nasal bone,...

Branchio-oculo-facial syndrome

Branchio-oculo-facial syndrome (BOFS) is a very rare autosomal dominant genetic disorder that is characterized clinically by abnormalities affecting the eyes, craniofacial structures, and branchial sinuses. Epidemiology More than 80 cases have been reported in the global literature since its f...

Granular cell tumor

Granular cell tumors are uncommon soft tissue tumors with the vast majority being benign (approximately 0.5-2.0% have been reported as malignant). Pathology Granular cell tumors have been reported in all organ systems, but most prominently are found in these sites 2,5: breast (granular cell ...

Skull

The skull (TA: cranium) consists of 22 bones, excluding the three ossicles in each middle ear. All of the bones of the skull, except for the mandible, are connected to each other by sutures (fibrous joints) and are thus immobile. These 21 bones form the cranium, and are further subdivided into: ...

Retropharyngeal lymph nodes

The retropharyngeal lymph nodes are paired groups of cervical lymph nodes located in the suprahyoid portion of the retropharyngeal space. Gross anatomy Located in the retropharyngeal space between the visceral (buccopharyngeal) fascia and the alar fascia, there are two groups 1: medial retrop...

Levator claviculae

The levator claviculae or cleidocervical muscle is an uncommon accessory muscle in the neck that may be mistaken for a neck mass. This normal variant has been reported in 2%-3% of humans. The muscle is often reported either as an incidental finding during cadaveric or radiological examinations a...

Peritonsillar space

The peritonsillar space is a potential space surrounding the palatine tonsils within the pharyngeal mucosal space, a deep compartment of the head and neck. Gross anatomy Boundaries and/or relations The peritonsillar space is located peripheral to the fibrous capsule of the palatine tonsil wit...

Postcricoid region

The postcricoid region is a subsite of the hypopharynx, comprising the anterior wall. The area includes the mucosa, intramural fat, and a rich venous plexus 1-3. Gross anatomy Boundaries and/or relations anterior: posterior cricoarytenoid muscle of larynx posterior: lumen of hypopharynx sup...

Buccinator muscle

The buccinator muscle is one of the facial muscles located in the cheek, between the maxilla and mandible, and functions chiefly as a muscle of mastication. Summary origin: outer surface of alveolar processes of both maxilla and mandible, and anterior margin of the pterygomandibular raphe 1 i...

Anterior lenticonus

Anterior lenticonus is present when the anterior surface of the ocular lens assumes a conical shape. Epidemiology It can be unilateral or bilateral. Bilateral anterior lenticonus is associated with Alport syndrome. Clinical presentation Decreased visual activity and irregular refraction that...

Saethre-Chotzen syndrome

Saethre-Chotzen syndrome (also known as type III acrocephalosyndactyly) is characterized by limb and skull abnormalities. Epidemiology It is the most common craniosynostosis syndrome and affects 1:25 - 50,000 individuals. Males and females are equally affected. Clinical presentation The spe...

Bathrocephaly

Bathrocephaly, also known as bathrocephalic occiputs, is a normal variation in skull shape, caused by an outward convex bulge of mid-portion of the occipital bone, often associated with a modification of the mendosal suture. Epidemiology The true incidence of this disorder is unknown 1. Rarel...

Xerostomia

Xerostomia is the medical term for a dry mouth, and is most commonly due to hyposalivation. Epidemiology Xerostomia is the most frequently observed salivary abnormality in clinical practice 1. Clinical presentation dryness of the mouth uncomfortable swallowing vocalisation difficulties: to...

Sialorrhea

Sialorrhea (also known as ptyalism or hypersalivation) is the term given to excessive salivation 1. It is less common than xerostomia, the term for patients with hyposalivation 5. Pathology Etiology It may be subdivided into true sialorrhea in which there is a real increase in salivary produc...

Infraorbital canal

The infraorbital canal is a bony canal within the maxillary bone located at the anterior aspect of the orbital floor. It transmits the infraorbital nerve, which is a branch of the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve (CN Vb), as well as the infraorbital artery and vein. The canal commences...

Artificial Intelligence (AI) TI-RADS

AI TI-RADS (Artificial Intelligence Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System) is a data-driven analysis and revision of the 2017 ACR TI-RADS 1. Published in May 2019 2, this had the intention of simplifying categorization and improving specificity while maintaining high sensitivity. This system...

European Thyroid Association TIRADS

EU-TIRADS is a reporting system designed by the European Thyroid Association for ultrasound assessment of thyroid nodules and stratification of requirement for FNA and malignancy. This system was based on an established French system, with validated results 2,3. This is a five stage system usin...

Korean Society of Thyroid Radiology Thyroid Imaging, Reporting and Data System (K-TIRADS)

K-TIRADS is a reporting system designed by the Korean Society of Thyroid Radiology for ultrasound assessment of thyroid nodules and stratification of the requirement for FNA and malignancy. There is also stratification of indications for lymph node sampling. This is a five-stage system using de...

Superior tarsal muscle

The superior tarsal muscle (Müller muscle or cremaster tarsus) is a small muscle of the superior orbit arising from the undersurface of the levator palpebrae superioris muscle that elevates and retracts the upper eyelid. It is not part of the extraocular muscles; it does not insert on the globe ...

Giraffe pattern

Giraffe pattern (also known as the pseudonodular appearance) is a distinctive ultrasound appearance characteristic of Hashimoto thyroiditis. Bonavita originally described a thyroid gland with multiple echogenic nodules, separated from one another by bands of hypoechogenicity, reminiscent of a gi...

Mastoid air cell opacification

Mastoid air cell opacification can occur in a number of situations and can include a spectrum of inflammatory, neoplastic, vascular, fibro-osseous, and traumatic changes. Possible causes include: otomastoiditis acute otomastoiditis chronic otomastoiditis radiation 3 trauma (temporal bone f...

Orthopantomography

The orthopantomogram (also known as an orthopantomograph, pantomogram, OPG or OPT) is a panoramic single image radiograph of the mandible, maxilla and teeth. It is often encountered in dental practice and occasionally in the emergency department; providing a convenient, inexpensive and rapid way...

Woodruff plexus

Woodruff plexus is a venous plexus located in the posterior end of the inferior meatus on the lateral wall of the nasal cavity 1-3. It accounts for between 5-10% of epistaxis episodes. These bleeds do not respond to anterior nasal packing. Despite George H. Woodruff's original description (1949...

Posterior vitreous detachment

Posterior vitreous detachment (PVD), also known as hyaloid detachment, occurs when the retinal layer and vitreous body/posterior hyaloid membrane dissociate, with an intervening fluid collection forming in the subhyaloid space. It is thought to be a common consequence of aging, occurring in more...

Sinus of Morgagni

The sinus of Morgagni is a defect in the anterior aspect of the pharyngobasilar fascia. It transmits the Eustachian tube and levator veli palatini muscle and allows communication between the nasopharynx and middle ear. Terminology Not to be confused with the foramen of Morgagni, an anterior th...

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