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Frey syndrome

Frey syndrome (also known as Baillarger syndrome, Dupuy syndrome, and auriculotemporal syndrome) is a complication of parotid surgery. It clinically manifests as sweating and reddening in the region of the face supplied by the auriculotemporal nerve. The symptoms typically occur when tasting foo...

Pharyngobasilar fascia

The pharyngobasilar fascia is the part of the middle layer of deep cervical fascia that attaches the pharynx to the skull base. It originates between the mucosal and muscular layers of the pharynx and is the primary component of the pharyngeal wall above the level of the superior pharyngeal cons...

Cracking thyroid

Cracking thyroid is a term given to a very rare complication of thyroid fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy where there is acute pain and transient thyroid swelling characterized by hypoechoic avascular septations on ultrasound 1.

Medullary thyroid cancer (staging)

Medullary thyroid cancer staging refers to TNM staging of medullary thyroid carcinomas. Papillary, follicular, and anaplastic thyroid carcinomas have similar TNM category definitions but different prognostic stage group definitions. The following article reflects the 8th edition manual published...

Anaplastic thyroid cancer (staging)

Anaplastic thyroid cancer staging refers to TNM staging of anaplastic thyroid carcinomas. Papillary, follicular, and medullary thyroid carcinomas are staged separately. The following article reflects the 8th edition manual published by the American Joint Committee on Cancer, which is used for st...

Iodide mumps

Iodide mumps is a rare adverse reaction to iodinated contrast media. Both ionic and non-ionic contrast agents can cause these reactions, but about 90% of the cases occur with the former. Epidemiology The incidence is unknown, but this condition is likely underdiagnosed due to limited awareness...

Odontogenic sinusitis

Odontogenic sinusitis describes inflammation of the maxillary sinus secondary to dental pathology or dental procedures. Epidemiology Odontogenic sinusitis accounts for 5-70% of cases of chronic maxillary sinusitis. It is the most common cause of unilateral maxillary sinusitis 6. Clinical pres...

Incudostapedial joint

The incudostapedial joint is the articulation between the incus and stapes bones in the middle ear. It is one of the three joints in the ossicular chain.

Orbital compartment syndrome

Orbital compartment syndrome is an ophthalmological emergency referring to an increased intraorbital pressure that may lead to permanent visual impairment if left untreated. Clinical presentation Findings on exam may include: decreased visual acuity 6 globe palpably tense and resistant to ma...

Unknown primary tumors of the head and neck (staging)

Unknown primary tumors of the head and neck staging refers to TNM staging of metastatic carcinomas in the head and neck region without an identifiable primary tumor. The typical scenario involves squamous cell carcinoma present in a cervical lymph node, no obvious primary source on clinical exam...

Cutaneous carcinoma of the head and neck (staging)

Cutaneous carcinoma of the head and neck staging refers to TNM staging of nonmelanoma skin cancer involving the scalp, external ear, neck, or face including external lips. The system applies to cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma and numerous other skin carcinomas, notably excluding eyelid carcino...

Mucosal melanoma of the head and neck (staging)

Mucosal melanoma of the head and neck staging refers to TNM staging of mucosal melanoma involving the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, oral cavity, and, less commonly, pharynx and larynx. The system is distinct from staging of carcinomas of those sites and of cutaneous melanoma. The following ar...

Nasal cavity and ethmoid sinus carcinoma (staging)

Nasal cavity and ethmoid sinus carcinoma staging refers to TNM staging of epithelial cancers involving the nasal cavity or ethmoid air cells. Applicable histologies include squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma and its variants, and other rarer epithelial malignancies other than mucosal melano...

Maxillary sinus carcinoma (staging)

Maxillary sinus carcinoma staging refers to TNM staging of epithelial malignancies involving the maxillary sinus. Applicable histologies include squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma, and other rarer carcinomas. The following article reflects the 8th editi...

HPV-mediated (p16-positive) oropharyngeal cancer (staging)

Human papillomavirus (HPV)-mediated oropharyngeal (p16+) cancer staging refers to TNM staging of squamous cell carcinomas of the oropharynx that test positive for p16, an immunohistochemical proxy for HPV infection. Nodal metastases of p16+ squamous cell carcinoma without an identified primary t...

Adenoid tonsil

The adenoid tonsils, or often just simply the adenoids (also known as the nasopharyngeal or pharyngeal tonsils), are paired foci of lymphatic tissue located on the superoposterior wall of the nasopharynx and form part of Waldeyer's ring.

Salivary gland trauma

Salivary gland trauma is infrequent due to their anatomic position. Epidemiology The reported incidence of parotid gland injuries is ∼0.2% of trauma cases. Parotid gland and duct injuries, although rare, is far more common than injuries to submandibular and sublingual glands. This can readily ...

Annular ligament (disambiguation)

The annular ligament can refer to: annular ligament of the stapes annular ligament of the proximal radio-ulnar joint

Myrtiformis muscle

Myrtiformis muscle, also known as depressor alae nasi, is one of the muscles of the nose, a subset of the facial muscles. Terminology Myrtiformis is often omitted from classic anatomy tomes. Some texts describe this muscle as two separate components, the medial fibers forming the depressor se...

Deafness

Deafness (also known as hearing loss or impairment) is the partial or complete loss of the sense of hearing. It may be subdivided etiologically into conductive: impairment of the passage of sound waves from the auricle to the inner ear sensorineural: impairment localizes to the inner ear, in...

Accessory maxillary ostium

Accessory maxillary ostia are a common anatomic variant, and are usually found incidentally on CT scans of the paranasal sinuses. Accessory ostia of the maxillary sinus are common, occurring in up to 40% patients 1. No significant association has been found between the presence of accessory osti...

Ocular foreign body

An ocular foreign body occurs when an orbital foreign body intrudes into the globe itself, often threatening vision, and requiring urgent surgical removal. Clinical presentation Patients present in a highly variable manner based on the precise intraocular location and properties of the foreign...

Fédération Dentaire Internationale (FDI) notation

The Fédération Dentaire Internationale or FDI World Dental Federation notation system is a commonly used system for the numbering and naming of teeth. The system uses a two number system for the location and naming of each tooth. Permanent teeth The jaw is divided into four quadrants between t...

Retro-odontoid pseudotumor

Retro-odontoid pseudotumors, also known as periodontoid pseudotumors, are non-neoplastic soft tissue masses adjacent to the odontoid process (dens) of C2, which can cause cervicomedullary compression. Epidemiology The prevalence of retro-odontoid soft tissue thickening, particularly with miner...

Central retinal artery occlusion

Central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) is a cause of inner retinal infarction and profound, monocular vision loss, most commonly caused by embolic occlusion of the central retinal artery. Epidemiology The most common etiological associations with occlusion of the central retinal artery inclu...

Trigeminal ganglion

The trigeminal ganglion, also known as the Gasser, Gasserian or semilunar ganglion, is the large crescent-shaped sensory ganglion of the trigeminal nerve located in the trigeminal cave (Meckel cave) surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid. The ganglion contains the cell bodies of pseudounipolar senso...

Doughnut sign (disambiguation)

The doughnut sign can refer to various imaging appearances: crescent in a doughnut sign (bowel) doughnut sign (bone scan) doughnut sign (bowel) doughnut sign (chest) doughnut sign (missed testicular torsion) doughnut sign (orbit)

Hockey stick sign (disambiguation)

The hockey stick sign can refer to a variety of different signs and appearances: hockey stick sign (thyroid hemiagenesis) hockey stick sign (Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease) hockey stick sign (ureters)

Hypothyroidism

The clinical syndrome of hypothyroidism is marked by inadequate thyroid hormone production, resulting in a decreased rate of cellular metabolism. It may be primary, in which the dysfunction pertains to the thyroid gland itself, or secondary, due to hypothalamic or pituitary dysfunction 1. Epide...

Petrous apex

The petrous apex is the pyramid-shaped anteromedial part of the petrous part of the temporal bone. It is oriented obliquely in the skull base and articulates with the posterior aspect of the greater wing of the sphenoid and occipital bones. The lateral boundary is the inner ear, medially the pe...

Endolymphatic duct

The endolymphatic duct is a small epithelial-lined channel, part of the membranous labyrinth that passes through the vestibular aqueduct in the bony labyrinth of the petrous temporal bone. It arises from the utricle and saccule via the utriculosaccule duct and drains endolymph. The distal end is...

Perilymphatic duct

The perilymphatic duct is a small epithelial-line channel that passes through the cochlear aqueduct in the bony labyrinth of the petrous temporal bone. It arises from the scala tympani of the cochlea and drains perilymph into the cerebrospinal fluid of the subarachnoid space of the posterior cra...

Membranous labyrinth

The membranous labyrinth or endolymphatic labyrinth is the part of the inner ear housed in the osseous labyrinth. It comprises 3 distinct, but joined, sensory sacs and ducts supplied by the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII): cochlear duct (scala media) in the cochlea, responsible for hearing u...

Semicircular duct

The semicircular ducts are the part of the membranous labyrinth that are contained in the semicircular canals of the osseous labyrinth, concerned with rotational equilibrium. Like the other parts of the membranous labyrinth, the ducts contain endolymph and are surrounded by perilymph. The crura...

Fallopian (disambiguation)

The eponym fallopian may refer to: fallopian canal (facial nerve canal) fallopian tube (uterine duct) fallopian ligament (inguinal ligament) History and etymology It is named after Gabriele Falloppio (also known by his Latin name Fallopius), Italian anatomist (1523-1562). Despite the eponym...

Cochlear aqueduct

The cochlear aqueduct or canaliculus is a small canal in the bony labyrinth of the petrous temporal bone that contains the perilymphatic duct, which drains perilymph into the cerebrospinal fluid of the posterior cranial fossa subarachnoid space. It runs inferior and parallel to the internal audi...

Saccule (disambiguation)

The saccule may refer to: saccule of the inner ear saccule of the larynx

Utricle (disambiguation)

The utricle may refer to: utricle of the inner ear utricle of the prostatic urethra

Labyrinth of the inner ear

The labyrinth of the inner ear is the combined sensory organ of hearing and balance and its surrounding bony cavity located in the petrous temporal bone, consisting of two components: the osseous labyrinth, the bony cavity, which houses the membranous labyrinth, a tubular sac filled with endol...

Labyrinth (disambiguation)

The labyrinth can refer to: labyrinth of the inner ear osseous labyrinth membranous labyrinth labyrinth of the ethmoid bone

Angular artery (facial artery branch)

The angular artery is the terminal branch of the facial artery. It becomes the angular artery after the lateral nasal artery branch from the facial artery. It courses superiorly along the lateral border of the external nose to the medial canthus. It is accompanied by the angular vein, which dra...

Nasal cartilages

The nasal cartilages make up the skeleton of the external nose, along with the nasal bones, maxilla, frontal bone and bony nasal septum. They are formed from hyaline cartilage and responsible for maintaining the shape of the flexible part of the external nose and vestibule and consist of five na...

Sinus tympani

The sinus tympani of the petrous temporal bone is a small recess in the posterior wall of the mesotympanum medial to the pyramidal eminence and stapedius muscle origin. Lateral to the pyramidal eminence is the facial recess. It is of surgical importance due to its invasion by cholesteatoma and ...

Facial recess

The facial recess of the petrous temporal bone is a small recess in the posterior wall of the mesotympanum lateral to the pyramidal eminence and stapedius muscle origin. The upper mastoid portion of the facial nerve runs immediately posterior to it, giving it its name. Medial to the pyramidal em...

Pyramidal process

The pyramidal process or eminence of the petrous temporal bone is a small hollow anterior osseous protrusion from the posterior wall of the mesotympanum that separates the sinus tympani medially from the facial recess laterally. The stapedius muscle arises from the hollow of the pyramidal proces...

Intraparotid lymph nodes

The intraparotid lymph nodes are groups of cervical lymph nodes located within the parenchyma of each of the parotid glands. Gross anatomy Among the salivary glands, only the parotid glands have their own internal lymph nodes due to the late encapsulation of the parotids during embryologic dev...

Masticatory muscle hypertrophy

Masticatory muscle hypertrophy, also known as - and commonly presenting as - temporalis and masseter muscles hypertrophy, is a rare condition that affects the muscles of mastication and results in "pseudomasses". Commonly seen in anxious individuals with "bruxism" and in chronic gum chewing 1. ...

Vallecula

The epiglottic valleculae are paired depressions in the oropharynx located anterior to the epiglottis and posterior to the base of tongue. They are located between the lateral glossoepiglottic folds and the median glossoepiglottic fold. Etymology Vallecula is Latin for "small valley", a combi...

WHO classification of head and neck tumors

The World Health Organizatiοn (WHO) classification of head and neck tumors is the most widely used pathologic classification system for such disorders. The current revision, part of the 4th edition of the WHO series, was published in 2017 and is reflected in the article below 1. Classification ...

Cervical lymph node metastasis (radiologic criteria)

Cervical lymph node metastases refer to regional nodal involvement by cancer in the head and neck, most commonly due to squamous cell carcinoma originating from the aerodigestive tract or skin. Radiologic detection of cervical lymph node metastases is important for clinical staging and planning ...

Emissary veins (skull)

Emissary veins (also known as the vena emissaria) are veins which pass through foramina in the skull to provide a venous communication between the dural venous sinuses and veins of the scalp or veins inferior to the skull base (cranial-cerebral anastomosis). They are thin-walled and valveless. ...

Isthmus (disambiguation)

Isthmus (plural: isthmi) is an anatomical term and refers to a slender structure joining two larger components. Some of these uses of the word isthmus are now rarely used or only seen in older texts and articles: isthmus (aorta) isthmus (auditory tube) isthmus (auricle of the ear) isthmus (c...

Mainzer-Saldino syndrome

Mainzer-Saldino syndrome (also known as conorenal syndrome (CRS)) is a rare condition and is one of the ciliopathies. It is due to mutations in the IFT140 gene, whose protein product is one of the six parts of the intraflagellar transport complex A. The syndrome's key characteristics are: phal...

Inferior salivatory nucleus

The inferior salivatory (or salivary) nucleus is the nucleus associated with the visceral efferent innervation of the parotid gland. It is one of the four nuclei of the glossopharyngeal nerve. Gross anatomy The inferior salivatory nucleus is located within the dorsal aspect of the pons just su...

Inferior tympanic canaliculus

The inferior tympanic canaliculus is a small bony passageway that lies within the petrous portion of the temporal bone, between the carotid canal and jugular foramen. Gross anatomy The inferior tympanic canaliculus is a bony canal that separates the opening of the carotid canal anteromedially ...

Dural tail sign (mnemonic)

A useful mnemonic to remember differential diagnoses associated with a dural tail sign is: My Scary Dog Likes To Stand Guard Mnemonic M: meningioma S: sarcoidosis D: dural metastases L: lymphoma T: tuberculoma S: schwannoma G: glioma

Sigmoid sinus dehiscence

Sigmoid sinus dehiscence, also known as sigmoid plate dehiscence, refers to a defect in the sigmoid plate such that the sigmoid sinus is not separated by bone from the air in the mastoid air cells. Clinical presentation Although patients may be asymptomatic, sigmoid sinus diverticulum and dehi...

Microdontia

Microdontia is where a tooth appears smaller than normal. It most commonly affects the maxillary lateral incisor and the third molars.

Sigmoid sinus diverticulum

Sigmoid sinus diverticula are venous outpouchings from the sigmoid sinus that intrude into the mastoid bone, which can occur either with an intact but remodeled sigmoid plate or with sigmoid sinus dehiscence. Epidemiology The prevalence of sigmoid sinus diverticulum or dehiscence is about 1% 1...

Jugular bulb diverticulum

Jugular bulb diverticulum refers to a protrusion of the jugular bulb with waist-like margin, which can occur with or without jugular bulb dehiscence. Epidemiology The prevalence on imaging series ranges 1-8% 1,2. Clinical presentation Many patients are asymptomatic, but jugular bulb diverti...

Citelli abscess

Citelli abscesses are a suppurative complication of acute mastoiditis. The term may refer to extracranial abscesses in two different juxtamastoidal locations: posterior to the mastoid involving/abutting the occipital bone anteroinferior to the mastoid tip involving the digastric muscle or with...

Videofluoroscopic swallow study

Videofluoroscopic swallow studies (also often called modified barium swallow studies) are a variation on traditional barium swallow studies. Although typical barium swallow studies / esophagrams evaluate the pharynx, the goal in these studies is to even more closely evaluate the oral cavity, pha...

Jugulodigastric lymph nodes

The jugulodigastric lymph nodes, also known as subdigastric lymph nodes, are deep cervical nodes located below the posterior belly of the digastric muscle and anterior to the internal jugular vein. They are located in neck node level IIa and receive lymphatic drainage from the tonsils, pharynx,...

Posterior semicircular canal dehiscence syndrome

Posterior semicircular canal dehiscence syndrome (PSCD) is the presence of vestibuloauditory symptoms secondary to absence of the bony covering of the posterior semicircular canal (PSC). Epidemiology It is thought to be rare: in a case series of 112 patients with a high riding jugular bulb it ...

Inferior alveolar nerve injury

Inferior alveolar nerve injuries are most commonly iatrogenic, predominantly post third mandibular molar extraction, although they can occur post dental implant. Mandibular fractures are the most frequent non-iatrogenic etiology. This article is focussed on iatrogenic injuries. Epidemiology T...

Carotid plate

The carotid plate is a thin (0.5 mm) bony plate that separates the carotid canal from the middle ear cavity (Figures 1 and 2). Gross anatomy The caroticotympanic artery perforates the carotid plate normally. Related pathology Disruption or dehiscence of the carotid plate may be seen in aber...

Semicircular canal dehiscence

Dehiscence of the semicircular canals has been described for all three of the canals, namely superior (most common), posterior, and lateral. The presence of dehiscence does not mean that an individual will experience any symptoms. Indeed in a large study, 10% of the CT scans of the temporal bone...

Polycoria

Polycoria is the presence of more than one true pupil in the iris, each possessing their own fully functional sphincter pupillae muscle, which responds appropriately to light and drugs. It is a very rare entity with only a few case reports in the global literature 1,2. Pseudopolycoria occurs w...

Gillespie syndrome

Gillespie syndrome is a rare genetic condition presenting as a mydriasis, secondary to an omnipresent partial aniridia. The abnormal iris is bilateral, with a highly-specific scalloped inner margin, due to hypoplasia of the central constrictor pupillae fibers. Associated features include an unch...

Aniridia

Aniridia refers to either the clinical sign of a complete/partial absence of the iris, or more specifically to the disease entity classic aniridia. Rarely other genetic conditions may cause this sign. Epidemiology Classic aniridia is inherited as an autosomal dominant condition and is seen in ...

Anisocoria

Anisocoria is present when an individual's pupils differ in size. If a person's pupils are symmetric there is said to be isocoria. Epidemiology The prevalence of transient physiological anisocoria of >0.4 mm is found in up to 20% population. However persistent anisocoria seems to be rarer, in ...

Iris (eye)

The iris (plural: irises or irides) is a pigmented muscular structure which modifies the amount of light entering the eye, by controlling the size of the pupil, its central aperture. Summary location: between the anterior and posterior chambers of the globe function: controls the amoun...

Passy Muir speaking valve

Passy Muir speaking valve is a common type of one-way speaking valve, allowing patients to speak post-tracheostomy tube placement. They are used in both adults and children 1. With the valve in situ, the patient is able to inhale air normally into the lungs but on exhalation, the valve closes an...

Rieger anomaly

The Rieger anomaly refers to the maldevelopment of the anterior chamber of the ocular globe. The iris and cornea do not form correctly, findings including: hypoplastic iris stroma corectopia: an off-center pupil in the iris colobomas of the iris (pseudopolycoria) Patients are at increased ri...

Nasal ala

The nasal ala (plural alae) forms the lateral part (wing) of the nasal vestibule. The alar cartilage on each side provides a skeleton for the other soft tissue components.

Ethmoid mucocele

An ethmoid mucocele is a form of paranasal sinus mucocele involving the ethmoid air cells. Depending on its anterior and/or posterior location, they can also include nasoethmoid and sphenoethmoid mucoceles. Ethmoid mucoceles are considered the second most common in location 2. Clinical presenta...

Muscles of the nose

The muscles of the nose form a distinct subgroup within the muscles of facial expression. Some of the muscles, e.g. orbicularis oris muscle, are in more than one subgroup. nasalis muscle compressor naris muscle dilator naris muscle procerus muscle myrtiformis muscle depressor septi...

Dilator naris muscle

Dilator naris muscle forms the alar component of nasalis muscle, and is one of the muscles of the nose, a subset of the facial muscles. Summary origin: maxilla insertion: nasal ala innervation: facial nerve (VII) action: flaring of the nostril Gross anatomy Origin fibers originate fr...

Zygomaticus minor muscle

The zygomaticus minor muscle is a member of the buccolabial muscle group of the facial muscles. Together with the levator labii superioris alaeque nasi and levator labii superioris muscles it is one of the main elevators of the lip, exposing the maxillary teeth 1. Along with its other action of ...

Zygomaticus major muscle

The zygomaticus major muscle is a member of the buccolabial muscle group of the upper lip, a subset of the facial muscles 1. It joins with the muscle fibers of levator anguli oris, orbicularis oris and the more deeply placed muscular bands to move the side of the mouth upwards and sideways durin...

Superior orbital fissure syndrome

Superior orbital fissure syndrome (SOFS) (also known as Rochon–Duvigneaud syndrome) is a rare complication of craniofacial trauma with an orbital fracture that extends to the superior orbital fissure that results in injury to the cranial nerves III, IV, V (ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal ner...

Compressor naris muscle

Compressor naris muscle forms the transverse component of nasalis muscle, and is one of the muscles of the nose, a subset of the facial muscles. Summary origin: frontal process of maxilla insertion: medial insertion into a transverse aponeurosis innervation: facial nerve (VII) action: s...

Nasalis muscle

Nasalis muscle is one of the muscles of the nose, a subset of the facial muscles, consisting of two main parts: compressor naris dilator naris These two parts have opposing actions, the compressor narrows the nostrils and dilator flares them. Both parts are supplied by the buccal branch of t...

Alar fascia

The alar fascia is a thin fibroareolar membrane separating the (anterior) true retropharyngeal space from the (posterior) danger space. It is the ventral component of the deep layer of the deep cervical fascia. Notably, in the well patient, the alar fascia is not usually visible on cross-sectio...

Neck imaging reporting and data system (NI-RADS)

NI-RADS (Neck Imaging and Reporting and Data System) is a lexicon and risk classification proposed by the American College of Radiology for reporting surveillance imaging of treated head and neck cancer. The terminology and categories may be applied to any head and neck malignancy (e.g. squamous...

Paraglottic space

The paraglottic space is a fat-containing space located on either side of the larynx. Gross anatomy Boundaries and/or relations laterally: thyroid cartilage superomedially: pre-epiglottic space inferomedially: conus elasticus posteriorly: pyriform sinus The space surrounds the laryngeal v...

Supraglottis

The supraglottis is an anatomic subsite of the larynx, located superior to the glottis. Gross anatomy The supraglottic larynx includes, from superior to inferior, the epiglottis (including both lingual and laryngeal surfaces), the laryngeal aspect of the aryepiglottic folds, false vocal cords,...

Glottis

The glottis is an anatomic subsite of the larynx, between the supraglottis and subglottis. Terminology The glottis should not be confused for the rima glottidis, which is the space in between the true vocal cords 3. Gross anatomy The glottic larynx includes the true vocal cords, where they ...

Selenium toxicity

Selenium toxicity (rarely: hyperselenemia) is caused by excessive intake of the non-metallic element selenium (Se) in the diet. Epidemiology It is less common than selenium deficiency. It is most frequently seen in some parts of India, in which there are naturally high levels of selenium in th...

Bifid premolar root

A bifid premolar root is a normal variant where there are two roots involving a premolar tooth. It is thought to present in approximately 2.5 % of population 1. They are mostly located in the buccal and lingual directions. See also teeth

Occipital spur

Occipital spurs, also known as occipital knobs, occipital buns, chignon hooks or inion hooks, are anatomical variants that represent an exaggerated external occipital protuberance 1. Epidemiology It is common in males and hence is often used in forensic investigations for gender determination ...

Spindle cell lipoma

Spindle cell lipoma is a benign lesion in which mature fat is replaced by collagen-forming spindle cells 1,2. Epidemiology Spindle cell lipoma typically present in the middle aged to elderly men between the ages of 45 and 65 years 1,2. Clinical presentation Spindle cell lipoma has a signific...

Procerus muscle

Procerus muscle (also known as pyramidalis nasi muscle) is one of the muscles of the nose and hence a facial muscle. Summary origin: descending fibers of frontalis muscle coalesce with procerus nasal bone lateral nasal cartilage insertion: skin of the inferior glabella arterial supply: fac...

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