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Soft palate

The soft palate is the posterior part of the palate that is a mobile fold of soft tissue attached to the posterior border of the hard palate which laterally fuses with the lateral wall of the oropharynx. On its inferior oral surface it is lined by oral mucosa (which contains numerous palatine gl...

Hard palate

The hard palate is the anterior horizontal bony part of the palate that forms the roof of the oral cavity and floor of the nasal cavity. Most of the hard palate is formed by the palatine processes of the maxillae, the horizontal plates of the palatine bones complete it posteriorly. On its inferi...

Optic radiation

The optic radiation, also known as geniculocalcarine tract, is part of the visual pathway, forming the connection between the lateral geniculate nucleus of the pulvinar of the thalamus with the primary visual cortex of the occipital lobe. This pathway is formed by the axons of neurons correlat...

Muscles of the soft palate

There are five paired muscles of the soft palate that are collectively referred to as the muscles of the soft palate or the palatal muscles: tensor veli palatini muscle levator veli palatini muscle palatopharyngeus muscle palatoglossus muscle muscle of the uvula All of them are innervated...

Palate

The palate is the partition between the oral and nasal cavities, forming the roof of the oral cavity and the floor of the nasal cavity. It is composed of the osseous fixed hard palate comprising the anterior 2/3rds of the palate and a mobile soft palate devoid of bone and with multiple functions...

Muscle of the uvula

The muscle of the uvula or musculus uvulae is one of the five paired muscles of the soft palate and forms the bulk of the uvula. Summary origin: posterior border of the hard palate and the posterior nasal spine of the horizontal plate of the palatine bone insertion: palatine aponeurosis and m...

Sphenomandibular ligament

The sphenomandibular ligament is one of the two extrinsic ligaments of the mandible, the other being the stylomandibular ligament. The sphenomandibular ligament descends from the spine of the sphenoid bone onto the medial surface of the mandibular ramus, attaching to the lingula. It is the prim...

Lingual nerve

The lingual nerve is a sensory branch of the posterior division of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve supplying sensation (both gustatory (taste) and non-gustatory) to the anterior two-thirds of the tongue. Gross anatomy The lingual nerve divides off the posterior division and des...

Mental nerve

The mental nerve is one of the two terminal branches of the inferior alveolar nerve, a branch of the posterior division of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve. It emerges from the mandibular canal anteriorly through the mental foramen and supplies the labial gingiva of the lower lip ...

Incisive nerve

The incisive nerve is one of the two terminal branches of the inferior alveolar nerve, a branch of the posterior division of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve. It continues running anteriorly in the mandibular incisive canal (a continuation of the mandibular canal) after the mental...

Nerve to mylohyoid

The nerve to mylohyoid or mylohyoid nerve is a motor branch of the inferior alveolar nerve, a branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve. Gross anatomy The nerve to mylohyoid arises from the inferior alveolar nerve just before it enters the mandibular foramen. It does not enter ...

Widening of the diploic space

Widening of the diploic space refers to expansion of the cancellous (spongy) bone between the inner and outer tables of the calvaria. The diploic space is the medullary cavity of the skull, and a location of normal physiologic hematopoiesis in adults. Thus, expansion of this structure most commo...

Aryepiglottic folds

The aryepiglottic folds are two ligamentomuscular structures within the supraglottic larynx that function to protect the airway when swallowing. Gross anatomy Each aryepiglottic fold is comprised of the superior ligamentous edge of the quadrangular membrane and covering mucous membrane 1, the ...

False vocal cords

The false vocal cords (vestibular folds, ventricular folds, ventricular bands) are paired shelf-like structures located within the supraglottic larynx that divide the laryngeal vestibule above from the laryngeal ventricle below. Gross anatomy The quadrangular membrane is a paired membrane tha...

Auriculotemporal nerve

The auriculotemporal nerve is a sensory branch of the posterior division of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve. Gross anatomy The auriculotemporal nerve arises posteriorly from the posterior division of the mandibular nerve. It arises as two separate roots which encircle the middl...

Buccal nerve

The buccal nerve is the only purely sensory branch of the anterior division of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve. It is not to be confused with the buccal branch of the facial nerve. Gross anatomy The buccal nerve divides off the anterior division and passes with the paired nerve...

Lateral pterygoid nerves

The lateral pterygoid nerves or nerves to lateral pterygoid muscle are a pair of motor branches of the anterior division of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve. Gross anatomy The two nerves divide off the anterior division and course along side the buccal nerve. Each nerve then pie...

Masseteric nerve

The masseteric nerve or nerve to masseter is a motor branch of the anterior division of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve. Gross anatomy The masseteric nerve divides off the anterior division and continues lateral to the lateral pterygoid muscle and then laterally through the man...

Deep temporal nerves

The deep temporal nerves are a pair of motor branches of the anterior division of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve. It should not be confused with the temporal branch of the facial nerve. Gross anatomy The two deep temporal nerves divide off the anterior division and course abov...

Levator veli palatini muscle

The levator veli palatini muscle is one of the 5 paired muscles of the soft palate. It is a cylindrical muscle which together form a V-shaped sling behind and above the soft palate. Summary origin: it has two sites of origin: inferior surface of petrous temporal bone medial rim of the audito...

Nerve to medial pterygoid

The nerve to medial pterygoid, also known as medial pterygoid nerve, is a branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve. Gross anatomy The nerve to medial pterygoid divides off the mandibular division just below the foramen ovale and just before it branches into anterior and poster...

Posterior division of the mandibular nerve

The posterior division of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve has 3 branches, which are all sensory branches except one. The 3 branches are: auriculotemporal nerve lingual nerve inferior alveolar nerve

Anterior division of the mandibular nerve

The anterior division of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve has four branches, which are all motor branches except one. The four branches are: deep temporal nerves lateral pterygoid nerves masseteric nerve buccal nerve

Clivus

The clivus (of Blumenbach) is the sloping midline surface of the skull base anterior to the foramen magnum and posterior to the dorsum sellae 1. Specifically, it is formed by the sphenoid body and the basiocciput, which join at the spheno-occipital synchondrosis. At the clivus, the occipital bon...

Cranial vault

The cranial vault, also known as the skull vault, skullcap or calvaria, is the cranial space that encases and protects the brain together with the base of the skull. The cranial vault and the base of skull together form the neurocranium. Gross anatomy The cranial vault consists of the followin...

Dolan's lines

Dolan's lines are the collective name given to three lines described by Dolan and Jacoby 1 that aid in evaluating for maxillofacial fractures on an occipitomental skull radiograph. They are usually used as an adjunct to McGrigor-Campbell lines. orbital line traces the inner margins of the later...

Tentorial nerve

The tentorial nerve is the first branch of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve (CN Va) which is the dominate dural nerve supplying most of the supratentorial dura. It specifically supplies the falx, calvarial dura and superior surface of the tentorium.

Tensor veli palatini muscle

The tensor veli palatini muscle is one of the five paired muscles of the soft palate. It is triangular in shape and its tendon wraps around the pulley of pterygoid hamulus to alter the shape of the soft palate. Summary origin: it has three sites of origin: scaphoid fossa of the medial pterygo...

Middle meningeal nerve

The middle meningeal nerve, also known as the meningeal branch of the maxillary nerve, is a branch of the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve. It supplies the dura of the middle cranial fossa. Summary location: branch of maxillary nerve (CN V2) origin and course: originates from CN V2 ...

Nervus spinosus

The nervus spinosus (plural: nervi spinosi), also known as the meningeal branch of the mandibular nerve, is a branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve which innervates the dura of the middle cranial fossa. Gross anatomy The nervus spinosus divides off the mandibular division j...

Maxilla

The maxillae (or maxillary bones) are a pair of symmetrical bones joined at the midline, which form the middle third of the face. Each maxilla forms the floor of the nasal cavity and parts of its lateral wall and roof, the roof of the oral cavity, contains the maxillary sinus, and contributes mo...

Palatovaginal canal

The palatovaginal canal, also known as the pharyngeal canal, is a small short canal located at the articulation of the sphenoidal process of palatine bone and the vaginal process of the body of the sphenoid bone. It is lateral to the variably present vomerovaginal canal. It transmits the pharyn...

Lateral posterior inferior nasal nerve

The lateral posterior inferior nasal nerve is a branch of the greater palatine nerve that supplies the posteroinferior nasal lateral wall. Gross anatomy The nerve branches off the greater palatine nerve in the greater palatine canal and exits the canal though a tiny un-named foramen in the pal...

Acquired tracheo-esophageal fistula

An acquired tracheo-esophageal fistula refers to a pathological communication between the trachea and esophagus due to a secondary cause. Pathology Acquired causes of tracheo-esophageal fistulae can be divided into those that are related to malignancy (common) and those from other causes (unco...

Scalp

The scalp (TA: calva) is the skin and subcutaneous tissue covering the neurocranium. It is composed of five layers and has a rich vascular supply which explains why it bleeds profusely and heals well. Layers The scalp is composed of five layers which are easily remembered with this mnemonic. F...

Vertical muscle of the tongue

The vertical muscle of the tongue is one of the four intrinsic muscles of the tongue which alters the shape of the tongue mass, being entirely confined to the tongue without an extraglossal attachment (cf. extrinsic muscles of the tongue). Gross anatomy The muscles fibers attach proximally to ...

Transverse muscle of the tongue

The transverse muscle of the tongue is one of the four intrinsic muscles of the tongue which alters the shape of the tongue mass, being entirely confined to the tongue without an extraglossal attachment (cf. extrinsic muscles of the tongue). Gross anatomy The muscles fibers attach proximally t...

Inferior longitudinal muscle of the tongue

The inferior longitudinal muscle of the tongue is one of the four intrinsic muscles of the tongue, which alter the shape of the tongue mass, being entirely confined to the tongue without any extraglossal attachment (cf. extrinsic muscles of the tongue). Gross anatomy The muscles fibers attach ...

Superior longitudinal muscle of the tongue

The superior longitudinal muscle of the tongue is one of the four intrinsic muscles of the tongue which alter the shape of the tongue mass, being entirely confined to the tongue without any extraglossal attachment (cf. extrinsic muscles of the tongue). Gross anatomy The muscles fibers attach p...

Salpingopharyngeus muscle

The salpingopharyngeus is a muscle of the head and neck, and one of the inner longitudinal muscles of the pharynx. The paired slender muscles create vertical ridges of mucous membrane in the posterior pharyngeal wall descending from the medial ends of the Eustachian tubes to the called the salpi...

Palatoglossus muscle

The palatoglossus muscle is one of the four extrinsic muscles of the tongue. The paired muscles create ridges of mucous membrane in the lateral pharyngeal wall called the palatoglossal arches (also known as the anterior pillars of the fauces). These form the lateral boundary between the oral cav...

Genioglossus muscle

The genioglossus muscle is a fan-shaped extrinsic muscle of the tongue which makes up the bulk of the tongue. Summary origin: superior mental spine of the symphysis menti (posterior surface of midline mandible) insertion: entire tongue mass and body of the hyoid bone nerve supply: hypoglossa...

Extrinsic muscles of the tongue

The extrinsic muscles of the tongue are a group of 4 muscles of the tongue. They all arise outside the tongue, which is in comparison to the intrinsic muscles of the tongue which are entirely within the tongue with no external attachments. They act to alter the position of the tongue where as th...

Intrinsic muscles of the tongue

The intrinsic muscles of the tongue are a group of 4 muscular bands in the tongue. In comparison to the extrinsic muscles of the tongue, they are entirely within the tongue with no external attachments. They act to alter the shape of the tongue where as the extrinsic tongue muscles alter the pos...

Inspissated colloid

Inspissated colloid (colloid crystals) in a thyroid nodule leads to focal hyperechogenic foci, which can potentially be confused with microcalcifications. Radiographic features Ultrasound hyperechoic focus in a thyroid nodule reverberation artifact/comet tail artifact this feature is the mo...

ACR Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (ACR TI-RADS)

ACR TI-RADS is a reporting system for thyroid nodules on ultrasound proposed by the American College of Radiology (ACR) 1. This uses a standardized scoring system for reports providing users with recommendations for when to use fine needle aspiration (FNA) or ultrasound follow-up of suspicious ...

Anterior superior alveolar nerve

The anterior superior alveolar nerve, also known as the anterior superior dental nerve, is a branch of the infra-orbital nerve, from the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve. It is the largest of the superior alveolar nerves and contributes to the superior dental plexus. Gross anatomy I...

Middle superior alveolar nerve

The middle superior alveolar nerve, also known as the middle superior dental nerve, is a branch of the infraorbital nerve, from the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve. It is the smallest of the superior alveolar nerves and contributes to the superior dental plexus. Gross anatomy It ar...

Stylomandibular ligament

The stylomandibular ligament is one of the two extrinsic ligaments of the mandible, the other being the sphenomandibular ligament. It is a cord-like condensation of the deep cervical fascia that extends from the apex of the styloid process of the temporal bone to the angle of the mandible. Its...

Posterior superior alveolar nerve

The posterior superior alveolar nerve, also known as the posterior superior dental nerve, is a branch of the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve arising just before the infra-orbital nerve. It is the first of the superior alveolar nerves and contributes to the superior dental plexus. Gro...

Zygomaticotemporal nerve

The zygomaticotemporal nerve is the larger of the two branches of the zygomatic nerve, from the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve. It is primarily sensory but also relays parasympathetic fibers to the lacrimal nerve from the pterygopalatine ganglion which reach the lacrimal gland. Along...

Zygomaticotemporal foramen

The zygomaticotemporal foramen is a small foramen in the anteromedial surface of the zygomatic bone that transmits the zygomaticotemporal nerve (a branch of the zygomatic nerve from the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve) and zygomaticotemporal vessels.

Zygomaticofacial foramen

The zygomaticofacial foramen is a small foramen in the mid lateral surface of the zygomatic bone that transmits the zygomaticofacial nerve (a branch of the zygomatic nerve from the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve) and zygomaticofacial vessels.

Zygomaticofacial nerve

The zygomaticofacial nerve is the smaller of the two branches of the zygomatic nerve, from the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve. It is sometimes referred to as the malar branch of the zygomatic nerve. It leaves the inferolateral aspect of the extraconal space of the orbit through the z...

Zygomatic nerve

The zygomatic nerve is a main branch of the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve. It should not be confused with the zygomatic branch of the facial nerve. Gross anatomy The zygomatic nerve divides off the maxillary division in the pterygopalatine fossa, just after it emerges from the for...

Palatopharyngeus muscle

The palatopharyngeus muscle is a muscle of the head and neck, and one of the inner longitudinal muscles of the pharynx. It is also referred to as one of the five paired muscles of the soft palate. The paired muscles create ridges of mucous membrane in the lateral pharyngeal wall called the pala...

Stylopharyngeus muscle

The stylopharyngeus muscle is in the head and neck region, and one of the inner longitudinal muscles of the pharynx. Summary origin: styloid process of the temporal bone insertion: thyroid cartilage innervation: glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) action: elevates the larynx and pharynx; swallow...

Facial-cavernous anastomoses

The facial-cavernous anastomoses are the communications of the facial and deep facial veins with the cavernous sinus. Gross anatomy At the medial canthus of the eye there is a communication with the ophthalmic veins, which drain into the cavernous sinus. Blood from the frontal scalp normally f...

Inferior ophthalmic vein

The inferior ophthalmic vein (IOV) is a vein of the inferior orbit and is smaller than the more well-known superior ophthalmic vein (SOV). Gross anatomy Origin The vein forms from a plexus of several veins within the anteroinferior orbit along the infraorbital margin from facial vein tributar...

Genioplasty

Genioplasty, known commonly as chin augmentation, refers to a surgical procedure performed to improve facial balance and/or rejuvenate the lower facial third-mandible. An osseous genioplasty refers to surgery which is performed by creating an osteotomy and then mobilizing an inferior segment of ...

Sphenopalatine artery

The sphenopalatine artery, formerly known as the nasopalatine artery, is the terminal branch of the maxillary artery that is the main supply to the nasal cavity. It is colloquially know as the artery of epistaxis given its common involvement in cases of nose bleeds. It is a major contributor to ...

Submandibular ganglion

The submandibular ganglion is one of four parasympathetic ganglia of the head and neck. It receives parasympathetic fibers from the facial nerve. Gross anatomy small ganglion suspended from the undersurface of the lingual nerve inferior to submandibular duct sitting on the hyoglossus muscle ...

Ciliary ganglion

The ciliary ganglion is one of four parasympathetic ganglia of the head and neck. It receives preganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the Edinger-Westphal nucleus via the oculomotor nerve. It supplies the eye via short ciliary nerves not only with parasympathetic fibers, but also with sensory ...

Small communicating branch

The small communicating branch of the ciliary ganglion is a small branch of the nasociliary nerve which supplies sensory fibers through the ciliary ganglion. These fibers do not synapse in the ganglion but pass directly into the short ciliary nerves to supply sensation to the sclera, cornea, iri...

Short ciliary nerves

The short ciliary nerves are a group of nerves that branch from the nasociliary nerve in the intraconal space via the ciliary ganglion. Along with the long ciliary nerves, they supply sensation to the entire globe excluding the conjunctiva. The nasociliary nerve provides a small sensory componen...

Long ciliary nerves

The long ciliary nerves are a group of nerves that branch from the nasociliary nerve in the intraconal space. Along with the short ciliary nerves, they supply sensation to the entire globe excluding the conjunctiva. Unlike the short ciliary nerves however, they bypass the ciliary ganglion and he...

Parasympathetic ganglia in the head and neck

The parasympathetic ganglia are a group of 4 bilateral autonomic ganglia in the head and neck. Each has three roots entering the ganglion and a variable number of exiting branches, but only parasympathetic fibers synapse within the ganglion. Sensory and sympathetic fibers only traversing through...

Anterior ethmoidal nerve

The anterior ethmoidal nerve is an extraconal branch of the nasociliary nerve, a branch of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve. Some authors describe it as either the terminal branch or a direct continuation of the nasociliary nerve. It branches off distal to the infratrochlear nerv...

Posterior ethmoidal nerve

The posterior ethmoidal nerve is an extraconal branch of the nasociliary nerve, a branch of ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve. It branches off proximal to the infratrochlear nerve and courses through the medial aspect of the extraconal space of the orbit. It exits the orbit through the...

Infratrochlear nerve

The infratrochlear nerve is an extraconal branch of the nasociliary nerve, a branch of ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve. Some authors describe it as the terminal branch of the nasociliary nerve. It courses through the medial aspect of the extraconal space of the orbit inferior to the ...

Nasociliary nerve

The nasociliary nerve is the intermediate branch of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve. Gross anatomy The nasociliary nerve divides off the ophthalmic division just before entering the orbit through the superior orbital fissure and through the tendinous ring between the inferior a...

Ommaya reservoir

Ommaya reservoir, also known as Ommaya shunt, is a device for the purpose of repetitive access to the intrathecal space, consisting of an intraventricular catheter connected to a reservoir (port) implanted beneath the scalp. It is used for intrathecal administration of medication such as chemoth...

Lacrimal nerve

The lacrimal nerve is the smallest branch of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve (V1). Gross anatomy The lacrimal nerve divides off the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve (V1) just before entering the orbit through the superior orbital fissure outside and superolateral to ...

Broken heart sign

The broken heart sign, also known as the Y sign in older otorhinolaryngology literature 2,3, describes the appearances of incudomalleolar disarticulation. This sign is identified on CT in the coronal plane, being formed by the widening of the incudomalleolar joint and lateral displacement of th...

Temporomandibular joint (axiolateral oblique view)

The axiolateral oblique temporomandibular joint (TMJ) view allows for visualization of the articular tubercle, mandibular condyle and fossa of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Indications This projection is useful in identifying structural changes and displaced fractures, assessing excursion...

Martini glass sign

The Martini glass sign describes the appearance of the globe in persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous (PHPV). On MRI the retrolenticular tissue characteristic of this condition has a triangular shape, like that of a martini glass appearing as low T2 signal against the normal high T2 signal o...

Tuberculum sellae

The tuberculum sellae is the ridged process of the sphenoid bone which forms the anterior wall of the sella turcica. Gross anatomy Relations The tuberculum sellae forms the anterior wall of the sella turcica, which houses the pituitary gland. It is an elongated ridge located immediately poste...

Dental caries

Dental caries are cavities in teeth ('caries' is both the singular and plural form). A single cavity can also be referred to as a carious lesion to avoid ambiguity. They are very common and can lead to serious morbidity. Clinical presentation Tooth decay is asymptomatic in its early stages. O...

Levator palpebrae superioris muscle

The levator palpebrae superioris muscle is a small muscle of the superior orbit that elevates and retracts the upper eyelid. It is not part of the extraocular muscles; it does not insert on the globe and therefore does not produce eye movements. But it is considered to be one of the facial muscl...

Supratrochlear foramen (head)

The supratrochlear foramen is the small opening at the medial edge of the superior orbital margin in the frontal bone that transmitts the supratrochlear nerve, artery and vein. When incomplete, it forms a notch. It is variably present, and when absent the neurovascular bundle will simple exit th...

Supratrochlear nerve

The supratrochlear nerve is the medial and smaller of the two branches of the frontal nerve, a branch of ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve. As it courses through the superomedial aspect of the extraconal space of the orbit, it passes over the trochlear and exits the orbit under the sup...

Supraorbital nerve

The supraorbital nerve is the lateral and larger of the two branches of the frontal nerve, a branch of ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve. As it courses through the superior aspect of the extraconal space of the orbit it exits the orbit through the supraorbital notch to supply the conju...

Frontal nerve

The frontal nerve is the largest and main branch of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve (V1). Gross anatomy The frontal nerve divides off the ophthalmic division superiorly just before entering the orbit through the superior orbital fissure outside and superolateral to the tendinou...

Parathyroid hormone

Parathyroid hormone (PTH), also known as parathormone, is secreted by the parathyroid glands in response to hypocalcemia. Its main physiologic effects are to increase osteoclastic activity in bone increase renal reabsorption of calcium inhibit renal absorption of phosphate and bicarbonate st...

Lund-Mackay score

The Lund-Mackay score is a widely used method for radiologic staging of chronic rhinosinusitis 1. When reading a CT scan of the paranasal sinuses and ostiomeatal complex, the reader assigns each sinus a score of: 0 (no abnormality) 1 (partial opacification) or 2 (complete opacification) The...

Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (orbital manifestations)

Ophthalmologic manifestations of granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) is not uncommon and can occur in either the classic or limited form of the disease. For a general discussion of the condition, please refer to the main article on granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA). For other organ-spec...

Caldwell-Luc operation

The Caldwell-Luc operation uses an external approach for surgical treatment of the severely diseased maxillary sinus. It is an alternative to middle meatal antrostomy done via endonasal endoscopic surgery and was the primary approach used for accessing the maxillary sinus before the advent of en...

Functional endoscopic sinus surgery

Functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) is a type of paranasal sinus surgery performed intranasally using a rigid endoscope. Its primary objective is to restore physiological ventilation and mucociliary transport 1. Paranasal sinus imaging is crucial in preoperative planning and is also incr...

Posterior ethmoidal artery

The posterior ethmoidal artery is a branch of the ophthalmic artery. It supplies the posterior ethmoidal sinuses, dura and nasal cavity. It passes through the posterior ethmoidal foramen to enter the anterior cranial fossa where it gives off meningeal and nasal branches.

Ameloblastic fibro-odontoma

Ameloblastic fibro-odontoma (AFO) is a rare benign mixed odontogenic lesion that usually arises in the maxilla and mandible. Once classified as a distinct entity, the lesion resembles an ameloblastic fibroma but contains hard odontoid tissue. It is now thought to represent part of the spectrum o...

Inferior alveolar nerve

The inferior alveolar nerve or inferior dental nerve is a mixed sensory and motor branch of the posterior division of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve, located in the pteryogomandibular space of the oral cavity/masticator space. Gross anatomy The inferior alveolar nerve divides ...

EBV-associated smooth muscle tumor

Epstein-Barr virus-associated smooth muscle tumors are rare and encountered in immunocompromised individuals. Epidemiology These tumors are generally exceedingly rare, and only seen with any frequency in the setting of immunosuppression, particularly in HIV/AIDS patients, but also post-transpl...

Hockey stick sign (thyroid hemiagenesis)

Hockey stick sign has been used to describe the appearance of the thyroid gland in cases of thyroid hemiagenesis when investigated with thyroid scan (Tc-99m) 1. The unilateral lobe and isthmus make a shape reminiscent of a hockey stick. See also hockey stick sign (Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease)

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