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Compensated advanced chronic liver disease

Compensated advanced chronic liver disease (cACLD) is a term that was introduced at the Baveno VI concensus to denominate patients with chronic liver disease who are at risk of developing clinically significant portal hypertension based on liver stiffness values / hepatic elastography.

Steatotic liver disease

Steatotic liver disease includes a number of separate entities: Metabolic dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) formerly known as Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) Metabolic alcoholic liver disease (MetALD) MASLD + alcohol consumption Alcohol-associated liver diseas...

Pancreatic duct stone

A pancreatic duct stone (or calculus) is a stone embedded within the pancreatic duct. They typically arise in the setting of chronic pancreatitis. Epidemiology The exact incidence of pancreatic duct stones remains to be fully evaluated. The current literature estimates that up to 50% of patien...

Gallbladder ultrasound

Gallbladder ultrasound is a non-invasive diagnostic imaging technique used to evaluate the structure and function of the gallbladder as well as the adjacent anatomy. Preparation Patients are typically advised to fast for 6-8 hours prior to the ultrasound examination. This allows the gallbladde...

Liver ultrasound

Liver ultrasound is a valuable diagnostic tool for assessing liver anatomy, size, and pathology. It is a non-invasive, painless, and relatively quick procedure that does not involve exposure to ionising radiation. Indications Liver ultrasound is commonly utilised in the evaluation of various h...

Lung shunt fraction

The hepato-pulmonary lung shunt fraction (LSF) is a parameter that is used to assess the safety of transarterial radioembolisation/selective internal radiation therapy of liver tumours. Excessive arteriovenous shunting can cause radiation pneumonitis. The lung shunt fraction = (total lung count...

Spoke wheel sign (focal nodular hyperplasia)

The spoke wheel sign is described in focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) and describes the pattern of internal vasculature of FNHs seen on colour Doppler ultrasound when multiple arteries radiate peripherally from the centre of the lesion. This sign was classically applied to the colour/power Doppl...

Levovist

Levovist (Bayer AG) is a first-generation ultrasound contrast agent composed of a microbubble solution filled with a gas that is easily visible on ultrasound scans 1,2. Levovist is commonly used as an ultrasound contrast agent in imaging the liver. The microbubbles in Levovist contain perflubut...

Surgical splenorenal shunt

Surgical splenorenal shunts are anastomoses created between the splenic vein and the left renal vein, performed to ameliorate portal hypertension typically in the context of variceal bleeding. Terminology Surgical splenorenal shunts are not to be confused with spontaneous splenorenal shunts, w...

Accessory hepatic sulci

Accessory hepatic grooves (interchangeably referred as accessory hepatic fissures or accessory hepatic sulci) are a common variant, with majority of accessory grooves occurring over the diaphragmatic surface of the liver 1,2. Several hypotheses have been made regarding the process by which an a...

Modified Choi classification of common bile duct duplication

Modified Choi classification of common bile duct duplication is a widely used system for classifying the rare duplication of the extrahepatic biliary tree. 1-3: type I: distal septum splitting the bile duct lumen type II: bifurcation of the distal bile duct with each lumen draining independent...

Spiral mucosal folds

The spiral mucosal folds, also known as the valves of Heister, are spirally arranged mucosal folds on the endoluminal surface of the cystic duct. Although incompletely understood, they contain neurohormonally responsive muscle, and their unique shape is thought to support the patency of the cys...

Hepatic atrophy

Hepatic atrophy is a common appearance on imaging of the liver. It may result from obstruction of a major branch of the portal vein, bile ducts or hepatic veins. It does not usually occur secondary to hepatic arterial flow compromise. Compensatory hypertrophy of the unaffected segments/lobes is ...

Splenorenal shunt venous aneurysm

Splenorenal shunt venous aneurysms are rare venous aneurysms that usually develop in a setting of portal venous hypertension on a background of cirrhosis in those with an associated inherent venous wall weakness 1. Epidemiology These venous aneurysms are rare, and there are no reported inciden...

Gallbladder folds

Gallbladder folds arise due to the gallbladder wall folding onto itself. They are thick, junctional in nature and incomplete or non-continuous in appearance. The posterior wall is usually involved, however, anterior wall folds may also occur 1. The folding may produce a bizarre or unusual shap...

Disseminated histoplasmosis

Disseminated histoplasmosis, also known as progressive disseminated histoplasmosis, is a severe form of histoplasmosis infection typically seen in immunosuppressed patients, especially in the setting of HIV infection. It results from haematogenous dissemination of the infection, involving multip...

Cholecystocutaneous fistula

Cholecystocutaneous fistulas are abnormal fistulous connection between the gallbladder and the skin. It is a rare form of gastrointestinal fistulation and may result from a complication of cholecystitis, gallbladder carcinoma, or percutaneous procedures 1,2. Epidemiology The peak incidence is ...

Quincke's triad

Quincke's triad is the finding of jaundice, right upper quadrant pain, and upper gastrointestinal bleeding. This sign is seen in patients with haemobilia. History and etymology Heinrich Quincke (1842 –1922) was a German surgeon and internal medicine specialist. His principal contribution to i...

Attenuation imaging (ultrasound)

Attenuation imaging is an emerging method (c.2022) used for detection hepatic steatosis. It provides the function of quantifying and reducing the colour code of liver decay factors, which may be due to changes in hepatic composition (such as increased fat content) 1-3. The ATI value is defined ...

Anastomosing haemangioma

Anastomosing haemangiomas are benign vascular neoplasms consisting of thin-walled anastomosing vessels. These lesions have been just recently added to the WHO classification of soft tissue tumours in 2020 as a separate entity 1-3 Epidemiology Anastomosing haemangiomas are rare lesions with a w...

Thoracic splanchnic nerves

The thoracic splanchnic nerves are three paired autonomic nerves that provide sympathetic innervation of the abdominopelvic viscera and vessels. They contain efferent and afferent fibres. Gross anatomy Three pairs of thoracic splanchnic nerves arise from the T5 to T12 sympathetic ganglia. Gre...

Autonomic ganglia and plexuses

The autonomic ganglia and plexuses are a collection of ganglia where autonomic preganglionic neurones arising from the CNS synapse with postganglionic neurones outside the CNS, i.e. in the peripheral nervous system. Many of the ganglia contain nerves of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervou...

SPACE (MRI sequence)

The SPACE MRI sequence, is a spin echo type MRI sequence, which creates high spatial resolution three-dimensional datasets. SPACE is an abbreviation for Sampling Perfection with Application optimised Contrast using different flip angle Evolution. The sequence was developed by Siemens. The SPACE...

Central scar in hepatic lesions

The central scar in hepatic lesions most frequently has been described in focal nodular hyperplasia which the scar is T2 hyperintense and usually non-calcified, and fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma, where the scar is T2 hypointense and often calcified. Scars do not have to be exactly centr...

Gastropancreatic fistula

A gastropancreatic fistula is a rare form of gut fistulation where there is a fistulous communication between the stomach and the pancreas. It has been described in association with chronic pancreatitis 1 / severe pancreatitis intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) 4 peptic ulcers 2 ...

Post-TARE assessment of hepatocellular carcinoma

Post-TARE (transarterial radioembolisation) assessment of hepatocellular carcinomas is essential for evaluating the success of the therapy. Hepatocellular carcinomas that are not amenable to definitive therapy with thermal ablation or resection can be treated with trans-arterial radioembolisat...

Post-TACE assessment of hepatocellular carcinoma

Post-TACE assessment of hepatocellular carcinomas is essential for evaluating the success of the therapy. Hepatocellular carcinomas that are not amenable to definitive therapy with thermal ablation or resection can be treated with trans-arterial chemoembolization (TACE). The end goal may be pa...

Hypoglycaemia

Hypoglycaemia describes an abnormally low blood glucose level (<4 mmol/L). It is a common clinical problem in diabetics overtreated with glucose lowering agents. Clinical presentation Signs of hypoglycaemia include: dizziness tremors, palpitations and anxiety hunger sweating confusion fa...

Reynolds pentad

Reynolds pentad is a combination of clinical signs found in acute cholangitis. It consists of Charcot triad 2-4: fever and/or chills RUQ pain jaundice as well as: delirium or lethargy, and shock Usefulness Sensitivity of Reynolds pentad from a large systematic review of nine studies was ...

Enlarged hilar periportal space sign

The enlarged hilar periportal space sign refers to the widening of the periportal space seen on MRI in early liver cirrhosis. Usage Enlarged hilar periportal space sign is one of the early signs of cirrhosis and may be used to detect fibrotic changes in the liver in patients who do not yet hav...

Zebra sign (disambiguation)

The evocative appearance of the coat of a zebra has been used for several distinctive signs in radiology: zebra sign: cerebellar haemorrhage 1 zebra sign: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 2 zebra spleen: arterial phase appearance of normal spleen 4,5 zebra stripe sign: treated osteogenesis impe...

Chemical ablation

Chemical ablation is a technique in which chemical ablative substances are used to cause cell death in neoplastic tissue. It is used as a standalone procedure or in combination with other techniques like TACE and radiofrequency ablation. Agents absolute ethanol (most commonly used) acetic aci...

Complications of radiation therapy

Radiation therapy has the potential to cause complications in many organ systems, many of which, especially in the thorax, are important for radiologists to be aware of. acute radiation syndrome complications of cranial radiation therapy radiation-induced cerebral vasculopathy radiation-ind...

Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma (mnemonic)

The features of fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma can be recalled using this mnemonic: PSYCH Mnemonic P: pseudocapsule S: scar (fibrotic) Y: young patients C: capsular retraction H: huge and heterogeneous

Portal venous flow

Portal venous flow is normally towards the liver (hepatopetal), with the normal main portal vein peak systolic velocities usually ranging between 20-40 cm/s 3. In pathological situations, the flow velocity may decrease or even invert resulting in hepatofugal flow. The flow waveform is usually ...

Reye syndrome

Reye syndrome is a rare paediatric condition characterised by acute onset encephalopathy, severe vomiting and fatty liver failure. It typically presents in children recovering from a viral illness, most commonly influenza or chickenpox 1. Epidemiology Reye syndrome is usually seen between the...

Intramural pseudocyst

Intramural pseudocysts are a rare form of pancreatic pseudocysts that occur within the wall of the upper gastrointestinal tract. They may result in gastric outlet obstruction. Pathology Size They can considerably vary in size with one study reporting a range of 8 mm to 8 cm 1. Location Repo...

Interstitial lung disease associated with primary biliary cholangitis

Interstitial lung disease associated with primary biliary cholangitis can occur in a variable pattern that can include 1: pulmonary fibrosis lymphoid interstitial pneumonia non-specific interstitial pneumonia bronchiolitis obliterans with organising pneumonia Epidemiology It may occur in a...

CT four-phase liver (protocol)

The four-phase liver CT protocol is a useful examination in the assessment of focal liver lesions, hypervascular liver metastasis and endocrine tumours. It is a triple-phase liver with an initial non-contrast component included before the intravenous contrast medium is given, often requested if...

CT triple-phase liver (protocol)

The triple-phase liver CT protocol is a useful examination in the assessment of focal liver lesions, hypervascular liver metastases and endocrine tumours. It involves a dedicated late arterial phase, portal venous phase and delayed phase acquisition. Not to be confused with a four-phase which i...

Cholecystocolonic fistula

Cholecystocolonic fistulas are most commonly a rare late complication of gallstone disease, resulting from an abnormal communication between the gallbladder and the colon. It is the second most common cholecystoenteric fistula after cholecystoduodenal fistulas 1. Clinical presentation These m...

SMART-CT severity index

A SMART-CT severity index is a recent tool and an expansion of the original modified CT severity index of acute pancreatitis. This novel index that is nomogram based, predicts the clinical consequence with modest accuracy. Two components are mainly evaluated, the first ones are the components of...

Fluid-fluid levels in liver lesions

Fluid-fluid levels in liver lesions are a rare appearance of both benign and malignant conditions. Differential diagnosis benign complicated hepatic cyst 2 hepatic abscess 2 chronic hepatic haematoma 3 biliary cystadenoma 3 hepatic haemangioma (very rare) 2 malignant cystic/necrotic hep...

Cystic vein

The cystic veins (TA: venae cysticae) are the main venous drainage of the gallbladder. They subsequently drain into the portal vein. Gross anatomy The cystic veins begin as venules running over the surface of the fundus and body of the gallbladder merging proximate to the neck of the gallbladd...

Sphincter (disambiguation)

A sphincter (TA: musculus sphincter) is a term used in anatomy to refer a ring of muscle which narrows a tube or closes off a bodily orifice 1. anal sphincter external anal sphincter internal anal sphincter hepatic sphincter oesophageal sphincter lower oesophageal sphincter upper oesopha...

Hepatic small vessel neoplasm

Hepatic small vessel neoplasms (HSVN) are low-grade vascular lesions of uncertain malignant potential. Terminology Although also referred to as hepatic small vessel haemangiomas 3, this term may wrongly mislead HSVN to represent a subtype of hepatic haemangiomas and, therefore, will be avoide...

Tobacco use

Tobacco use, most commonly by smoking cigarettes, is a drug habit of many throughout the world. It is a significant risk factor for many malignancies, and respiratory and cardiovascular diseases and is a major cause of premature mortality throughout the world. Epidemiology The World Health Org...

Rosenbach sign (aortic valve regurgitation)

Rosenbach sign is a clinical sign that is seen in severe aortic/tricuspid valve regurgitation. It is elicited as pulsation of the liver, during systole, and it is primarily due to the increased cardiac output and associated retrograde blood flow into the liver 1-3. See also Rosenbach also gave...

Bile duct duplication

Bile duct duplication, also known as common bile duct duplication, (although in some cases this latter terminology would be erroneous), is a rare congenital anomaly of the biliary system. A double bile duct is considered normal during early human development, but by birth, we expect to see the c...

Tc99m mebrofenin

Tc99m-Mebrofenin: trimethyl bromo IDA, also known as TBIDA, or under the trade name Choletec, is a diagnostic radiopharmaceutical used in hepatobiliary imaging. It is one of the Tc99m IDA (iminodiacetic acid) analogues. It is taken up by hepatocytes through the same membrane transport mechanism ...

Cullen sign

Cullen sign refers to superficial oedema visible as periumbilical discolouration and is most commonly seen in patients with acute pancreatitis 1-3. Clinical presentation Clinically patients with pancreatitis present with epigastric pain that radiates to the umbilical/periumbilical region and t...

Gallbladder cancer (staging - AJCC 8th edition)

The AJCC (American Joint Committee on Cancer) 8th edition gallbladder cancer staging system was introduced in 2018. TNM system T: primary tumour Tis: carcinoma in situ - tumour only within the epithelium (the inner layer of the gallbladder) T1: tumour invades the lamina propria or muscularis...

CT chest abdomen-pelvis (protocol)

The CT chest-abdomen-pelvis protocol serves as an outline for an examination of the trunk covering the chest, abdomen and pelvis. It is one of the most common CT examinations conducted in routine and emergencies. It can be combined with a CT angiogram. Note: This article aims to frame a genera...

CT abdomen-pelvis (protocol)

The CT abdomen-pelvis protocol serves as an outline for an examination of the whole abdomen including the pelvis. It is one of the most common CT protocols for any clinical questions related to the abdomen and/or in routine and emergencies. It forms also an integral part of trauma and oncologic ...

CT pancreas (protocol)

The CT pancreas protocol serves as an outline for a dedicated examination of the pancreas. As a separate examination, it is usually conducted as a biphasic contrast study and might be conducted as a part of other scans such as CT abdomen-pelvis, CT chest-abdomen-pelvis. Note: This article aims...

Beak sign (gallbladder)

The beak sign of gallbladder volvulus describes tapering of the distended gallbladder lumen as it transitions to a fulcrum point at the pedicle, resembling a curved beak. Terminology The term bird's beak sign is used in a number of other contexts: see bird beak sign (disambiguation).

Unclassified hepatic adenoma

Unclassified hepatic adenomas refer to the 5-10% of hepatocellular adenomas subtype that lack known genetic abnormalities 1,2. These adenomas cannot be further categorised genetically or histologically as inflammatory adenomas, HNF 1 alpha mutated adenomas or beta catenin mutated adenomas. The ...

Periportal lymphadenopathy (differential)

Periportal lymphadenopathy can be a common observation during imaging of the upper abdomen. What is considered the exact upper limit of normal has been variable 1,3 among different publications but with many authors suggesting a cut-off of around 10 mm in short axis diameter. Pathology Aetiolo...

Acinar cell carcinoma of the pancreas

Pancreatic acinar cell carcinoma is a rare exocrine neoplasm that comprises ~1% of all pancreatic tumours. This tumour shows more aggressive behaviour than the far more common adenocarcinoma 1,3,4. Clinical presentation High levels of serum lipase, due to hypersecretion syndrome, resulting in ...

Cystic artery pseudoaneurysm

Cystic artery pseudoaneurysms are rare and most commonly related to acute cholecystitis 1. Epidemiology Associations cholecystitis liver biopsy 6 biliary interventions pancreatitis laparoscopic cholecystectomy 3-5 Clinical presentation The most common clinical manifes...

Centrilobular (disambiguation)

The term centrilobular in imaging may refer to: centrilobular (lungs) centrilobular pattern (ultrasound liver)

Kasai portoenterostomy

Kasai portoenterostomy is the surgery that comprises exposing the porta hepatis by radical excision of all bile duct tissue up to the liver capsule and attaching a Roux-en-Y loop of jejunum to the uncovered liver capsule above the bifurcation of the portal vein creating a portoenterostomy 1. In...

Nodular regenerative hyperplasia

Nodular regenerative hyperplasia of the liver is the histopathological entity characterised by transformation of normal hepatic parenchyma into small nodules of hyperplastic hepatocytes without intervening fibrosis. It falls within the spectrum of porto-sinusoidal vascular disease and is one of ...

Target sign (cholangiocarcinoma)

The target sign of cholangiocarcinoma refers to the appearance of intrahepatic mass-forming cholangiocarcinoma on DWI consisting of a centrally hypointense area and peripherally hyperintense rim. The presence of this sign favours cholangiocarcinoma over hepatocellular carcinoma. It is present in...

Periportal halo sign (MRI)

The periportal halo sign on liver MRI is a specific sign of primary biliary cholangitis (formerly primary biliary cirrhosis) that is characterised by rounded low signal intensity around portal venous branches, 5-10 mm in size, on T1- and T2-weighted images. These lesions are usually numerous, in...

Meniscus sign (cholangiography)

The meniscus sign on cholangiography suggests impacted choledocholithiasis and is characterised by a concave cutoff of the lower common bile duct lumen. When a stone is impacted in the distal duct, fluid may not be visualised on the sides of the stone and therefore the contour of the duct termin...

Ascitic fluid cholesterol level

Ascitic fluid cholesterol level estimation is a simple and precise test for differentiating malignant ascites from non-malignant (cirrhotic) ascites 5-9. Pathology Ascites is the abnormal collection of fluid within the peritoneal cavity. Malignant ascites comprises ~10% and is usually seconda...

Chain of lakes sign

The chain of lakes sign is a radiological finding describing the appearance of the pancreatic ducts in cases of chronic pancreatitis. Due to repeated inflammation, fibrosis occurs and results in damage and atrophy of the pancreatic tissue as well as dilatation and beading of the main pancreatic ...

Distal cholangiocarcinoma (staging)

Distal cholangiocarcinoma staging is defined according to the TNM staging classification of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC)/Union for International Cancer Control (UICC). As of 2018, the staging criteria are in their 8th edition and reflected below 1. These criteria apply to cancer...

Perihilar cholangiocarcinoma (staging)

Perihilar cholangiocarcinoma staging is, for prognostication, most commonly conducted using the TNM staging classification of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC)/Union for International Cancer Control (UICC). As of 2018, the staging criteria are in their 8th edition and reflected below...

Horseshoe pancreas

A horseshoe pancreas is a term that has been used for a rare anatomic variant of the pancreas in which the uncinate process is unusually elongated such that it extends along the whole 3rd part of the duodenum to mirror the tail superiorly forming a horseshoe-shaped gland 1. History and etymolog...

Horseshoe-shaped (disambiguation)

Several normal anatomical structures and rare organ variants have been described as being horseshoe-shaped. Organ anomalies horseshoe kidney horseshoe lung horseshoe adrenal horseshoe appendix horseshoe pancreas 1 Horseshoe-shaped organs hyoid bone limbic lobe supramarginal gyrus tymp...

Common variable immunodeficiency (hepatic manifestations)

Hepatic manifestations of common variable immunodeficiency are not uncommon and can be primarily related to nodular regenerative hyperplasia. For a general discussion of the underlying condition, please refer to the article on common variable immunodeficiency (CVID). Epidemiology General liv...

Bile duct injury

Bile duct injuries are a potentially serious surgical problem associated with high morbidity, mortality, and prolonged hospitalisation 1,2. These injuries typically occur infrequently as a complication of technically difficult laparoscopic cholecystectomy procedures or in the setting of hepatobi...

Emphysematous hepatitis

Emphysematous hepatitis is a very rare condition characterised by a gas-forming infection of the liver, which in all reported cases has been rapidly fatal. Diabetes mellitus commonly coexists. Epidemiology Emphysematous hepatitis is extremely rare, with less than 10 reported cases in the lite...

Emphysema (disambiguation)

Emphysema refers to any disease process involving an abnormal accumulation of air/gas in the tissues. When used alone, it is usually taken to mean the lung disease, pulmonary emphysema, which forms part of the spectrum of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). gastric emphysema: include...

EUS-guided biliary drainage

Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided biliary drainage is an alternative to conventional transpapillary and percutaneous biliary drainage in where an extra-anatomic route is created between the biliary tree and the gastrointestinal tract. Indications failed endoscopic transpapillary biliary drai...

Hepar lobatum carcinomatosum

Hepar lobatum carcinomatous, also known as pseudocirrhosis of the liver, is a rare form of metastatic liver disease. It is most often secondary to invasive ductal and lobular breast cancer. It was, however, first described in tertiary syphilis. The exact pathogenesis is unclear, and both direct ...

Multifocal hepatic steatosis

Multifocal hepatic steatosis (also known as multifocal nodular hepatic steatosis) is the uncommon finding of multiple foci of focal fat in the liver mimicking - and at times being confused with - hepatic metastases. Epidemiology Risk factors Conditions that increase one's risk of developing m...

Bile plug syndrome

Bile plug syndrome, also known as inspissated bile syndrome, is an uncommon cause of jaundice in neonates. Refers to a rare extrahepatic mechanical obstruction of the major bile duct in the perinatal period caused by viscous bile (sludge) within its lumen 3. Epidemiology Risk factors Risk fa...

Cirrhosis (CNS manifestations)

There are several central nervous system complications that can arise in the setting of cirrhosis, which can be classified as those which are general (essentially hepatic encephalopathy) and those that are specific to the cause of cirrhosis. General manifestations The major manifestation is he...

Cirrhosis (musculoskeletal manifestations)

There are several musculoskeletal complications that can arise in the setting of cirrhosis 1: stigmata of portal hypertension, mainly abdominal wall varices haemorrhagic complications due to coagulopathy: spontaneous rectus haematoma postparacentesis abdominal wall bleeding infective compli...

Septate gallbladder

Septate gallbladder is a congenital variant where there may be a single septum or multiple septa in the gallbladder splitting its lumen into several parts. There may be communication between the separated parts of gallbladder through small pores. The condition is mostly asymptomatic and incident...

Bare area (disambiguation)

Bare area is a term that may apply to: bare area of the liver bare area of the spleen glenoid bare area bare area of a joint where synovium is in direct contact with bone, the site of marginal joint erosion in some inflammatory arthritides

Strasberg classification of bile duct injury

The Strasberg classification of bile duct injury is a widely used system to anatomically define these injuries by location 1. Classification type A: injury to the cystic duct or from minor hepatic ducts draining the liver bed type B: occlusion of the biliary tree, commonly aberrant ...

Hepatic sinusoidal dilatation

Hepatic sinusoidal dilatation is a rare hepatic vascular lesion that is the result of dilatation of the hepatic capillaries. Pathology Hepatic sinusoidal dilatation can be caused by hepatic venous outflow obstruction (more commonly) or extrahepatic inflammatory conditions 2. Radiographic fea...

Abdominal tuberculosis

Abdominal tuberculosis can manifest in almost every abdominopelvic organ: gastrointestinal tuberculosis oesophageal tuberculosis gastric tuberculosis duodenal tuberculosis jejunal and ileal tuberculosis ileocaecal tuberculosis colorectal tuberculosis tuberculous ...

Actinomycosis of the gallbladder

Actinomycosis of the gallbladder is rare and caused by Actinomyces spp. bacteria. It may present as biliary colic, cholecystitis or pancreatitis. It is a mimic of gallbladder carcinoma. Epidemiology Actinomycosis is endemic worldwide. It has no predilection for age, gender, ethnicity or climat...

Omental liver packs

Omental liver packs have been used in the surgical management of traumatic lacerations and hepatic lobectomy. Knowledge of this surgical technique could avoid misinterpretation or confusion of these findings with true postsurgical complications. Technique This technique consists of mobilising...

Tamoxifen-induced reversible hepatic steatosis

Tamoxifen is an important anti-oestrogen agent used for the treatment of hormone receptor-positive breast cancer and it may induce reversible hepatic steatosis. This is usually transient and may occasionally be associated with hepatic dysfunction. It only rarely leads to cirrhosis 1. Epidemiolo...

Tyrosinaemia type 1

Tyrosinaemia type 1 is an autosomal recessive disorder of metabolic origin. Progressive renal tubular defects and hepatocellular carcinoma are the primary manifestations. Epidemiology More common in Turkey, India and Europe. Clinical presentation Presentation is typically in the first few mo...

Hepatic teratoma

Hepatic teratomas are extremely rare and represent either intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal teratomas that have invaded the liver. Hepatic teratomas comprise <1% of all teratomas. Epidemiology These are extremely rare with only a few case reports have been described in the literature. The ma...

Hepatic myelolipoma

Hepatic myelolipoma is a rare, benign fat-containing lesion of the liver, usually asymptomatic and found incidentally. Its diagnosis by imaging remains difficult because of a lack of pathognomonic signs. The definite diagnosis is by resection or biopsy. Epidemiology Hepatic myelolipomas are ...

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