Articles

Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and edited by countless contributing members over a period of time. A global group of dedicated editors oversee accuracy, consulting with expert advisers, and constantly reviewing additions.

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Pelvic phlebography

Pelvic phlebography or pelvic venography is an interventional procedure, in which the pelvic and gonadal veins are opacified to assess venous and collateral system anatomy for the diagnosis, treatment and pre-operative planning of pelvic vein pathology. This procedure is usually performed at th...

Renal double curve catheter

The renal double curve catheter is an angiographic selective access catheter, designed for catheterization and subselection of acutely originating renal arteries 1 through a femoral approach, in order to secure access, advance, exchange devices, or deliver contrast. It can also be used for the ...

Botulism

Botulism is a neuroparalytic syndrome manifesting as diffuse generalized flaccid paralysis caused by exposure to botulinum neurotoxin. It can be potentially fatal. Botulinum toxin is the deadliest toxin due to high lethality and potency. The lethal dose (LD 50) is 1-3 ng of toxin per 1 kg of bo...

Corticosteroids

Corticosteroids are drugs/medications widely used in several areas of medicine. They are also known as glucocorticoids, cortisone and colloquially steroids (note: do not mix up with anabolic steroids). They are synthetic analogs of naturally occurring endogenous steroids produced by the adrenal...

Lidocaine

Lidocaine, also known as lignocaine or its tradename Xylocaine, is a very commonly used amino amide local anesthetic in interventional radiology. It also has a wide range of medical applications. In practice, it is found in concentrations of 1%, 2% or as a combination with epinephrine. Medical ...

Pancreaticoduodenal arcade

The pancreaticoduodenal arcade refers to an arterial network that links the blood flow of the celiac artery and superior mesenteric artery via the superior and inferior pancreaticoduodenal arteries. Gross anatomy Origin The pancreaticoduodenal arcades originate from the superior pancreaticodu...

Kumpe catheter

The Kumpe catheter, also known as KMP, is a selective access catheter designed for biliary and urinary tract cannulation, in order to secure access, navigate, advance, exchange devices, or deliver contrast in the target destination. Properties proximal end: luer lock hub distal tip-shape: ang...

Headhunter catheter

The headhunter catheter is a selective angiographic catheter designed for catheterization and subselection of brachiocephalic or visceral arteries, in order to secure access, advance, exchange devices, or deliver contrast in the target vessel. It can also be used in percutaneous fallopian tube ...

Embolization coils

Embolization coils and microcoils are permanent proximal embolization devices used in interventional procedures to block blood flow in medium to large-sized target vessels and pathological pathways. They consist of stainless steel, platinum, or Inconel (nickel-based super alloy) coils that can ...

Autologous blood clot - embolization agent

The autologous blood clot or patch is a temporary embolization agent adapted for large vessel occlusion procedures such as hemostatic embolizations but can also be used as a seal for a biopsy trajectory during lung and hepatic biopsies. Advantages biocompatible inexpensive simple, rapid, and...

Embolization agents

Embolization agents are materials and substances used during embolization procedures in order to block blood flow, stop and prevent bleeding, devascularize organs, or occlude pathways. Temporary embolization agents autologous blood clot 1 gel foam sponge or powder 2 starch microsphe...

Renal cyst sclerotherapy

Renal cyst sclerotherapy is a minimally invasive procedure performed to treat symptomatic simple renal cysts (i.e. Bosniak I) and is one of the primary methods to treat renal cysts along with surgical cyst de-roofing 1. Note: This article is intended to outline some general principles of the pr...

Pigtail catheter

The pigtail catheter is an angiographic flush catheter used in interventional vascular procedures, to achieve high-flow injection rates (15 to 20 ml/s)1 into large vessels, to obtain optimal aortograms, and/or phlebograms. This article focuses only on angiographic catheters and the pigtail drai...

Radial artery access

Radial artery access is a minimally invasive approach for vascular access in interventional procedures. This route has widely been adopted since it reduced significantly the transfemoral-related complications. It is the recommended access route by the European Society of Cardiology for angiograp...

Amplatz Super Stiff

The Amplatz Super Stiff, or Amplatz guidewire, is a widely utilized stiff rail wire. It possesses properties that enable excellent trackability, stable exchange, and effective deployment of heavy devices. It was designed to succeed the Lundquist guidewire, the stiffest wire available in 19861....

Flush catheters

Flush catheters are a type of vascular catheter designed to allow high-flow injection rates (15 to 20 ml/s)1 into large vessels, for optimal aortograms and/or phlebograms. The most common flush catheters are: pigtail catheter straight flush catheter Tennis Racquet catheter Properties have ...

Superior vena cava stenting

Superior vena cava stenting is an interventional procedure used for the management of superior vena cava (SVC) obstruction. Indication This procedure is indicated in severe symptomatic SCV obstruction with failure of the medical treatment (e.g. corticosteroids, anticoagulation therapy, diureti...

Simmons catheter

The Simmons catheter, also known as Sidewinder 1, Sim, or SS catheter, is a common reverse-curve angiographic selective access catheter designed for catheterization and subselection of brachiocephalic or visceral arteries, in order to secure access, advance, and exchange devices, or deliver cont...

Cobra catheter

The Cobra tip shape configuration is used in selective angiographic catheters and designed for catheterization and subselection of vessels, in order to secure access, advance, exchange devices, or deliver contrast in the target vessel 1. The Cobra tip-shape configuration is also used in urology...

Selective access catheters

Selective access catheters are designed for catheterization and subselection of vessel ostia, biliary, urogenital, or digestive tracts. They come in different tip shapes that have wall-seeking behavior. They also ensure the advancement down the target destination and provide positional stability...

CT myelography

CT myelography is a myelography technique used mainly to assess for potential spinal canal stenosis when MRI is contraindicated or when dynamic imaging is required. History CT myelography was first performed in 1976 2. Indications spinal canal stenosis when MRI is contraindicated dors...

Carbodissection

Carbodissection is an organ displacement technique that consists of percutaneous carbon dioxide (CO2) insufflation to displace non-target structures and deviate them from needle trajectory during biopsies and/or to prevent thermal injury during microwave, radiofrequency, or cryoablation. Indica...

Hydrodissection

Hydrodissection is an organ displacement technique consisting of percutaneous fluid injection in the fatty interface between the target lesion and non-target organs in order to prevent thermal injury during microwave, radiofrequency, or cryoablation by: establishing a safe distance between the ...

Navigation guidewires

Navigation guidewires are interventional procedure guidewires used to navigate, maneuver and subselect structures and vessel targets. They are inserted after securing access with a sheath/catheter and are often exchanged for a rail wire after reaching the target destination 1. Properties Navig...

Access guidewires

Access guidewires are interventional procedures wires used during the first steps of interventions, to secure stable access and sheaths/catheter insertion. They are quickly exchanged for a navigation wire thereafter. The most common access wires are1: Cope Mandril wire Nitrex wire Properties...

Guidewires

Guidewires are interventional procedures wires used to guide access, maneuver, or work through structures (e.g. vessels, urinary or biliary system). They come in different shapes, lengths, diameters, stiffness, and hydrophilicity, and are classified according to their main use into: access wir...

Ganglion impar

The ganglion impar, also know as the ganglion of Walther, is the midline autonomic ganglion located in the lower pelvis. It is the most distal convergence of the pelvic sympathetic chain which is usually located anterior to the coccyx. It can be found anywhere between the sacrococcygeal joint a...

Post-TARE assessment of hepatocellular carcinoma

Post-TARE (transarterial radioembolization) assessment of hepatocellular carcinomas is essential for evaluating the success of the therapy. Hepatocellular carcinomas that are not amenable to definitive therapy with thermal ablation or resection can be treated with trans-arterial radioembolizat...

Post-TACE assessment of hepatocellular carcinoma

Post-TACE assessment of hepatocellular carcinomas is essential for evaluating the success of the therapy. Hepatocellular carcinomas that are not amenable to definitive therapy with thermal ablation or resection can be treated with trans-arterial chemoembolization (TACE). The end goal may be pa...

Cauldwell classification

Cauldwell classification is a commonly used classification in assessing bronchial artery branching pattern. Classification The bronchial artery branching pattern is classified into four types based on the number of intercostobronchial trunks (ICBT) - that gives rise to right bronchial artery a...

Chemical ablation

Chemical ablation is a technique in which chemical ablative substances are used to cause cell death in neoplastic tissue. It is used as a standalone procedure or in combination with other techniques like TACE and radiofrequency ablation. Agents absolute ethanol (most commonly used) acetic aci...

Gastrointestinal stents

Gastrointestinal (GI) stents are increasingly used to treat obstruction of the GI tract, most commonly due to malignancy. Types of stent esophageal stent gastric stent duodenal stent enteric stent colorectal stent History and etymology Somewhat surprisingly the word 'stent' is actually a...

Supraclavicular brachial plexus block (ultrasound)

A supraclavicular brachial plexus block is indicated for establishing sensory and motor blockade of the upper extremity, including the humerus, elbow, forearm, wrist and hand. Indications necessity to provide analgesia of the upper extremity for: abscess incision and drainage elbow dislocat...

Fascia iliaca compartment block (ultrasound)

The fascia iliaca compartment block is a nerve block used to provide anesthesia to the lower extremity commonly in the perioperative period. It is most commonly used for analgesia of the hip, thigh, and knee. It involves the deposition of a local anesthetic beneath the fascia iliaca, targeting t...

O-arm

The O-arm is a movable CT imaging structure developed for intraoperative 3D fluoroscopic imaging. It is utilized during surgery for the identification of bony details in complex procedures such as spinal fixation or microdiscectomy. See also C-arm

Contraceptive implant migration

Contraceptive implant migration is a rare complication of etonogestrel implant insertion. Clinical presentation unable to palpate device in the upper arm chest pain dyspnea non-productive cough menorrhagia irregular vaginal bleeding Pathology Contraceptive implants are m...

Nephrostogram

Nephrostogram, also known as antegrade pyelogram, is a special x-ray procedure that fluoroscopically evaluates the upper collecting system by introducing water-soluble contrast through the nephrostomy catheter. Indications Nephrostogram can be useful to determine tube position or assess resid...

Superior hypogastric nerve block

Superior hypogastric nerve block is a valuable tool for pain relief in the setting of uterine fibroid embolization. This procedure results in significant ischemic pain, peaking at 6-8 hours and lasting approximately 24 hours, then followed by a lesser degree of post-embolization pain which can l...

Percutaneous mitral commissurotomy

Percutaneous mitral commissurotomy (PMC) also known as percutaneous mitral balloon commissurotomy (PMBC), percutaneous mitral valvotomy (PMV) or percutaneous mitral balloon valvuloplasty (PMBV) is a transcatheter procedure for the management of mitral stenosis. History and etymology Percutaneo...

Transcatheter mitral valve intervention

Transcatheter mitral valve interventions (TMVI) or percutaneous mitral valve interventions are less-invasive, highly technical procedures available for the management of selected patients with mitral valve regurgitation and include several transcatheter mitral valve repair (TMVr) and transcathet...

Cryoablation

Cryoablation refers to the use of thermal energy in the form of very low temperatures to achieve targeted destruction of tumor cells. It is an image-guided technique, currently widely employed in the management of renal 1, hepatic 2 and lung tumors 3. Historically, a rudimental form of cryosurg...

Central vein

A central vein refers to a major vein close to the center of the circulation, i.e. the heart. It originally referred to those large veins in which the distal tip of a catheter could lie for central venous pressure monitoring. To accurately measure the central venous pressure, which is the pressu...

Abdominal paracentesis contraindications (mnemonic)

A mnemonic to remember the contraindications to abdominal paracentesis is: CAPSID Mnemonic C: coagulopathy (INR >2.0) A: abdominal wall cellulitis P: pregnancy S: surgical abdomen (absolute contraindication) / severe thrombocytopenia (platelet count <50 x 103/μL) I: intra-abdominal adhes...

Quadratus femoris injection (technique)

Quadratus femoris injections under image guidance ensure precise delivery of an injectate and ensure the sciatic nerve is avoided during the procedure. CT and ultrasound can be used, with ultrasound becoming more challenging in those with larger body habitus. Indications therapeutic for ischi...

Cephalic arch stenosis

Cephalic arch stenosis is considered one of the commonest cause of dysfunction in a brachiocephalic fistula which involves the cephalic vein in the region of the cephalic arch prior to junction with the axillary vein. Epidemiology Has an average reported prevalance of around 15% in all autogen...

Viscera

The viscera (singular: viscus) refers to all the internal organs within the major cavities of the thorax, abdomen and pelvis. Therefore it does not include organs of the CNS, head and neck or musculoskeletal compartments nor does it encompass non-internal organs (e.g. the skin) 1. Splanchnology...

Paravalvular leak

A paravalvular leak, paravalvular leakage or paravalvular regurgitation are an abnormal flow between the valvular annulus and the prosthetic heart valve and is a common complication after valvular replacement surgery due to inadequate sealing. Epidemiology Paravaluvar leaks are common, with an...

Coronary in-stent restenosis

Coronary in-stent restenosis (ISR) is referred to as an increasing loss of the stented arterial lumen after a percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and coronary stent placement which requires revascularization. Terminology However, there are different clinical and angiographic definitions: ...

Coronary stent thrombosis

Coronary stent thrombosis or scaffold thrombosis refers to a recent acute thrombus or occlusion in a coronary segment previously treated with a coronary stent or scaffold. It is a severe complication of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and a major adverse cardiovascular event. Epidemiol...

Coronary stent

Coronary stents or coronary artery stents are expandable tubular medical meshwork devices used for interventional treatment of coronary artery disease and prevention of negative remodeling and vascular recoil, restenosis as well as abrupt vessel occlusion from local coronary artery dissection af...

Winslow pathway

The Winslow pathway is a type of collateral vessel communication which connects the mammary arteries through the internal thoracic arteries to the inferior epigastric arteries and then into the external iliac arteries. It may recanalize in conditions such as aortoiliac occlusive disease.

Fibrin sheath

Fibrin sheaths are a common complication of central venous catheters in which a proteinaceous film encases the outer wall and endhole of the catheter, which can cause catheter malfunction and thrombosis. Clinical presentation Fibrin sheaths present as catheter malfunction, which may include in...

Lumbar puncture

Lumbar puncture is a commonly-performed hospital procedure in which a needle is inserted through the back to the subarachnoid space in the spinal canal often to collect some cerebrospinal fluid or inject a therapeutic agent. The procedure can be performed under imaging guidance, e.g. fluoroscopy...

Inguinal hernia repair plug

Inguinal hernia repair plug refers to a nonabsorbable material such as a polypropylene inserted intraoperatively into an inguinal hernial defect. Pathology Usually located anterior to the iliac vessels at the level of the inguinal canal. Size varies with mean long axis diameter 2.6 cm. Unilate...

Trocar technique

The trocar technique is a common technique for surgical procedures and interventional placement of tubes and drainage where instruments, tubes or drains are advanced to the target location through a fixed cannula or hollow tube namely the trocar, which acts as a portal in the process. History ...

Subtalar joint injection (technique)

Subtalar joint injections are most often performed for osteoarthritis and the posterior subtalar joint is targeted. Ultrasound, fluoroscopy and CT guidance can be used. Indications osteoarthritis diagnostic Contraindications Absolute anaphylaxis to contrast/injectates active local/system...

No-touch ablation technique

No-touch ablation techniques, using either microwave or radiofrequency to generate heating, refer to approaches whereby the probes are placed at multiple oblique sites tangential and adjacent to the targeted tumor (cf. probe placement centrally within the tumor). Indications For general indic...

Gluteus minimus/medius calcific tendinopathy barbotage (technique)

Gluteus minimus/medius calcific tendinopathy barbotage is a procedure performed under ultrasound guidance with the aim of reducing the bulk of tendon calcification, in a similar fashion to that performed for rotator cuff calcific tendinopathy. Indications gluteus minimus/medius tendon calcifi...

Bariatric embolization

Bariatric embolization is an interventional procedure performed with a view to inducing weight-loss in the treatment of obesity. Evidence from clinical trials suggests that the procedure is well tolerated and has a good safety profile. Early studies demonstrate a mild-moderate beneficial effect....

Extra-articular injection

Extra-articular injections occur when the needle tip is not within the targeted joint during joint injections. Terminology Defined by the presence of contrast outside of a joint in fluoroscopic or CT guided procedures, or the lack of direct visualization and resisted flow of intra-articular in...

Knee joint injection (technique)

Knee joint injections under image guidance ensure precise delivery of an injectate into the knee joint. Either fluoroscopy, ultrasound or CT can be used to guide and administer injectates, which may be diagnostic (e.g. anesthetic), "therapeutic" (e.g. anesthetic/steroids, PRP), or for CT or MR a...

Endosaccular flow disruption devices

Endosaccular flow disruption devices, also simply known as flow disruptors, are used for the treatment of either ruptured or unruptured saccular, wide-neck, usually bifurcation as well as side-wall intracranial aneurysms. Their primary function is to stop blood from flowing into the aneurysm, al...

Billowing phenomenon

Billowing phenomenon refers to the presence of contrast medium on contrast-enhanced CT outside of graft metal struts, due to the specific construction characteristic typical of the AFX® stent-graft (Endologix, Inc., USA), designed to treat abdominal aortic aneurysms. It has a unique internal sca...

Remasking

Remasking is a post-processing technique used to improve misregistration artifact in digital subtraction angiography (DSA), where a frame taken after patient motion is selected as the new mask image for subtraction. In digital subtraction angiography, misregistration (improper image registratio...

Pixel shift (reregistration)

Pixel shift or reregistration is a post-processing technique used to improve misregistration artifact in digital subtraction angiography, where two images to be subtracted are spatially realigned with respect to one another, by shifting pixels vertically, horizontally or obliquely. Pixel shift...

Inferior vena cava filter retrieval

Inferior vena cava filter retrieval is an endovascular procedure whereby a previously placed inferior vena cava (IVC) filter is removed. Procedure The procedure is performed under local anesthesia with fluoroscopic guidance. Venous access is usually gained via the internal jugular vein with di...

Superior rectal artery embolization

Superior rectal artery embolization is a minimally invasive endovascular technique that has a role in the management of acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding and has recently re-emerged as a potential option for the treatment of symptomatic hemorrhoidal disease, this article will focus on the la...

Endovascular arteriovenous fistula creation

Endovascular arteriovenous fistula creation is a recently developed minimally invasive alternative for the creation of arteriovenous fistulae for haemodialysis access. Technique Catheter-based technology and image guidance in the form of ultrasound and fluoroscopy is utilized create a side-to-...

Transitional aneurysm

Transitional aneurysms, also referred to as transitional paraclinoid aneurysms, are saccular cerebral aneurysms arising from the clinoid-ophthalmic segment of the internal carotid artery (ICA) and near the distal dural ring with potential risk for subarachnoid hemorrhage. After an anterior turn...

Hip joint injection (technique)

Hip joint injections can be performed with a variety of image guidance, including fluoroscopy and ultrasound, which are used to administer MRI arthrogram injectate, or a steroid containing anesthetic arthrogram injectate. Indications MRI: labral injury anesthetic pain/arthropath...

Greater trochanteric bursa injection (technique)

Greater femoral trochanteric bursa injections under ultrasound guidance ensure the injectate is accurately given into the bursa. The greater trochanteric bursa is the largest of the bursae surrounding the proximal femur, with the others including the subgluteus minimus and subgluteus medius burs...

Acromioclavicular joint injection (technique)

Acromioclavicular joint (ACJ) injections under image guidance ensure precise delivery of an injectate into the joint. Ultrasound allows for real-time visualization of the needle and administration of the injectate. Fluoroscopy is an alternative method of image guidance. Indications pain: a...

Percutaneous liver tumor ablation

Percutaneous liver tumor ablation techniques are well-established and effective therapeutic alternatives for the treatment of primary and secondary liver tumors. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and colorectal oligometastatic disease are the most common indications. There are specific indications ...

Percutaneous lung tumor ablation

Percutaneous lung tumor ablation techniques are an alternative to surgery or stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) for the treatment of certain malignancies. They have specific indications and contraindications, but are mostly limited to small oligonodular and favourably located lesions. They ...

Interventional radiology in practice

Interventional radiology procedures within medical imaging span multiple subspecialties and modalities. This is a collection of articles exploring indications, techniques and practice applications of interventional procedures within radiology. In pediatrics, the most common interventional proce...

Ulnar nerve block (ultrasound-guided)

Ulnar nerve blocks are an approach for delivering anesthesia to the ulnar nerve territory either as a standalone blockade or combined with brachial plexus, radial or median nerve block. Indications burns involving tissue in the ulnar nerve territory rescue analgesia for failed brachial plexus...

Radial nerve block (ultrasound-guided)

Radial nerve blocks are a procedure for delivering anesthesia to the radial nerve territory either as a standalone blockade or in conjunction with a brachial plexus, ulnar or median nerve block. Indications association with median nerve block radial tunnel syndrome forearm and hand surgical ...

Median nerve block (ultrasound-guided)

Median nerve block is a technique used for providing anesthesia to the median nerve territory, it may be performed at the level of the arm, elbow, forearm or the wrist. Indications fracture reductions surgical repair of fractures incision and drainage of cysts and abscesses post-op...

Filling defect

A filling defect is a general term used to refer to any abnormality on an imaging study which disrupts the normal opacification (filling) of a cavity or lumen. The opacification maybe physiological, for example, bile in the gallbladder or blood in a dural venous sinus, or maybe due to the instal...

Rotator cuff calcific tendinitis barbotage

Rotator cuff calcific tendonitis can be treated with various techniques including ultrasound-guided barbotage, which is also known as ultrasound-guided needling and lavage. It is often performed in conjunction with a subacromial bursal injection. Alternative treatments include extracorporeal sho...

Tachon syndrome

Tachon syndrome is a rare systemic side effect of epidural or intra-articular corticosteroid injections. Clinical presentation Minutes after injection, patients may complain of 1: acute low back pain chest tightness facial erythema profuse sweating cough agitation Treatment and prognosi...

Arthrogram (anesthetic)

An arthrogram injection is a procedure in which a solution is administered into a joint under imaging guidance. These procedures are more accurately named direct arthrogram injections, although they are routinely known as arthrograms. Fluoroscopy, ultrasound, and CT can be used for image guidanc...

Scimitar (disambiguation)

The term scimitar, referring to the characteristic shape of the Middle Eastern sword, may refer to the following: scimitar syndrome (lungs) scimitar sign (cystic adventitial disease) scimitar sacrum (bones)

Splenic biopsy

Percutaneous splenic biopsy, using either ultrasound or CT guidance, is an accurate and reliable method of acquiring splenic tissue for histopathological assessment and has been proposed as an alternative for splenectomy in selected patients. Although the procedure has been historically feared ...

MRI targeted prostate biopsy

MRI targeted prostate biopsy refers to an imaging targeted technique rather than the traditional systematic approach of a prostate biopsy after respective imaging with multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) of the prostate. As a consequence of the recent advances of multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) of the pros...

Double density sign (disambiguation)

The double density sign can refer to several radiological signs: double density sign (left atrial enlargement) double density sign (berry aneurysm) double density sign (osteoid osteoma)

Symphyseal cleft injection

Symphyseal cleft injections (symphysography) are performed as both diagnostic and therapeutic measures for patients with (suspected) osteitis pubis, usually under CT or fluoroscopy. Indications suspected or confirmed osteitis pubis Contraindications factors to be considered as per any muscu...

Groshong catheter

Groshong catheters are a type of central venous catheter, which are placed under direct fluoroscopic visualization in an angiography suite. They can be tunneled or non-tunneled and are similar to a Hickman catheter, with the main difference being that Groshong catheters have a three-way valve at...

Downhill esophageal varix

Downhill esophageal varices are an uncommon type of esophageal varices associated with superior vena cava (SVC) obstruction. Epidemiology Downhill oesophagal varices are less frequently seen. It is seen in less than 0.5% of routine upper endoscopies. Most common etiology is superior vena obstr...

Preoperative pulmonary nodule localization

Preoperative pulmonary nodule localization is a CT-guided procedure where a marker is applied to a usually small lung lesion to assist in its surgical identification and resection. The widespread use of video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) and the advance in robotically assisted surgical inter...

Microwave ablation

Microwave ablation (MWA) is the application of electromagnetic waves to treat solid tumors. By causing oscillation of polar water molecules, microwaves produce frictional heating and ultimately induce cellular death via coagulation necrosis. This technique has been largely used for the treatment...

Tumor ablation

Tumor ablation, or image-guided tumor ablation, is the direct application of chemical or energy-based (i.e. thermal and non-thermal) treatments to cause local tumor destruction. Techniques include: energy-based techniques thermal ablation radiofrequency ablation (RFA) microwave ablation (MWA...

Surgical positions

There are various classic surgical positions for patients to be placed in for procedures, which have been adopted/repurposed for interventional radiology and some diagnostic procedures: lithotomy position Trendelenburg position reverse Trendelenburg position lateral decubitus position Litho...

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