Articles

Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and edited by countless contributing members over a period of time. A global group of dedicated editors oversee accuracy, consulting with expert advisers, and constantly reviewing additions.

Create new article

4,217 results found

Baker classification of acetabular erosion in hip hemiarthroplasty

The Baker classification of acetabular erosion in hip hemiarthroplasty is commonly used to grade severity 1-3. Classification Acetabular erosion is assessed on frontal radiographs 1: grade 0: no erosion grade 1: narrowing of the articular cartilage, no erosion grade 2: acetabular bone erosi...

Intercoccygeal angle

Intercoccygeal angle measurement may be used to quantify the degree of anterior angulation of the coccyx. It was originally described on lateral sacrococcygeal radiographs but can also be measured on cross-sectional imaging in the sagittal plane 1. Measurement On a midline sagittal image, a s...

Funiculus (disambiguation)

The funiculus (plural: funiculi) is an anatomical term and means a cordlike structure. It may refer to: funiculus (medulla oblongata) funiculus (fourth ventricle) funiculus (male genitals) funiculus (spinal cord) funiculus (umbilicus) funiculus (wrist ligament) History and etymology The ...

Thumb hypoplasia

Thumb hypoplasia is a type of congenital hand abnormality and may be seen in isolation or with other congenital abnormalities (including other hand abnormalities, radial ray deficiency or other syndromes, e.g. Holt-Oram and Fanconi syndrome). Classification There are several types of thumb abn...

Cotrel-Dubousset Instrumentation

Cotrel-Dubousset Instrumentation is a scoliosis restorative method employed back in 1983. Principally this procedure is used in any situation requiring posterior spinal instrumentation with rigid fixation like fractures and retrolisthesis. Contrary to Harrington rods, this procedure is much bett...

Pediatric femur (lateral view)

The lateral femur view for pediatrics is part of a standard series examining the femur in its entirety, including the hip and knee joint. Indications This view demonstrates the femur in an orthogonal position to the AP view. This allows assessment of suspected dislocations, fractures, localizi...

Pediatric femur (AP view)

The anteroposterior femur view for pediatrics is part of a standard series examining the femur in its entirety, including the hip and knee joints. Indications This view demonstrates the pediatric femur in its natural anatomical position allowing for assessment of suspected dislocations, fractu...

Femur series (pediatric)

The femur series for pediatrics is comprised of an anteroposterior (AP), and lateral radiograph. The series is utilized to assess for abnormalities pertaining to the shaft of the femur (often requested when fringe abnormality is seen on hip or knee radiographs). It is not an effective series to ...

Unified classification system for periprosthetic fractures

The unified classification system (UCS) is used for periprosthetic fractures. The classification is proposed to standardize the classification of periprosthetic fractures and provide a guide to the management of these fractures regardless of the broken bone or the joint affected 1-4. The class...

Master knot of Henry intersection syndrome

The master knot of Henry intersection syndrome refers to the symptoms resulting from friction in the crossover area between the flexor hallucis longus (FHL) and the flexor digitorum longus (FDL) tendons 1. Epidemiology This syndrome is the most common etiology of plantar mid-foot pain. The kno...

Drug-induced severe cutaneous adverse reactions

Several drug-induced severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCAR) are described: acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP) drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) syndrome epidermal necrolysis this is a spectrum which includes Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and tox...

Para-articular chondroma

Para-articular chondromas, also known as intracapsular chondromas, are one of the three variants of extraskeletal chondromas, the other two being synovial chondromatosis and soft tissue chondroma. These tumors arise from chondroid metaplasia of the joint capsule 1. Epidemiology These tumors ar...

Berrettini anastomosis

Berrettini anastomosis is a common sensory interneural communication between the ulnar nerve and the median nerve in the palmar surface of the hand. Gross anatomy The Berrettini anastomosis is a purely sensory anastomosis between the common palmar digital nerves that arise from the median and ...

Marinacci anastomosis

Marinacci anastomosis, also known as reverse Martin-Gruber anastomosis, describes a rare interneural communication between the ulnar nerve and the median nerve in the distal forearm. Gross anatomy Most commonly, motor fibers from the ulnar nerve cross to join the median nerve in the distal for...

Zone classification of extensor tendon injury

The zone classification of extensor tendon injuries divides injuries into zones based on anatomical location. The zone classification is proposed to guide the management of these injuries and predict possible outcomes. Classification Flexor tendon injuries were initially classified into eight...

Triquetrocapitate ligament

The triquetrocapitate ligament is one of the palmar intrinsic midcarpal ligaments 1. Along with the triquetrohamate ligament this ligament forms the triquetrohamocapitate ligament, which forms the ulnar limb of the arcuate ligament of the wrist 1,2. It is often contiguous with the ulnocapitate l...

Flexor carpi radialis tendinopathy

Flexor carpi radialis (FCR) tendinopathy presents with pain in the volar radial wrist. It usually develops due to chronic overuse, particularly in areas of the tendon that are exposed to rough surfaces (e.g. osteophytes). Epidemiology Flexor carpi radialis tendinopathy is a rare condition that...

Riche-Cannieu anastomosis

Riche-Cannieu anastomosis describes a common interneural communication between the median nerve and the ulnar nerve in the hand. Gross anatomy Generally, this anastomosis is specifically between the deep palmar branch of the ulnar nerve and the recurrent branch median nerve, although many vari...

Bone grafting of reverse Hill-Sachs defects

Bone grafting of reverse Hill-Sachs defect is the surgical restoration of the humeral head due to compromised shoulder stability from large defects, which in patients without significant glenoid bone loss who have good bone stock, preserved articular cartilage, and humeral head defect between 20...

Flexor carpi radialis tendon tunnel

The flexor carpi radialis tendon tunnel is a fibro-osseous canal in the anterior/volar aspect of the wrist. The tendon of the flexor carpi radialis (FCR) muscle occupies approximately 90% of the available space in the tunnel. Gross anatomy The FCR tendon travels above the scaphoid and through ...

12q14 microdeletion syndrome

12q14 microdeletion syndrome or osteopoikilosis-short stature-intellectual disability syndrome is caused by heterozygous deletion at the region of 12q14. The microdeletion affects the LEMD3 gene which has already been implicated in osteopoikilosis. Epidemiology Prevalence is <1 in 1 million li...

Acrodysotosis

Acrodysotosis, also known as Arkless-Graham syndrome, Maroteaux-Malamut syndrome or acrodysplasia, is a rare genetic disorder affecting bone growth. Epidemiology The true incidence is not known. There is no known gender predilection. The condition is often detected in early childhood. Clinica...

Notch width index

The notch width index (NWI) is a measurement that has been proposed as a possible indicator of the risk of anterior cruciate ligament injuries 5. Measurement The NWI is assessed on the tunnel view radiograph of the knee as the ratio between the width of the intercondylar notch and the width of...

Triquetrohamate ligament

The triquetrohamate ligament is one of the palmar intrinsic midcarpal ligaments, with a variable presence of a dorsal component of the ligament 1. Its function is to resist flexion between the triquetrum and the hamate 1. Together with the triquetrocapitate ligament, it forms the triquetrohamoca...

Intraosseous migration of intratendinous calcification

Intraosseous migration of intratendinous calcification is a process in which calcific deposits penetrate and accumulate within the adjacent bone, creating a sclerotic lesion with bone edema1,2. This migration occurs during the resorptive stage of calcific tendinopathy natural evolution3. In so...

Greater tubercle fracture of the shoulder

Greater tubercle fractures of the shoulder (interchangeably referred to as greater tuberosity fractures) are a subtype of proximal humeral fractures. Anatomy The greater tubercle is the most lateral bony part of the shoulder. It is the site where three of the rotator cuffs insert to abduct or ...

DeLee & Charnley and Gruen zones

DeLee & Charnley and Gruen classified the radiolucent lines between the total hip arthroplasty and the bone seen on the AP and lateral views of the operated hip in three acetabular zones and seven femoral zones, respectively. Loosening induces the formation of a fibrous or 'synovial-like' membr...

Rectus femoris heterotopic ossification

Rectus femoris heterotopic ossification refers to the ossification/formation of extra skeletal bones in the direct or indirect tendons of the rectus femoris muscle, following tendon injury or chronic tendinopathy. Clinical presentation Whilst generally asymptomatic, it can cause: hip pain 1 ...

West Point classification of humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament

The West Point classification of humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament (HAGL) was created to describe avulsion injuries of the inferior glenohumeral ligament (IGHL). Classification This classification has six types of lesions divided into two categories based on anterior or posterior i...

Rotator cuff repair

Rotator cuff repair involves stitching the torn tendon back onto its attachment to the arm bone (humerus) and may be performed either through arthroscopy or open surgery, using sutures and/or bone anchors. Procedure a suture is passed across the long limb of the tear from side to side, using a...

Aponeurotic expansion of the supraspinatus tendon

The aponeurotic expansion of the supraspinatus tendon is an anatomical variant that is usually seen incidentally on imaging. Epidemiology This structure can be seen in ~33% (range 19-49%) of shoulder joints imaged on MRI 1,3,4. Gross anatomy The aponeurotic expansion of the supraspinatus te...

Hamada classification of massive rotator cuff tears

The Hamada classification divides the x-ray features of massive rotator cuff tears into five grades. Subsequently, Walch subdivided grade 4 into two subtypes 1,2. Classification Hamada classification with Walch modification of rotator cuff tear arthropathy 1,3: grade 1: acromiohumeral interva...

Cuneonavicular joint

The cuneonavicular joint connects the navicular and the three cuneiform bones, playing a pivotal role in maintaining body balance and facilitating locomotion. Gross anatomy The cuneonavicular joint forms the syndesmosis between the navicular and cuneiform bones, enabling slight movements. Mov...

Cuboideonavicular joint

The cuboidenoavicular joint, an integral part of the tarsometatarsal articulations, allows for subtle rotational and gliding movements. This joint involves an articulation between the cuboid and navicular bones, forming a syndesmosis stabilized by several ligaments. Gross anatomy The cuboideno...

Incisivus labii superioris muscle

The incisivus labii superioris muscle, situated in the facial region, serves primarily in retracting the upper and lower lips. 'Incisivus' derives from the Latin 'incidere' meaning 'to cut through.' Summary origin: incisive fossa of the maxilla insertion: orbicularis oris muscle blood Supply...

Zygomatic arch fractures

Zygomatic arch fractures or isolated zygomatic arch fractures are a type of zygomaticomaxillary complex fractures that are confined to the zygomatic arch. They may simple or comminuted and can occur at various sites of the zygomatic arch. They usually occur from an anterolateral force applied to...

Undifferentiated connective tissue disease

Undifferentiated connective tissue disease (UCTD) is a type of connective tissue disease. UCTD should not be confused with mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) as these two entities describe patient populations with different characteristics. Pathology UCTD comprises patients who have clini...

Posterior auricular muscle

The posterior auricular muscle, located posterior to the auricle, plays a role in repositioning the ear. It originates from the mastoid process of the temporal bone, with insertion at the root of the posterior auricle. Summary origin: mastoid process insertion: posterior auricle root blood S...

Superior auricular muscle

The superior auricular muscle, an extrinsic muscle of the ear, originates from the epicranial aponeurosis and plays a pivotal role in adjusting the position of the auricle. Summary origin: epicranial aponeurosis insertion: superior surface of the auricle blood Supply: branches of the facial ...

Anterior auricular muscle

The anterior auricular muscle, the smallest of three auricular muscles, is a thin, fan-shaped structure originating from the epicranial aponeurosis and inserting into the front of the helix. Summary: origin: epicranial aponeurosis insertion: anterior helix blood Supply: superficial temporal ...

Pomeranz MRI classification of Achilles tendon disorders

The Pomeranz MRI classification of Achilles tendon disorders classifies grade 0 as normal tendon, grades IA, IB, and II as abnormal intratendinous signal (tendinopathy), and grade III as complete rupture with retraction. Classification grade 0: homogeneous hypointensity (normal) ± peritendinou...

Bone reinforcement lines

Bone reinforcement lines or bone bars are linear bands of increased radiodensity that are frequent in the osteopenic skeleton of middle-aged and elderly people and are associated with longstanding osteopenia. These lines represent complete or incomplete, horizontally or obliquely oriented bars c...

Tubiana classification of mallet finger

Tubiana classification considers the size of the bony fragment and subluxation. It includes tendinous mallet deformities and correlates bone fragment size with volar subluxation. Mallet fractures are avulsion fractures of the distal phalanx peri- or intra-articular base with involvement of the ...

Lumbar canal stenosis

Lumbar canal stenosis is a general term that refers to the pathological narrowing of the spinal canal, nerve root canals and/or the intervertebral foramina in the lumbar spine 1-4,6,7,9,10. Epidemiology Lumbar canal stenosis is common, especially among individuals over 60 years old, and its pr...

Mutch classification of greater tuberosity fractures

The Mutch classification is a system used to classify isolated greater tuberosity fractures and has important therapeutic implications. It is considered reliable for isolated greater tuberosity fractures but is less reliable in multi-part proximal humeral fractures 4. Classification The Mutch ...

Antihelix (ear)

The antihelix of the ear refers to the Y-shaped cartilage within the external ear, it lies next to the scapha of the ear, the ridge separating the helix from the antihelix. Gross anatomy The antihelix can be divided into two parts bifurcating around the triangular fossa1: superior crus: upper...

Helix (ear)

The helix of the ear refers to the cartilaginous rim of the auricle. It can be divided into three parts 1: ascending: beginning from the root at the scalp, extending vertically superior: begins at the end of the ascending portion when the helix curves and ends at the Darwin tubercle, a thicke...

Laminoplasty

Laminoplasty, also known as osteoplastic reconstruction of the lamina, is a surgical procedure that involves the replacement of the lamina of the vertebral body following a laminectomy procedure in an attempt to provide better post-operative stabilization. Indications spinal stenosis compress...

Normal variant of femoral condyle ossification

Normal variant of femoral condyle ossifications occurs due to variability of endochondral ossification of articular cartilage and can be easily confused with osteochondritis dissecans. Epidemiology more often in boys (mean age of ~8 years) than in girls 1 often bilateral 1,2 typically locat...

Buffalo hump

A buffalo hump describes lipomatosis of the posterior neck and interscapular region. It may be idiopathic or caused by a variety of underlying medical conditions. idiopathic Cushing syndrome 1 Cushing disease steroid therapy HIV-associated lipodystrophy 2 Mad...

Rectus capitis lateralis muscle

The rectus capitis lateralis muscle is an integral component of the prevertebral muscle group, which plays a pivotal role in head movement and serves as a vital surgical landmark. Summary origin: superior transverse processes of the atlas insertion: inferior to the jugular processes of the oc...

Antitragicus muscle

The antitragicus muscle is an intrinsic muscle of the outer ear that is part of the broader auricular muscle group. Summary origin: posterior surface of the antitragus insertion: tail of the helix innervation: posterior auricular branch of the facial nerve action: assists in ear...

Tragus

The tragus is a small, cartilaginous projection situated anteriorly to the external auditory meatus. Relations The tragus is positioned anteriorly to the external auditory meatus and is surrounded by other components of the external ear, including the antitragus and the helix. Arterial Supply...

Tragicus muscle

The tragicus muscle is an intrinsic muscle of the outer ear that facilitates the opening of the external auditory canal and assists in minor movement of the tragus. Summary: origin: base of tragus insertion: apex of tragus blood supply: branches of facial arteries innervation: f...

Anti Sjögren syndrome related antigen antibodies

Anti Sjögren’s syndrome related antigen antibodies are a group of antibodies against autoantigens which include Ro/SSA anti-Ro52 anti-Ro60 La/SSB They are currently thought to be associated a number of autoimmune conditions. They were originally identified in patients with Sjögren syndrom...

Helicis minor muscle

The helicis minor muscle is a small, intrinsic auricular muscle responsible for shaping the anterior margin of the ear. Summary origin: base of the helix of the ear insertion: anterior helix blood supply: branches of the facial arteries innervation: posterior and temporal auricular nerves o...

Helicis major muscle

The helicis major muscle is an intrinsic auricular muscle that plays a vestigial role in adjusting the shape of the ear. Summary origin: root of the helix of the ear insertion: anterior border of the helix blood supply: anterior auricular branches of the superficial temporal artery and other...

Knuckle pads

Knuckle pads, also known as Garrod pads, Garrod nodes or holoderma, are benign, subcutaneous, fibrofatty growths that overlie the interphalangeal joints of the fingers or toes 1,2. These are a rare form of superficial musculoskeletal fibromatoses. Clinical presentation Knuckle pads present as ...

Median nerve flattening ratio

The median nerve flattening ratio is a parameter used for the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome (usually by ultrasound). It is calculated by dividing the span of the long axis by that of the short axis of the median nerve at around the pisiform level. A ratio of greater then 3 is often consi...

Congenital rib fusion

Congenital rib fusion refers to the congenital failure of the segmentation of one or more ribs, which can be focal or extended and involve the anterior or posterior arch of the rib. The rib fusion can be complete or accompanied by pseudo articulation and mimic a healing fracture on the chest x...

Brachyphalangia

Brachyphalangia refers to the shortness of one or more phalanges of the hands or feet usually due to the early closure of the phalange's growth plate. This anomaly is one of the most common non-syndromic cause of brachydactyly and may accosiated with clinodactyly.

Mental spines

Mental spines are small, midline, paired, bony protuberances (or eminences) of the posterior lingual surface of the mandible. There are usually two superior and two inferior spines. They represent the anchor points of origin of the superior genioglossus and the inferior geniohyoid muscles 1,2. C...

Obturator fascia

The obturator fascia is the fascia of the obturator internus muscle which covers its internal surface and attaches to the bony margins of the obturator foramen. Superomedially, the obturator fascia gives way to the obturator canal, allowing the obturator artery, vein and nerve to communicate b...

Palmar carpal ligament

The palmar carpal ligament (also known as the volar carpal ligament) is a fibrous structure that forms the roof of Guyon's canal. Proximally, it is continuous with the deep fascia of the forearm and attaches to the pisiform, pisiform ligamentous complex and a leaf of the flexor retinaculum over...

Kocher criteria for pediatric septic arthritis of the hip

The Kocher criteria for pediatric septic arthritis of the hip is a risk stratification score to aid in differentiating between septic arthritis and transient synovitis of the hip in the pediatric population. Criteria non-weight-bearing temperature >38.5°C or >101.3°F CRP >2.0 mg/dL or ESR >4...

Nerot-Sirveaux classification of scapular notching

The Nerot-Sirveaux classification of scapular notching describes the radiographic extent of bone loss in patients with scapular notching after reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA). An AP glenoid view (tangential to baseplate) is needed to assess for scapular notching, which will allow vis...

Periprosthetic joint infection of shoulder arthroplasties

Periprosthetic joint infection of shoulder arthroplasties is one of the most common reasons for post-operative revision surgery. Propionibacterium acnes is the most commonly associated organism. Epidemiology The mean incidence has been reported to be ~1%; although after reverse total shoulder ...

Anti-RO52 antibodies

Anti-Ro52 antibodies are a form of antibodies which are associated with distinct clinical manifestations. They target a protein called TRIM21 protein and can occur in a variety of connective tissue diseases (CTD) which include anti-Ro52-positive antisynthetase syndrome and with lung considered...

Solitary bone tumor imaging reporting and data system (BTI-RADS)

Solitary bone tumor imaging reporting and data system (BTI-RADS) is a reporting and communication tool designed to stratify benign and malignant bone lesions and to communicate them in a systematic and standardized way 1,2. History and etymology The solitary bone tumor imaging reporting and da...

CT myelography

CT myelography is a myelography technique used mainly to assess for potential spinal canal stenosis when MRI is contraindicated or when dynamic imaging is required. History CT myelography was first performed in 1976 2. Indications spinal canal stenosis when MRI is contraindicated dors...

Core decompression of osteonecrosis

Core decompression is the first-line surgical option for symptomatic and low-grade osteonecrosis of the femoral or humeral head. Core decompression improves symptoms and prevents progression and femoral/humeral head collapse by reducing subchondral bone marrow pressure and promoting neovasculari...

Subscapularis insufficiency after shoulder arthroplasty

Subscapularis insufficiency after shoulder arthroplasty is a complication that can cause severe loss of function and implant longevity. Exposure of the glenohumeral joint during surgical total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) procedures is associated with a risk of causing iatrogenic damage to the su...

Reverse rugger jersey spine

Reverse rugger jersey spine describes the low endplate densities at multiple contiguous vertebral levels producing an alternating lucent-sclerotic-lucent appearance. It's the reverse counterpart of the rugger jersey spine and also mimics the horizontal stripes of a rugby jersey. Pathology The ...

Rings and arcs enhancement

Rings and arcs enhancement is an MRI enhancement pattern described as curvilinear post-contrast T1-hyperintensities. This pattern is generally observed in hyaline cartilage-containing tumors (e.g. enchondroma, chondrosarcoma)1,2 Pathology This pattern is due to the enhancement of the capillari...

Leddy and Packer classification of jersey finger injuries

The Leddy and Packer classification of jersey finger injuries, which is an avulsion injury of the flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) from its insertion at the base of the distal phalanx, is based on the level of tendon retraction and presence of fracture 2,3. Classification Leddy and Packer clas...

Wright and Cofield classification of postoperative periprosthetic humeral fractures

The Wright and Cofield classification system can be used for postoperative periprosthetic humeral fractures. Humeral periprosthetic fractures may be intraoperative or postoperative shoulder arthroplasty complications, which can lead to loosening and migration of the prosthesis 1. Classification...

Cruess classification of humeral head osteonecrosis

The Cruess classification of humeral head osteonecrosis uses plain radiographs, CT and/or MRI for its staging system. Early Cruess stage osteonecrosis may only be detected on MRI. Classification The Cruess classification is the best-known system and is composed of five stages 1: stage I: pre-...

Acromial and scapular spine fractures after reverse total shoulder arthroplasty

Acromial and scapular spine fractures after reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA) can occur intraoperatively or postoperatively with post-operative stress fractures the most common. Epidemiology Acromial and scapular spine fractures complicated ~5% (range 3.1-11.2%) of RTSAs 1,2. Patholo...

Pico method

The Pico method is a CT-based calculation of glenoid bone loss in terms of an area (expressed in mm 2 or surface percentage). Before treatment, glenoid bone defect quantification with PICO method is required to select the best option (i.e. arthroscopy vs open surgery with bone transposition). M...

Stellate crease

A stellate crease, also known as a stellate lesion, is an indentation in the acetabular roof composed of radiating lines caused by a focal area of hyaline cartilage deficiency, which is in continuity with the acetabular notch 1,2. They are found above the anterosuperior aspect of the acetabulum...

Hand-foot-genital syndrome

Hand-foot-genital syndrome (previously known as hand-foot-uterus syndrome) refers to a hereditary disorder with abnormalities involving the hands and feet and uterus. Affected patients can have urogenital abnormalities in females bicornuate uterus vaginal septum ectopic localization of uret...

Osseous Tumor Reporting and Data System (OT-RADS)

Osseous Tumor Reporting and Data System (OT-RADS) is a reporting and communication tool designed to reliably identify benign and malignant bone tumors and to communicate them in a standardized way, using BI-RADS as an example 1-3. History and etymology The Osseous Tumor Reporting and Data Syst...

Canal-to-body ratio of Torg and Pavlov

The canal-to-body ratio of Torg and Pavlov is a method of evaluating the degree of cervical canal stenosis on lateral cervical spine radiographs. Terminology This ratio is variously referred to as the Torg ratio 3, the Pavlov ratio 3,4, the Torg-Pavlov ratio 5, or the canal-to-body ratio 3. M...

Foot pain

Foot pain is a very common symptom. The differential diagnosis depends mainly on age, weight, level of physical activity, and the exact location of the pain. As neoplastic lesions are ubiquitary, they will not be added to the sections below. Hindfoot pain inferior heel pain trauma...

Scapulohumeral arthrodesis with a reconstruction plate

Shoulder arthrodesis with reconstruction plate aims to relieve pain and provide a stable site for elbow and hand function and also to allow for active and limited elevation of the shoulder with scapulothoracic motion. Plates are a useful method for glenohumeral salvage in cases without severe bo...

Chronic granulomatous inflammatory process

Chronic granulomatous inflammation is a disease process that mostly affects the soft tissues and is an inflammation where a compact collection of cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system, chiefly activated macrophages and cells derived from them are predominant 1. Pathology There are two majo...

Polyether-ether-ketone (PEEK)

Polyether-ether-ketone (PEEK) is a special thermoplastic engineering plastic with biological, mechanical, and chemical properties that provides an alternative to titanium alloys in the development of implantable load-bearing medical devices, which require extra strength and biocompatibility 1,2....

Short humeral stem arthroplasthy

A short humeral stem arthroplasty is less than 100 mm in length (standard-length > 100 mm) and comprises titanium with a proximal porous surface coating and metaphyseal press-fit fixation Advantages and disadvantages Advantages preserving bone stock eliminates damaging biological effects of ...

Infraspinatus tendon tear

Infraspinatus tendon tears are rotator cuff injuries affecting the infraspinatus tendon generally associated with other rotator cuff tears and are usually due to degenerative processes, trauma, or constant overhead motion strain 1. Epidemiology Isolated full-thickness infraspinatus tendon tear...

Periosteum

The periosteum is a thin membrane of connective tissue composed of different layers covering the surface of a bone, providing structural integrity and contributing to growth and development as well as the repair of bone 1-3. Gross anatomy The periosteum consists of different layers in particul...

Overstuffing (shoulder arthroplasty)

Overstuffing of the total shoulder arthroplasty or shoulder hemiarthroplasty is secondary to an oversized humeral component or inaccurate positioning of the prosthetic humeral head, which can lead to subacromial impingement from malposition with attritional rotator cuff tears. Medial overstuffi...

Stress shielding after fracture fixation

Stress shielding after fracture fixation is a result of the higher stiffness of the implant, which results in bone loss as a consequence of decreased physiologic loading of the bone according to Wolff's law. Stainless steel, although leads to an excellent union rate, eliminates dynamic loading t...

Peripheral intermediate and high-grade chondrosarcoma

Peripheral chondrosarcomas grade 2 and 3 are malignant intermediate and high-grade chondrogenic neoplasms originating from the bony surface in the chondral cap of pre-existing osteochondromas as a result of malignant transformation, thus the name secondary peripheral chondrosarcoma 1,2. Secondar...

Filtered (1)Done (clear)

+Systems

+Article Sections

+Sort By

ADVERTISEMENT: Supporters see fewer/no ads

Updating… Please wait.

Unable to process the form. Check for errors and try again.

Thank you for updating your details.