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Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and edited by countless contributing members over a period of time. A global group of dedicated editors oversee accuracy, consulting with expert advisers, and constantly reviewing additions.

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4,170 results found

Soleal sling syndrome

Soleal sling syndrome is a rare tibial nerve entrapment syndrome. More commonly the tibial nerve gets entrapped in the tarsal tunnel. In soleal sling syndrome, the nerve gets compressed under the tendinous arch at the origin of soleus muscle 1. Clinical presentation Can present with numbness i...

Inflammatory leiomyosarcoma

Inflammatory leiomyosarcomas are malignant tumors with smooth muscle differentiation and a prominent inflammatory infiltrate that were just recently recognized as a distinct entity by the WHO in 2020 1-3. Epidemiology Inflammatory leiomyosarcomas are very rare lesions with most cases seen in a...

Middle clunal nerve entrapment

Middle clunal nerve entrapment is a potential cause of low back pain. The middle clunal nerves travel beneath the long posterior sacroiliac ligament and this is a potential space for nerve entrapment 1. Clinical presentation Low back pain and leg pain can be caused by entrapment of these nerve...

Rectus capitis anterior muscle

The rectus capitis anterior muscle is a short muscle that belongs to the prevertebral and anterior neck muscles. It is located anterior to the vertebral column and stretches between the atlas and the base of the skull. Summary origin: lateral mass and transverse process of atlas (C1) insertio...

Middle clunal nerve

The middle clunal nerve is a sensory nerve that originates from S1-S4 1. It travels underneath the long posterior sacroiliac ligament (LPSL) and passes between the posterior superior iliac spine and posterior inferior iliac spine to course over the iliac crest 1. It supplies sensation to the lum...

Os interphalangeus

Os interphalangeus is an ossicle present in the plantar aspect of interphalangeal joint of great toe 1. The ossicle can be present either centrally or eccentrically within the joint capsule and is separated from the flexor hallucis longus tendon by a bursa. Radiographic features Plain radiogra...

Depressor supercilii muscle

The depressor supercilii is a facial muscle found medial to the orbits and acts as a depressor of the eyebrow. Terminology Ongoing debate exists regarding the exact designation of this muscle. Some anatomy sources view it as part of the orbicularis oculi muscle while others (Cook et. al) sugge...

Extensor indicis proprius

The extensor indicis propius (EIP) muscle is one of the muscles of the posterior deep compartment of the forearm. It is involved in the extension of the second digit at the metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints 1. Summary origin: posterior surface of ulna and interosseous membrane in...

Distal humerus physeal separation

Distal humerus physeal separation is seen in children under 3 years and is often associated with non-accidental injury 1. Clinical presentation The child will usually present with a reduced range of motion with swelling and ecchymosis around the joint 2. Pathology The injury can occur durin...

Anastomosing hemangioma

Anastomosing hemangiomas are benign vascular neoplasms consisting of thin-walled anastomosing vessels. These lesions have been just recently added to the WHO classification of soft tissue tumors in 2020 as a separate entity 1-3 Epidemiology Anastomosing hemangiomas are rare lesions with a wide...

Sinus tarsi "see-through" sign

Sinus tarsi "see-through" sign is a radiological sign noted in pes cavus and/or hindfoot varus with the alignment of the sinus tarsi parallel to the x-ray beam resulting in the ability to "see-through" the sinus tarsi on lateral foot x-rays 1,2.

Giant cell fibroblastoma

Giant cell fibroblastomas are locally aggressive mesenchymal neoplasms closely related to dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans. Epidemiology Giant cell fibroblastomas are rare. They are usually but not exclusively found in children within the first decade of life, adult cases are rare. Boys are mor...

Posterior talofibular ligament injury

Posterior talofibular ligament (PTFL) injuries are far less common than other lateral collateral ligament injuries of the ankle and almost always occur with other injuries 1. Epidemiology The estimated incidence is ~10% (range 4-20%) on MRI in patients with ankle injuries 1,4,6. Pathology On...

EWSR1-SMAD3-positive fibroblastic tumor

EWSR1-SMAD3-positive fibroblastic tumors are benign mesenchymal neoplasms with different morphologies and a provisional name that have been just recently characterized (c.2018) 1-4 and added to the WHO classification of soft tissue tumors in 2020 2,3. Epidemiology EWSR1-SMAD3-positive fibrobla...

Radial clubhand (radial deficiency)

Radial clubhand is a rare congenital birth disorder characterized by an absent thumb and a perpendicular relationship between wrist and forearm. Epidemiology Rare. Noted in around 1: 55,000 births. Bilateral up to 72% of cases. Clinical presentation Patients present with a perpendicular rela...

Superficial CD34-positive fibroblastic tumor

Superficial CD34-positive fibroblastic tumors (SCPFT) or PRDM10-rearranged soft tissue tumors are rare low-grade mesenchymal neoplasms of the dermis and subcutis 1-3 that have been just recently added to the WHO classification of soft tissue tumors in 2020 2,3. Epidemiology Superficial CD34-po...

Sporotrichosis

Sporotrichosis is a rare chronic fungal infection. Pathology Sporotrichosis is caused by a dimorphic fungus Sporothrix spp.: Sporothrix schenckii: considered the most common and can affect the respiratory system Sporothrix brasiliensis Sporothrix globosa Sporothrix pallida Sporothrix mexi...

Long head of biceps tendon sheath effusion

A long head of biceps tendon sheath effusion is considered a non-specific finding as it communicates with the glenohumeral joint (can sometimes be normal) although can also be associated with number of pathologies which include adhesive capsulitis: approximately 70% of patients with adhesive c...

Handstand fracture

A handstand fracture is a specific metacarpal fracture category that affects the head of the metacarpal bone. Clinical presentation As the name implies, patients with such a fracture commonly present after losing balance from a handstand and sustaining a high-energy impact to the hand. Patien...

Adductor hiatus

The adductor hiatus is an opening between the adductor magnus muscle and the femur. It is also known as the hiatus magnus. Gross Anatomy adductor hiatus represents the distal end of the adductor canal it is the anatomical landmark where the femoral artery and vein transition to become the pop...

Retiform hemangioendothelioma

Retiform hemangioendotheliomas or hobnail hemangioendotheliomas are intermediate locally aggressive and rarely metastasizing vascular neoplasms with a distinctive hobnail endothelial cell morphology. Epidemiology Retiform hemangioendotheliomas are rare with <100 cases reported in the literatur...

Kfuri and Schatzker classification of tibial plateau fractures

The Kfuri and Schatzker classification of tibial plateau fractures is a revision of the classic Schatzker classification 1. It complements the original radiographic classification with the inclusion of CT, allowing for a tridimensional interpretation of the fracture 2,3. The revisited classific...

Somatic nervous system

The somatic nervous system (SNS) is a subdivision of the peripheral nervous system which provides innervation to the somatic structures of the body, that is the parts excluding the viscera, smooth muscle, and glands. The SNS is distributed throughout the body through somatosensory neurons withi...

Normal imaging examples

This article lists examples of normal imaging divided by body region and system. brain head and neck spine chest breast gastrointestinal genitourinary hepatobiliary upper limb lower limb pediatrics

Medial tibial crest friction syndrome

Medial tibial crest friction syndrome, also known as medial tibial condyle friction syndrome, is a rare entity characterized by the symptomatic inflammation resulting from extra-capsular friction of the medial collateral ligament (MCL) of the knee on the medial tibial crest 1-3. Clinical prese...

Tenosynovial giant cell tumor

Tenosynovial giant cell tumors (GCT), also known as tenosynovial tumors of tendon sheath, are a group of so-called fibrohistiocytic tumors, which are usually benign, most often arise from the synovium of joints, bursae or tendon sheaths, and show synovial differentiation 1-5. Despite identical h...

Giant cell tumor (disambiguation)

There are a few types of giant cell tumors that may be morphologically similar but are genetically unrelated 1-3: giant cell tumor of bone giant cell tumor of soft tissue tenosynovial giant cell tumor localized tenosynovial giant cell tumor diffuse tenosynovial giant cell tumor

Flat-top talus

Flat-top talus is considered a complication of non-operative treatment of congenital talipes equinovarus (clubfoot) but can also be seen in surgically treated and non-treated patients and the etiology is not clear 1,2. It results in reduced ankle dorsiflexion due to anterior ankle impingement fr...

Pseudo-Madelung deformity

Pseudo-Madelung deformity refers to increased radial inclination (i.e. ulnar tilt) of the distal radius but with negative ulnar variance and the absence of other typical features of Madelung deformity 1. Pathology Pseudo-Madelung deformity can be due to 1-3: hereditary multiple exostoses pos...

Lister's tubercle fracture

Lister's tubercle fractures are a type of distal radial fracture which involves the dorsal aspect of the distal radius including Lister's tubercle. Radiographic features Plain radiograph / CT Can be seen as a fracture and/or avulsed ossific fragment at the Lister's tubercle to varying degree...

Solitary circumscribed neuroma

Solitary circumscribed neuromas, also known as palisaded encapsulated neuromas, are benign tumors primarily occurring in the cutaneous tissues of the face, often at the mucocutaneous border 1. Epidemiology Although they can occur at any age, there is a predilection for later middle age (40-6...

Subtalar arthroereisis

Subtalar arthroereisis is a non-fusion surgical treatment of pediatric symptomatic flexible flatfoot (pes planus). The procedure involves the insertion of an implant into the subtalar joint to correct excessive hindfoot eversion. Procedure There are two techniques for subtalar arthroereisis 1:...

VEXAS syndrome

VEXAS (vacuoles, E1 enzyme, X-linked, autoinflammatory, somatic) syndrome is a severe, treatment-refractory, monogenic, multiorgan, autoinflammatory condition with vasculitic and hematological complications. Epidemiology VEXAS syndrome is likely to be rare, but also likely to be underdiagnosed...

Donohue syndrome

Donohue syndrome, also known as leprechaunism, is a rare autosomal recessive form of insulin resistance syndrome with a distinctive phenotype including elfin facies and severe disturbances of glucose homeostasis. It is universally fatal in early childhood. Epidemiology Donohue syndrome is very...

Nail unit (anatomy)

The nail unit or nail apparatus refers to a group of distal digital structures involved in the function and support of the nail plate. Gross anatomy Structures of the distal phalanx composing the nail unit include 1: nail plate nail matrix nail bed periungual soft tissues eponychium (cuti...

Soft tissue mass

Soft tissue masses or lesions are a common medical condition seen by primary care physicians, family physicians, surgeons and orthopedists. They include all soft tissue outgrowths benign and malignant 1-3. Epidemiology Soft tissue masses are very common, with benign lesions being much more fre...

Ulnar bow sign

The ulnar bow sign is a radiographic indication of a plastic deformity of the ulna, its assessment is quite useful in the case of a suspected "isolated" radial head dislocation in the pediatric population 1,3. "Isolated" dislocation of the radial head is almost always in fact associated with a ...

Osteolytic bone lesion

Osteolytic lesions, lytic or lucent bone lesions are descriptive terms for lesions that replace normal bone or with a vast proportion showing a lower density or attenuation than the normal cancellous bone. This comprises lesions with fatty liquid and solid soft tissue components. Pathology Luc...

Accessory muscles of respiration

Accessory muscles of respiration refer to muscles that provide assistance to the main breathing muscles, mainly when additional power is needed, for example during exercise or those with airway pathologies (e.g. COPD) 1,2. During normal quiet breathing, inspiration is an active process primaril...

Mixed density bone lesion

The term mixed density bone lesion is used to describe lesions with a combination of osteolytic and osteosclerotic components within or adjacent to cancellous bone. The amount of osteolytic and osteoblastic areas within the lesion remains more or less subjective 1. Differential diagnosis Simil...

Epiphyseal triangle (femur)

Epiphyseal triangle, also known as Ludloff space (or Ludloff fleck in German), of the femur is a prominent triangular area of radiolucency on lateral radiographs which may be mistaken for pathology but is a radiological variant. The epiphyseal triangle when seen is most prominent in older chil...

Neck axis distance

The neck axis distance is a measurement of acetabular version, although it has only been described in one study (c.2022) 1. Measurement On an AP pelvic x-ray, a line (N) is drawn along the axis of the femoral neck bisecting a circle of best fit drawn around the femoral head. The neck axis dist...

Metacarpophalangeal joint dislocation

Metacarpophalangeal joint (MCPJ) dislocations are uncommon dislocations of the hand. Epidemiology Metacarpophalangeal joint dislocations account for ~3-5% of all dislocations 1,2. The thumb is the most commonly affect digit, followed by the little finger 2. Clinical presentation The initial...

Half-moon sign (femoral neck)

The half-moon sign describes the morphology of bone marrow edema at the femoral neck on fluid-sensitive MRI sequences, which can be seen in osteoid osteoma or stress fractures 1-3. Differential diagnosis intra-articular osteoid osteoma in patients without a history of overuse, it is highly s...

Double-arc sign

The double-arc sign, also known as the McKee double-arc sign, is a radiographic indication of a coronal shear fracture of the distal humerus, which involves the capitellum and extends beyond the lateral trochlear ridge to include a part of the trochlea 1,2. The double-arc sign is characterized ...

Immune mediated necrotizing myopathy

Immune mediated necrotizing myopathy (IMNM) is classified as a form or myopathy and sometimes a form of myositis. Epidemiology Associations interstitial lung disease - anti-SRP autoantibody associated interstitial lung disease 3 cardiomyopathy 7 Clinical presentation It is clinically chara...

Basivertebral nerve

The basivertebral nerve supplies the vertebral endplates and can be a target for treating back pain. Gross anatomy The basivertebral nerve is a paired nerve arising from the sinuvertebral nerve. It ascends from its origin to enter the spinal canal, traversing centrally 1. It courses with the ...

Fibulotalocalcaneal ligament

The fibulotalocalcaneal ligament is part of the deep crural fascia and runs medially from the posteromedial border of the lateral malleolus (anterior malleolar groove) with two sheet-like laminae that insert on the superolateral surface of the calcaneus and the lateral tubercle of the posterior ...

Sugaya classification

The Sugaya classification is a 5-point system used to evaluate rotator cuff repair. Usage The Sugaya classification is the most common system used to evaulate rotator cuff repair 2 although intra- and inter-observer reproducibility is variable 3,4. Classification The Sugaya classification a...

Cervical foraminal stenosis

Cervical foraminal stenosis is a common condition that is mostly asymptomatic but in some patients results in cervical radiculopathy. Clinical presentation Cervical foraminal stenosis is most commonly asymptomatic (found in ~20% of the population 8,10) but can result in cervical nerve root com...

Stener-like lesion of the medial collateral ligament of the knee

Stener-like lesions of the medial collateral ligament (MCL) occur when a tear involves the distal fibers of the superficial medial collateral ligament (sMCL) are displaced superﬁcially to the pes anserinus, which can result in compromised healing. Pathology Usually, the sMCL runs deep to the p...

Triceps tendon rupture

A triceps tendon rupture represents the extreme end of the spectrum of triceps tendon tears where there is complete detachment of the triceps tendon. It most often occurs at the distal end. It is more common in males and seen in age groups 30-50. Pathology If can either occur in an acute set...

Voriconazole-induced periostitis

Voriconazole-included periostitis is a type of drug-induced periostitis and is a rare cause of diffuse bone pain in those on high dose or prolonged voriconazole therapy. Epidemiology Voriconazole-induced periostitis primarily occurs in the immunocompromised and transplant patient populations,...

Zebra sign (disambiguation)

The evocative appearance of the coat of a zebra has been used for several distinctive signs in radiology: zebra sign: cerebellar hemorrhage 1 zebra sign: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 2 zebra spleen: arterial phase appearance of normal spleen 4,5 zebra stripe sign: treated osteogenesis imper...

Liposuction

Liposuction is a cosmetic procedure to reduce the volume of adipose tissue in the neck, arms, legs and/or abdomen. Areolar fat, a deeper layer of adipose tissue, is the main target and shows a good response to vacuum-assisted liposuction. There are three types of this procedure 1,2: power-ass...

Bone marrow reconversion

Bone marrow reconversion generates a red bone marrow pattern that is in reverse to the normal yellow-to-red distribution. Pathology Bone marrow reconversion occurs when there is increased hematopoietic demand, which may be 1,2: physiological cigarette smoking obesity high enduran...

Focal nodular marrow hyperplasia

Focal nodular marrow hyperplasia is a rare, benign condition where there is a localized conversion of red/hematopoietic from yellow/fatty bone marrow. Its main relevance is of having a pseudotumor appearance mimicking skeletal metastases on MRI 1. Pathology Location Most commonly located in t...

Low T1 bone lesion

Low T1 bone lesions or T1 hypointense bone lesions are radiological terms to categorize bone lesions according to their visually perceived low signal on T1 weighted images. Apart from the usual description of a bone lesion seen on MRI they are used to categorize incidentally found solitary bone ...

Hook-like osteophytes

Hook-like osteophytes describe overhanging bone spurs seen at the metacarpal heads, usually at the radial aspect, and characteristically seen with hemochromatosis, although may be seen in other conditions 1. Differential diagnosis Hook-like osteophytes are seen in: hemochromatosis: characteri...

High T1 bone lesion

High T1 bone lesions or T1 hyperintense bone lesions are radiological terms to categorize bone lesions with a high signal on T1 weighted images. Apart from the usual description of a bone lesion seen on MRI the terms can be used to categorize incidentally found solitary bone lesions in the Bone ...

Ossification of the interosseous membrane of the leg

Ossification of the interosseous membrane of the leg is considered a form of heterotopic ossification. It is typically seen as bridging ossification between the tibia and fibula. Three types have been described. type I: usually occurs after a syndesmosis ankle sprain type II: usually from a t...

Bone remodeling

Bone remodeling is the continuous lifelong coupled process of bone resorption and bone formation 1-4. It is the prerequisite for repairing bony microdamage during daily physical activities, the adaption of bone architecture to meet different mechanical demands and the prevention of aging effects...

Mpox

Mpox, previously known as monkeypox, is a rare zoonosis caused by an orthopoxvirus and in general, produces a mild flu-like illness and rash in humans. Virologically and clinically the condition is similar to smallpox, the first and only viral disease to be eradicated by humans. In 2022, a new o...

Speed test (shoulder)

The Speed test is used to clinically assess for biceps tendon pathology. Anatomy The actions of biceps brachii are supination of forearm and flexion at elbow joint. It is supplied by the musculocutaneous nerve. Procedure In this test, the examiner places the patient's arm in shoulder flexio...

Cyanosis

Cyanosis (plural: cyanoses) is a physical sign represented by bluish discolouration of the skin. It indicates there is reduced oxygen bound to red blood cells in the bloodstream. Diagnosis of the underlying cause of cyanosis is based on a thorough history and physical examination. Pathology Et...

Holstein-Lewis fracture

Holstein-Lewis fractures represent a special type of humeral shaft fracture. It is a simple spiral fracture of the distal humerus with a radial displacement of the distal fragment 1,3,4. These fractures are reported to have a higher rate of radial nerve palsy when compared to other humeral shaft...

Complications of radiation therapy

Radiation therapy has the potential to cause complications in many organ systems, many of which, especially in the thorax, are important for radiologists to be aware of. acute radiation syndrome complications of cranial radiation therapy radiation-induced cerebral vasculopathy radiation-ind...

Tetanus

Tetanus is a rare vaccine-preventable disease caused by Clostridium tetani, a ubiquitous soil bacterium which contaminates open wounds. It secretes a powerful neurotoxin which degrades neuromuscular junction function, producing muscle spasms and, despite intensive intervention, is often fatal. ...

Tronzo classification of trochanteric fractures

The Tronzo classification of trochanteric fractures is a classification system used when assessing intertrochanteric fractures. The Tronzo classification is proposed to provide a guide to the management of these fractures. Due to its simplicity, the Tronzo classification has become the preferr...

Vinyl chloride toxicity

Vinyl chloride toxicity (and polyvinyl chloride) may rarely result from occupational exposure, most notably manifesting as chronic liver disease and rare hepatic malignancies. However due to strict regulation of the industrial manufacturing and processing of vinyl chloride since the 1970s, signi...

Herbert classification of scaphoid fractures

The Herbert classification of scaphoid fractures, also known as the Herbert and Fisher classification, is one of the most frequently used classification systems when assessing scaphoid fractures. The Herbert classification is proposed to provide a guide to the management of these fractures. Cl...

Ground glass (disambiguation)

The term ground glass may be used to refer to: ground glass opacity (lungs) ground glass matrix of fibrous dysplasia

Matrix (bone)

The matrix (plural: matrices) of the bone is used in a general pathological context to refer to the extracellular material in which the cellular components of the bone lie. Indeed the term extracellular matrix, often shortened to matrix, is used for the secreted extracellular components of any t...

Bone Reporting and Data System (Bone-RADS)

The Bone Reporting and Data System (Bone-RADS) is an algorithm developed and proposed by the Practice Guidelines and Technical Standards Committee of the Society of Skeletal Radiology for the diagnostic workup of incidentally encountered solitary bone lesions in adults on MRI and/or CT 1. It has...

Subperiosteal hematoma

A subperiosteal hematoma occurs between the periosteum and the cortex of a bone and is therefore geographically limited to the affected bone. Clinical presentation Clinical presentation varies with location. Subperiosteal hematomas have been described in the calvarium, iliac bone, humerus, fem...

Pudendal nerve entrapment syndrome

Pudendal nerve entrapment (PNE) syndrome is a rare and under-diagnosed condition associated with chronic pain, sexual dysfunction and impaired sphincter control due to compression of the pudendal nerve. Anatomy The pudendal nerve arises from S2-S4 roots of the sacral plexus, carrying both s...

Practical classification of forearm fractures

The practical classification of forearm fractures is a simple descriptive classification system commonly used when assessing forearm fractures, especially in the pediatric population. Although simple, the classification provides a good guide to the management. These characteristics allow for a ...

V sign of interphalangeal joint dislocation

The V sign is characterized on a lateral radiograph of the digit by the separation of the dorsal base of the dislocated phalanx and the head of the phalanx proximal to the incongruent joint 1,2. Before reduction, the V sign might be assessed to identify more subtle dorsal subluxations 1. If th...

Scapulothoracic bursa

Scapulothoracic bursae refer to a number of bursae that allow for the gliding movement of the scapulothoracic joint. Two major bursae have been reliably described 1,3: infraserratus (scapulothoracic) bursa: between the serratus anterior muscle and the chest wall supraserratus (subscapularis) ...

Green and O'Brien classification of thumb metacarpal fractures

The Green and O'Brien classification of thumb metacarpal fractures is a commonly used classification system when assessing thumb metacarpal fractures. However, since most types of fractures coincide with well-known eponymous fractures, the system itself is not usually used properly, giving pref...

Subperiosteal abscess

Subperiosteal abscesses refer to the subperiosteal spread of infection characterized by purulent encapsulated fluid collections within the subperiosteal space. Epidemiology Subperiosteal abscesses are more often seen in children than in adults 1,2. Associations Subperiosteal abscesses have b...

Ulcer (soft tissue)

An ulcer refers to the break in the skin, epithelium, or mucous membrane resulting in the discontinuity in the surface tissue, necrosis, and often pus formation 1. Risk factors immunocompromised (e.g. diabetics) 1 immobile patients 1,2 advanced age 2 poor nutrition 2 increased moisture 2 ...

Intraosseous abscess

Intraosseous abscess refers to the pus-filled cavity within the bone with the surrounding rim of granulation tissue 1. Terminology The term intraosseous abscess should be used for fluid-signal cavities within the bone showing peripheral rim enhancement or show a penumbra sign or diffusion rest...

Planar wort

Planar worts or plantar verruca refer to superficially based benign epithelial lesions occurring in the dermal / subdermal layers of the skin. Pathology They are thought to be caused by infection by human papillomavirus types 1, 2, 4, 60, or 63 and sometimes by types 57, 65, 66, nd 156. Radi...

Mayo classification of olecranon fractures

The Mayo classification of olecranon fractures is one of the most frequently used classification systems when assessing olecranon fractures. The Mayo classification can be used to aid in treatment choice. Mayo type II and III fractures usually require operative treatment. Classification The M...

Devitalised soft tissue

Devitalised soft tissue occurs in diabetic feet or peripheral vascular disease, particularly deep to and around ulcers. Terminology Devitalised soft tissue is preferred to necrotic or ischemic soft tissue as the current understanding (c. 2022) is whether MRI appearances truly reflect necrosis ...

Sinus tract

Sinus tracts are an abnormal connection between a fluid collection with a mucous mucosal surface and/or skin 1,2. It can result from acute or chronic processes and occasionally extend into the joints and bones 1. Terminology The term sinus tract is non-specific; however, when used in soft tiss...

Floating knee

Floating knees occur when there are ipsilateral fractures of both femoral and tibial shafts. These are relatively rare injuries with reported poor outcomes. Clinical presentation The usual presentation is a combined closed midshaft femoral fracture and open midshaft tibial fracture. Vascular i...

Prognathism

Prognathism or mandibular prognathism refers to a type of morphological jaw positional anomaly in which the lower jaw protrudes ahead of the upper jaw. This results in an extended chin and dental malocclusion. It can be associated with certain conditions such as acromegaly syphilis - late cong...

Subscapularis tendon tear

Subscapularis tendon tears are a less common rotator cuff tear, and have been considered more difficult to diagnose pre-operatively (both clinically and radiological) and have been known as a "hidden lesion" 5. Accurate pre-operative diagnosis is important as it affects the surgical approach and...

Infectious tenosynovitis

Infectious or septic tenosynovitis refers to an infection of the closed synovial tendon sheath 1-3. Terminology The term ‘infectious or septic tenosynovitis’ applies for tendons with a tendon sheath, for tendons without a tendon sheath with a paratenon the term ‘infective paratenonitis’ can be...

Soft tissue abscess

Soft tissue abscesses are focal or localized collections of pus caused by bacteria or other pathogens surrounded by a peripheral rim or abscess membrane found within the soft tissues in any part of the body 1. Soft tissue abscesses include subcutaneous abscesses, intramuscular abscesses and int...

Foot (DP talus view)

The medial oblique axial talus view, also known as the Canale view, is a specialized projection of the talus bone, more specifically the talar neck. Indications This view is specifically indicated when assessing talar neck fracture and/or their follow-up. It is particularly useful to assess va...

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