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Osteoid

Osteoid is a protein mixture secreted by osteoblasts that forms the organic matrix of bone. Bone is formed when osteoid mineralizes. Osteoid is important in several disease processes: failure of osteoid to mineralize leads to osteomalacia in adults and rickets in children. focal accumulat...

Osteochondritis dissecans of the knee

Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) most commonly affects the knee. See osteochondritis dissecans article for a general discussion. Pathology Location The condition occurs bilaterally in 25% of cases, and has a characteristic distribution 2,4,6: medial condyle: ~78.5% (range 70-85%) "classic" l...

Osteochondral injury staging

Osteochondral injury staging system for MRI attempts to grade the stability and severity of osteochondral injury and is used to plan management. stage I injury limited to articular cartilage MRI findings: subchondral edema x-ray findings: none stage II cartilage injury with associated subc...

Osteochondral defect

Osteochondral defects (OCD) or lesions (OCL) are focal areas of articular cartilage damage and injury of the adjacent subchondral bone plate and subchondral cancellous bone. Terminology Osteochondral defect is a broad term that describes the morphological changes associated to a localized gap...

Osteochondritis dissecans

Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) is the end result of the aseptic separation of an osteochondral fragment with the gradual fragmentation of the articular surface and results in an osteochondral defect. It is often associated with intra-articular loose bodies. Epidemiology Onset is between child...

Osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis (OA), also known as degenerative joint disease (DJD), is the most common form of arthritis, being widely prevalent with high morbidity and social cost. Terminology Some authors prefer the term osteoarthrosis instead of osteoarthritis as some authors do not believe in an inflamm...

Ossifying fibroma

Ossifying fibromas are benign bone lesions that should be differentiated from non-ossifying fibromas and fibrous dysplasia. Osteofibrous dysplasia is considered as a separate pathological entity in view of its different presentation and treatment, although histopathologically similar to ossifyin...

Osteitis pubis

Osteitis pubis is characterized by non-infectious inflammation of the pubic symphysis. Clinical presentation The presentation is typical with varying degrees of pelvic and/or perineal pain, reproduced on hip adduction. Pathology Although the etiology is sometimes unknown, the most common c...

Osteitis condensans ilii

Osteitis condensans ilii, also known as osteopathia condensans ilii or hyperostosis triangularis ilii in Germany, is characterized by benign sclerosis of the ilium adjacent to the sacroiliac (SI) joint, typically bilateral and triangular in shape. Epidemiology Osteitis condensans ilii has an i...

Osgood-Schlatter disease

Osgood-Schlatter disease, also known as apophysitis of the tibial tubercle, is a chronic fatigue injury due to repeated microtrauma at the patellar tendon insertion onto the tibial tuberosity, usually affecting boys between ages 10-15 years. Terminology Unresolved Osgood-Schlatter disease is t...

Accessory navicular

An accessory navicular is a large accessory ossicle that can be present adjacent to the medial side of the navicular bone. The tibialis posterior tendon often inserts with a broad attachment into the ossicle. Most cases are asymptomatic but in a small proportion, it may cause painful tendinosis ...

Os odontoideum

Os odontoideum (plural: ossa odontoidea) is an anatomic variant of the odontoid process of C2 and needs to be differentiated from persistent ossiculum terminale and from a type 2 odontoid fracture. It can be associated with atlantoaxial instability. Although it was originally thought to be a c...

Os acromiale

Os acromiale is an anatomical variant and represents an unfused accessory center of ossification of the acromion of the scapula. Epidemiology Os acromiale is relatively common, seen in ~8% (range 1-15%) of the population 1,2 and can be bilateral in 60% of individuals 5. Clinical presentation ...

Os supratalare

An os supratalare is an accessory ossicle of the foot located at the superior aspect of the talar head or neck. Epidemiology It's a rare variant with a reported incidence of ~1% (range 0.2-2.4%) 1. Clinical presentation It is almost always asymptomatic although some cases reported dorsal hin...

O'Donoghue unhappy triad

O'Donoghue unhappy triad or terrible triad often occurs in contact and non-contact sports, such as basketball, football, or rugby, when there is a lateral force applied to the knee while the foot is fixated on the ground. This produces an abduction-external rotation mechanism of injury ("pivot s...

Non-ossifying fibroma

Non-ossifying fibromas (NOF) are benign and generally self-limiting osteoclastic giant cell-rich bone tumors typically found in the metaphyses of long bones. They are classified as osteoclastic giant cell-rich bone tumors 1,2. NOFs account for the 'N' in the popular mnemonic for lucent bone les...

Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis

Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF), also known as nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy, occurs almost exclusively in patients with renal impairment and is associated with the administration of gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) used in MRI. The American College of Radiology (ACR) has divide...

Nail-patella syndrome

Nail-patella syndrome, also known as Fong disease, is a rare autosomal dominant condition which results from symmetrical mesodermal and ectodermal abnormalities. Radiologically, the classic findings are the abnormal patellae and posterior iliac horns, the latter is said to be pathognomonic. Ter...

Muscles of mastication

The muscles of mastication can be divided into primary and secondary groups according to whether they connect the mandible directly to the skull or if they attach to other structures in the neck, e.g. hyoid, thyroid cartilage. Primary temporalis muscle masseter muscle medial pterygoid muscle...

Muscles of the tongue

The muscles of the tongue are divided into 2 groups each comprising 4 muscles. They are classified as intrinsic (to the tongue) and extrinsic muscles. They allow for the complex movements of the tongue and are all innervated by the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) except one: intrinsic muscles of th...

Multilayered periosteal reaction

Multilayered periosteal reaction, also known as a lamellated or onion skin periosteal reaction, demonstrates multiple concentric parallel layers of new bone adjacent to the cortex, reminiscent of the layers on an onion. The layers are thought to be the result of periods of variable growth 2 and ...

Multicentric reticulohistiocytosis

Multicentric reticulohistiocytosis (MRH), also known as lipoid dermatoarthritis, is a rare systemic disorder. Epidemiology The exact prevalence is not known, but the condition is considered to be very rare 11. It has a slight female preponderance 11. Associations There is a recognized associ...

Mosaic pattern of bone

The mosaic bone pattern, also referred to as the jigsaw pattern of bone, is seen in Paget disease, where thickened, disorganized trabeculae lead to areas of sclerosis interspersed with lucent and more normal bone. See also Other Paget disease-related signs: banana fracture blade of grass sig...

Monteggia fracture-dislocation

Monteggia fracture-dislocations consist of a fracture of the ulnar shaft with concomitant dislocation of the radial head. The ulnar fracture is usually obvious, whereas the radial head dislocation can be overlooked, with potentially serious functional and medico-legal ramifications. Mechanism ...

Milwaukee shoulder

Milwaukee shoulder refers to a destructive shoulder arthropathy due to the deposition of hydroxyapatite crystals, and identification of these crystals in synovial fluid is the cornerstone of diagnosis. Epidemiology Milwaukee shoulder frequently affects older women, often with a history of trau...

Vertebral metastases

Vertebral metastases represent the secondary involvement of the vertebral spine by hematogenously-disseminated metastatic cells. They must be included in any differential diagnosis of a spinal bone lesion in a patient older than 40 years. This article will focus only on the metastasis involving...

Metacarpal index

The metacarpal index (MCI) is a radiographic measurement that can be used to confirm the presence of disproportionate metacarpal length. It was first introduced by Sinclair in 1960 for the diagnosis of Marfan syndrome 6. The metacarpal index is no longer used for the diagnosis of Marfan syndrome...

Positive metacarpal sign

In the metacarpal sign, a line drawn along the heads of the 4th and 5th metacarpals will intersect the head of the 3rd metacarpal if shortening is present. The shortened 4th metacarpal is the key to the sign. The sign is positive in up to 9.6% of normal individuals 3. It is however seen in a va...

Meniscal flounce

Meniscal flounces refer to the "ruffled" appearance of the inner margin of knee menisci. They were initially thought to be only an arthroscopic finding, as a result of joint distension and anesthetic muscle relaxants but they are occasionally seen on MRI. Epidemiology Meniscal flounces are un...

Maffucci syndrome

Maffucci syndrome is a congenital nonhereditary mesodermal dysplasia characterized by multiple enchondromas with soft-tissue venous malformations and/or spindle-cell hemangiomas 6,7, generally caused by somatic mutations in IDH1 or IDH2 6. On imaging, it is usually portrayed by a short limb wit...

Magic angle effect (MRI artifact)

The magic angle is an MRI artifact that occurs in sequences with a short TE (less than 32 ms) - T1 weighted, proton density weighted, and gradient echo sequences. It is confined to regions of tightly bound collagen at 54.74° from the main magnetic field (B0), and appears hyperintense, thus pote...

Malignant vascular tumors

Malignant vascular tumors are rare, accounting for <1% of all sarcomas. Pathology intermediate grade hemangioendothelioma Kaposi sarcoma high grade hemangiopericytoma angiosarcoma

Maduromycosis

Maduromycosis, also known as maduramycosis or eumycetoma, is caused by various fungi (e.g. Madurella mycetomatis) or actinomycetes (e.g. Nocardia brasiliensis) which usually affect the feet. Pathology Initially, a nodule, or abscess over months to years progresses to chronic infection with the...

Lumbar disc disease

Lumbar disc disease is a very common entity with a high asymptomatic prevalence. Intervertebral disc abnormalities are found in 25% of individuals below the age of 60, and over 50% in those over the age of 60. It is therefore not enough to demonstrate a disc lesion in someone with non-specific b...

Low endplate signal on T1

Several conditions may give vertebral endplate T1 low signal on MRI. They include: ankylosing spondylitis vertebral metastases disc infection haemodialysis

Lower extremity fractures

There are a vast range of lower extremity fractures. Below are listed several of such fractures of the lower limb. Many have eponyms. Pelvis and femur pelvic fractures anterior inferior iliac spine avulsion injury Duverney fracture Malgaigne fracture proximal femoral fractures bisphosphon...

Long head of biceps tendon dislocation

Dislocation of the long head of biceps tendon is a common pathology that can be seen with the long head of the biceps tendon. When is not completely dislocated off the bicipital groove it is then termed subluxation of the long head of biceps tendon. Pathology The long head of biceps tendon is ...

Long head of biceps brachii tendon pathology

Long head of biceps brachii tendon pathology can be examined both with ultrasound and/or MRI. Both instability and tears can result in pain and decreased function. Clinical presentation Clinical tests Speed test (shoulder) Pathology Long head of biceps can be affected by numerous pathologi...

Liposarcoma

Liposarcomas are malignant tumors of fatty tissue and are the malignant counterpart to a benign lipoma. They are the second most common soft tissue sarcoma, after undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma. Epidemiology Liposarcomas are typically found in adults, typically between the ages of 40 and...

Lisfranc injury

Lisfranc injuries, also called Lisfranc fracture-dislocations, are the most common type of dislocation involving the foot and correspond to the dislocation of the articulation of the tarsus with the metatarsal bases. Pathology Anatomy The Lisfranc joint articulates the tarsus with the metatar...

Limbus vertebra

A limbus vertebra is a well-corticated unfused secondary ossification center of the vertebral body, usually of its anterosuperior corner, that occurs secondary to herniation of the nucleus pulposus through the vertebral body endplate beneath the ring apophysis (see ossification of the vertebrae)...

Perthes disease

Perthes disease, also known as Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease, refers to idiopathic osteonecrosis of the femoral epiphysis seen in children. It should not be confused with Perthes lesion of the shoulder. It is a diagnosis of exclusion and other causes of osteonecrosis (including sickle cell disease...

Lead poisoning

Lead poisoning or plumbism refers to the multi-organ toxicity exerted by exposure to lead. Manifestations differ based on a myriad of features including chronicity, exposure intensity, and age. Neurologic toxicity and hematologic toxicity are common features. Clinical manifestations vary, rangin...

Langerhans cell histiocytosis

Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare multisystem disease with a wide and heterogeneous clinical spectrum and variable extent of involvement. Terminology Langerhans cell histiocytosis was previously known as histiocytosis X. The newer term is preferred as it is more descriptive of its...

Glenoid labrum variants

There are a number of glenoid labral variants, whose importance is mainly due to the fact that the unwary may misinterpret them as pathology (e.g. Bankart lesion or labral tear). These include: Buford complex sublabral foramen superior sublabral sulcus pseudo-SLAP lesion

Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease

Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease, also known as subacute necrotizing lymphadenitis or subacute necrotizing histiocytosis, is an idiopathic disease characterized usually by cervical lymph node enlargement (80%). Epidemiology It typically affects young women. Although it may affect any race, there is hi...

Kasabach-Merritt syndrome

Kasabach-Merritt syndrome, also known as hemangioma thrombocytopenia syndrome, is a rare life-threatening disease found in infants in which a rapidly growing vascular tumor is responsible for thrombocytopenia, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia and consumptive coagulopathy. Pathology Vascular t...

Kager triangle

Kager triangle is a sharply marginated radiolucent triangle seen posteriorly on lateral radiographs of the ankle. It represents the Kager fat pad, although often the latter term is used as a synonym for Kager triangle, even though they are not strictly the same. It is bordered anteriorly by the...

Jones fracture

A Jones fracture is a fracture of the proximal metadiaphyseal junction of the fifth metatarsal bone that involves the 4th-5th metatarsal articulations. Pathology It is a transverse fracture at the base of the fifth metatarsal, 1.5 to 3 cm distal to the proximal tuberosity at the metadiaphyseal...

Jefferson fracture

Jefferson fracture is the eponymous name given to a burst fracture of the atlas. It was originally described as a four-part fracture with double fractures through the anterior and posterior arches, but three-part and two-part fractures have also been described. Epidemiology Associations 50% a...

Jaffe-Campanacci syndrome

Jaffe-Campanacci syndrome is characterized by: multiple non-ossifying fibromas of the long bones and jaw café au lait spots intellectual disability kyphoscoliosis hypogonadism or cryptorchidism ocular malformations cardiovascular malformations giant cell granuloma of the jaw axillary an...

Intraosseous ganglion

Intraosseous ganglion cysts, intraosseous ganglia or juxta-articular bone cysts are benign tumor-like non-neoplastic lesions occurring in the subchondral regions of bone in the absence of degenerative or inflammatory arthritis 1,2. Epidemiology Intraosseous ganglion cysts tend to occur in mid...

Intra-articular loose bodies

Intra-articular loose bodies can result from a variety of pathological processes. Terminology The use of the term "loose" is frowned upon by some authors because the fragments do not necessarily move around in the joint ref - the term intra-articular body or fragment is a safer alternative. H...

Intervertebral disc calcification

Intervertebral disc calcification is a non-specific finding seen in numerous conditions. Epidemiology It may be observed in pediatric 5 as well as adult populations. Pathology Etiology degenerative: relatively common and may occur in up to 6% of routine abdominal radiographs in adults post...

Medial epicondyle fracture

Medial epicondyle fractures represent almost all epicondyle fractures and occur when there is avulsion of the medial epicondyle. They are typically seen in children and can be challenging to identify. Failure to diagnose these injuries can lead to significant long term disability. Epidemiology...

Insall-Salvati ratio

The Insall-Salvati ratio or index is the ratio of the patella tendon length to the length of the patella and is used to determine patellar height. Usage The Insall-Salvati ratio is probably the most commonly used measurement to assess patellar height, partially based on its simplicity. It can...

Insufficiency fracture

Insufficiency fractures are a type of stress fracture, which are the result of normal stresses on abnormal bone. Looser zones are also a type of insufficiency fracture. They should not be confused with fatigue fractures which are due to abnormal stresses on normal bone, or with pathological frac...

Indirect inguinal hernia

Indirect inguinal hernias (alternative plural: herniae), a type of groin herniation, are the most common type of abdominal hernia. Epidemiology It is five times more common than a direct inguinal hernia, and is seven times more frequent in males, due to the persistence of the processus vaginal...

Transient osteoporosis of the hip

Transient osteoporosis of the hip, also known as (transient) bone marrow edema syndrome of the hip, is a self-limiting clinical entity of unknown cause, although almost certainly a vascular basis and possible overactivity of the sympathetic system exists. It presents a synonym of the subchondral...

Incisional hernia

Incisional hernias (alternative plural: herniae) are relatively common and along with parastomal hernias, umbilical hernias, paraumbilical hernias, and Spigelian hernias, they are usually anterior abdominal hernias. Epidemiology Incisional hernias usually develop within a few months of surgery...

Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy

Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy (HOA) is a syndrome characterized by a periosteal reaction of the long bones without an underlying bone lesion. There is a broad range of manifestations, although typically there is symmetrical involvement of the appendicular skeleton. Accompanying abnormal soft tis...

Hyperostosis frontalis interna

Hyperostosis frontalis interna is characterized by benign overgrowth of the inner table of the frontal bone. The etiology is unknown. The condition is generally of no clinical significance and an incidental finding. It is typically bilateral and symmetrical and may extend to involve the parietal...

Hyperostosis frontoparietalis

Hyperostosis frontoparietalis is a variant of the more common and more well known hyperostosis frontalis interna. As the name suggests, there is benign overgrowth exclusively of the inner table of the frontal bones and parietal bones. Characteristic features include sparing of the midline and ou...

Hyperostosis of the skull (differential)

Hyperostosis of the skull has many causes, broadly divided into focal or diffuse. Diffuse Paget disease of bone metastatic disease, especially prostate carcinoma chronic, severe anemia hyperparathyroidism acromegaly osteopetrosis hyperostosis frontalis interna long-term phenytoin use g...

Hyperparathyroidism

Hyperparathyroidism is the effect of excess parathyroid hormone in the body. It can be primary, secondary, or tertiary. There are many characteristic imaging features, predominantly involving the skeletal system. It accounts for the 'H' in the popular mnemonic for lucent bone lesions FEGNOMASHI...

Humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament

Humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament (HAGL) is, as the name suggests, avulsion of the inferior glenohumeral ligament (IGHL) from its humeral insertion. It can be associated with a bony avulsion fracture in which case it is referred to as bony humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligamen...

Hill-Sachs defect

Hill-Sachs defects are a posterolateral humeral head depression fracture, resulting from the impaction with the anterior glenoid rim, and indicative of an anterior glenohumeral dislocation. It is often associated with a Bankart lesion of the glenoid. Terminology A Hill-Sachs defect is the term...

Hereditary multiple exostoses

Hereditary multiple exostoses/osteochondromas, also known as diaphyseal aclasis, osteochondromatosis, or simply multiple osteochondromas, is an autosomal dominant condition, characterized by the development of multiple osteochondromas. Epidemiology Hereditary multiple exostoses demonstrate an ...

Hangman fracture

Hangman fracture, also known as traumatic spondylolisthesis of the axis, is a fracture which involves the pars interarticularis of C2 on both sides, and is a result of hyperextension and distraction. Epidemiology These injuries account for 4-7% of all cervical spine fractures and up to 22% of ...

Haglund syndrome

Haglund syndrome refers to the triad (Haglund triad) of: insertional Achilles tendinopathy retrocalcaneal bursitis Haglund deformity (i.e. posterosuperior calcaneal exostosis) Terminology Haglund syndrome is a painful condition of the heel and its diagnosis requires a combination of clinica...

Musculoskeletal hemangioendothelioma

Hemangioendotheliomas, along with hemangiopericytomas and angiosarcomas, are tumors that arise from vascular structures. In the case of hemangioendotheliomas, the cell of origin is the endothelial cell, and they range from benign to frankly malignant lesions. Epidemiology They typically occur ...

H-shaped vertebra

H-shaped vertebrae, also known as Lincoln log vertebrae, are a characteristic finding of sharply delimited central endplate depression, classically seen in approximately 10% of patients with sickle cell disease, and results from microvascular endplate infarction (Figure 1) 3. It may occasionall...

Groove for the popliteus tendon

The groove for the popliteus tendon is a normal variant and should not be mistaken for a fracture. Rarely an ossicle called a cyamella is seen here, located within the popliteus tendon.

Gout

Gout is a crystal arthropathy due to deposition of monosodium urate crystals in and around the joints. Epidemiology Typically occurs in those above 40 years. There is a strong male predilection of 20:1, with this predilection more pronounced in younger and middle-aged adults. In the elderly, t...

Glomangioma

Glomangiomas, also known as glomus tumors, are benign vascular tumors typically seen at the distal extremities. On imaging, they characteristically present as small hypervascular nodules under the fingernail. Terminology These tumors should not be confused with paragangliomas, which are somet...

Gluteal injection site granuloma

Gluteal injection site granulomas are a very common finding on CT and plain radiographs. They occur as a result of subcutaneous (i.e. intralipomatous) rather than intramuscular injection of drugs, which results in granuloma formation and cause localized fat necrosis, scar formation and dystrophi...

Glenolabral articular disruption lesion

Glenolabral articular disruption (GLAD) lesions result from a forced adduction injury. There is a superficial anterior inferior labral tear associated with an anterior inferior glenoid articular cartilage injury. These lesions do not tend to be associated with shoulder instability. Radiographic...

Giant cell tumor of bone

Giant cell tumors (GCT) of bone are locally aggressive and rarely malignant or metastasizing bony neoplasms, typically found at the end of long bones which is the region around the closed growth plate extending into the epiphysis and to the joint surface 1. They are classified as osteoclastic gi...

Serous atrophy of bone marrow

Serous atrophy of bone marrow is a non-neoplastic bone marrow disorder that occurs with chronic illness and poor nutritional status. It is characterized by atrophy of the fatty marrow and loss of hematopoietic cells, replaced by an accumulation of extracellular mucinous substances. Terminology ...

Gamekeeper's thumb

Gamekeeper's thumb, also known as skier's thumb or break-dancer's thumb, is an avulsion or rupture of the ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) of the first metacarpophalangeal joint. Terminology Skier's thumb refers to acute injury due to trauma, from hyperabduction of the thumb as it is caught by ...

Garden classification of hip fractures

The Garden classification of subcapital femoral neck fractures is the most widely used. It is simple and predicts the development of osteonecrosis 1,2. Garden described particular femoral neck and acetabular trabeculae patterns which can assist in recognizing differences within this classificati...

Gardner syndrome

Gardner syndrome is one of the polyposis syndromes. It is characterized by: familial adenopolyposis multiple osteomas: especially of the mandible, skull, and long bones epidermal cysts fibromatoses desmoid tumors of mesentery and anterior abdominal wall Other abnormalities include: supern...

Galeazzi fracture-dislocation

Galeazzi fracture-dislocations consist of a fracture of the distal part of the radius with disruption of the distal radioulnar joint. A Galeazzi-equivalent fracture is a distal radial fracture with a distal ulnar physeal fracture 2. Epidemiology Galeazzi fractures are primarily encountered in ...

Patellar fracture

Patellar fracture is one of the common knee injuries usually post direct trauma to the patella or sudden forceful contraction of the quadriceps muscles in the context of a sports injury. Epidemiology Fractures of the patella represent ~1% of all fractures and are most common in those aged 20-5...

Lipohemarthrosis

Lipohemarthrosis results from an intra-articular fracture with escape of fat and blood from the bone marrow into the joint, and is most frequently seen in the knee, associated with a tibial plateau fracture or distal femoral fracture; rarely a patellar fracture. They have also been described in ...

Fibroxanthoma of bone

Fibroxanthoma of bone and metaphyseal fibrous defect are terms that have been previously to encompass both non-ossifying fibroma and fibrous cortical defect or synonymous with non-ossifying fibroma 1-4. Non-ossifying fibroma and fibrous cortical defect are histologically the same and the differe...

Fibromatosis colli

Fibromatosis colli is a rare form of infantile fibromatosis that occurs within the sternocleidomastoid muscle. Epidemiology Fibromatosis colli typically presents a few weeks after birth. There may be a slight male predilection. Clinical presentation Infants present with torticollis. It is un...

Le Fort fracture classification

Le Fort fractures are fractures of the midface, which collectively involve separation of all or a portion of the midface from the skull base. In order to be separated from the skull base, the pterygoid plates of the sphenoid bone need to be involved as these connect the midface to the sphenoid b...

Extensor mechanism of the knee injuries

Extensor mechanism of the knee injuries can be subdivided into: acute injuries quadriceps muscle tears quadriceps tendon rupture patellar tendon rupture patella fracture patellar dislocation often with medial retinaculum tears patellar sleeve fractures chronic injuries Osgood-Schlatter...

Extension teardrop fracture

Extension teardrop fracture typically occurs due to forced extension of the neck with resulting avulsion of the anteroinferior corner of the vertebral body. Extension teardrop fractures are stable in flexion and unstable in extension as the anterior longitudinal ligament is disrupted. Extension ...

Erlenmeyer flask deformity

Erlenmeyer flask deformity (EFD), also known as metaphyseal flaring, refers to a radiographic appearance typically on a femoral radiograph demonstrating relatively reduced constriction of the diaphysis and flaring of the metaphysis as a result of undertubulation. The name refers to the resembl...

Essex-Lopresti fracture-dislocation

Essex-Lopresti fracture-dislocation is characterized by a fracture of the radial head, dislocation of the distal radioulnar joint and rupture of the antebrachial interosseous membrane 3. Epidemiology As little as 20% of Essex-Lopresti fracture-dislocations are recognized at the time of initial...

Epidermolysis bullosa

Epidermolysis bullosa refers to a rare group of genetically determined conditions characterized by blistering of the skin. This can be limited to the soles and palms or extensive whole body involvement. Mutations in more than 20 different genes have been reported that contribute to the disease's...

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