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4,166 results found

Chronic ACL deficiency

Chronic ACL deficiency is a long term adverse outcome that can result from an untreated ACL injury. Patients often experience an unstable knee. They often result in or are associated with meniscal injury (medial more than lateral) and chondral damage 1-4. See also mucoid degeneration of ACL

Calcification of joints and arteries

Calcification of joints and arteries (CALJA) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by a mutation of the NT5E gene. It is characterized by extensive calcifications in the limb arteries and in the joints of the hands and feet. Epidemiology CALJA is a very rare disorder; up to now, less t...

Snapping scapula syndrome

Snapping scapula syndrome is an uncommon condition where on scapular movement there is pain associated with an audible or palpable grinding, clicking or snapping. Pathology Causes include 1,2: scapulothoracic bursitis scapular stabilizer muscular atrophy/fibrosis, e.g. long thoracic nerve i...

Anterior interval lesion

An anterior interval lesion is an area of localized arthrofibrosis of the anterior interval, which can occur after ACL reconstruction. Terminology The anterior interval of the knee is found posterior to Hoffa’s fat pad, between the inferior and posterior patella and the anterosuperior tibial ...

Plate and screw fixation

Plate and screw fixation is a method of internal fixation used in orthopedic surgery. It is most commonly used in open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) surgeries as well as fixation of bone post osteotomy (e.g. high tibial osteotomy or rotational osteotomy). When applied to the convex side o...

Hip-knee-ankle angle

The hip-knee-ankle angle (HKA) measures the angulation between the mechanical axes of the femur and tibia 1. The HKA is useful in quantifying the degree of valgus or varus alignment in the knee. It is also used in assessing post-operative knee alignment after total knee replacement 1. Measureme...

Hook erosions

Hook erosions refer to smooth, non-destructive erosions occurring on the radial palmar aspect of the metacarpal heads and associated with Jaccoud arthropathy. Hook erosions can help differentiate Jaccoud arthropathy from rheumatoid arthritis. Hook erosions must be differentiated from the simila...

Cannulated screws

Cannulated screws are a common method of fixation used by orthopedic surgeons for multiple fracture patterns. These screws may be cannulated or "hollow" to allow them to be placed over a guidewire facilitating better alignment prior to drilling or screw insertion. The guidewire is then removed a...

Lateral atlantodental instability

Lateral atlantoaxial instability is a subtype of atlantoaxial subluxation, and is a poorly understood entity that may be encountered in post-traumatic and rheumatic patients with equal frequency to established sagittal plane atlantoaxial subluxation 1. There is limited information regarding cl...

Elbow fracture-dislocation

Complex elbow fracture-dislocations have the potential to be associated with significant long-term morbidity 1. Pathology Types terrible triad trans-olecranon fracture-dislocation anteromedial coronoid fractures with associated varus posteromedial instability Mechanism The mechanism is d...

Ulnar artery branches (mnemonic)

A useful mnemonic to remember the branches of the ulnar artery is: Anatomical Pictures Can Definitely Deeply Please Mnemonics Anatomical Pictures Can Definitely Deeply Please A: anterior ulnar recurrent P: posterior ulnar recurrent C: common interosseous artery D: dorsal carpal branch D...

Fuhrmann syndrome

Fuhrmann syndrome is a rare non-lethal genetic limb malformation syndrome characterized by 1,2: hypoplasia of pelvis bowing of femur bone polydactyly hypoplastic fibula symmetrical fingernail deficiency 4 tooth anomalies 5 malformed thumbs 8 It is a syndrome in which there is a partial l...

Scleredema of Buschke

Scleredema of Buschke, also known as scleredema diabeticorum, is a dermal complication of diabetes mellitus, streptococcus infections and monoclonal gammopathies 1-3. Epidemiology Risk factors Risk factors for scleredema of Buschke are 3-6: prolonged duration of diabetes mellitus obesity c...

Osteoarthritis of the ankle

Osteoarthritis (OA) of the ankle is the progressive damage to the articular surface of the ankle joint including cartilage and subchondral bone which usually leads to pain joint stiffness and functional loss. Epidemiology Ankle osteoarthritis is uncommon in the general population and prevalenc...

Hemispheric spondylosclerosis

Hemispheric spondylosclerosis is a phenomenon in degenerative spine disease characterized by a focal dome-shaped sclerotic area at the anterior (usually inferior) corner of a single vertebral body. Terminology Other terms for this condition include pseudoinfection of the intervertebral disc, l...

Odontoid process agenesis

Odontoid process agenesis is rare, occurring due to a lack of failure of ossification of the odontoid process. It is seen in patients with spondyloepiphyseal and spondylometaphyseal dysplasia 1,2. Radiographic features Plain radiograph On plain film, odontoid process agenesis appears as a sli...

Cruciate anastomosis

The cruciate anastomosis 1 forms part of the blood supply of the femoral head along with the trochanteric anastomosis and the ligamentum teres. The medial circumflex femoral artery and the lateral circumflex femoral artery form a ring around the femoral neck. The transverse branches of these t...

O'Driscoll classification of coronoid process fractures

The O'Driscoll classification system of coronoid process fractures distinguishes three types of coronoid process fractures of the ulna, and this classification system is useful when assessing further treatment options 1-4. type I: transverse coronoid tip fractures, which affect one-third o...

Osteochondral fragment

An osteochondral fragment is a descriptive term given for a small separated segment of bone and cartilage. It may or may not be displaced. It can be associated with an osteochondral defect and can occur from many pathologies ranging from an osteochondral fracture (acute) to osteochondritis disse...

Jail bar sign (vertebral hemangioma)

The jail bar sign refers to the vertically striated appearance seen in vertebral hemangiomas due to thickening of the bony trabeculae. It is the sagittal and coronal correlate of the polka-dot sign observed on axial imaging. It is caused by replacement of normal cancellous bone by coarse, scler...

Hamate fracture (classification)

Hamate fractures are an uncommon form of carpal bone fractures and only account for 1-2% of such fractures. Classification Hamate fractures usually get subdivided into two broad groups: hook fractures and body fractures. Classification of hamate fractures: type 1: hook of hamate fractur...

Spinal epidural cystic lesions

Spinal epidural cystic lesions are fluid-filled lesions within the spinal canal but outside the thecal sac. Their clinical significance is as a potential contributor to spinal cord or nerve root impingement. Simple appearing spinal epidural cysts may represent several entities that differ by ori...

Ischemic fasciitis

Ischemic fasciitis (rare plural: ischemic fasciitides) refers to a reactive pseudosarcomatous fibroblastic or myofibroblastic proliferation associated with physical constraints. Terminology Terms that are no longer recommended for use include ‘pseudosarcomatous fibromatosis’ and ‘atypical decu...

Angiofibroma of soft tissue

Angiofibromas of soft tissue are benign fibroblastic soft tissue neoplasms permeated by a vascular network that might be found in the periarticular and articular areas of the lower extremities that have been included as a separate entity in the WHO classification of soft tissue tumors in 2020. ...

Tarsal canal

The tarsal canal is a medial stem-like continuation of cone-shaped sinus tarsi, often described together as a funnel-shaped tarsal canal and sinus, which extends posteromedially to the sustenaculum tali and lies between the medial and posterior facets of the subtalar joint 1-4. Gross anatomy ...

Atypical spindle cell/pleomorphic lipomatous tumor

Atypical spindle cell/pleomorphic lipomatous tumors or atypical spindle cell lipoma are benign adipocytic soft tissue neoplasms with a variable proportion of atypical spindle cells, pleomorphic cells adipocytes and other cells with no risk for dedifferentiation but a low risk of local recurrence...

Intramuscular hemangiomas

Intramuscular hemangiomas, also known as intramuscular angiomas, intramuscular capillary-type hemangiomas, and intramuscular fast-flow vascular anomalies 5, are vascular lesions consisting of benign vascular channels within skeletal muscle. Terminology In much of the scientific literature, the...

Anderson and Montesano classification of occipital condyle fractures

The Anderson and Montesano classification is a widely used system for describing occipital condyle fractures. It divides injuries into three types based on morphology and mechanism of injury 1-5. Classification type I: impacted type occipital condyle fracture morphology: comminution of the co...

Extrarenal rhabdoid tumor

Extrarenal rhabdoid tumors, also known as rhabdoid tumors of soft tissue or malignant rhabdoid tumors are highly malignant neoplasms of uncertain differentiation mainly seen in infants and children. Epidemiology Extrarenal rhabdoid tumors are very rare and most are found in infants and childre...

Haemosiderotic fibrolipomatous tumor

Haemosiderotic fibrolipomatous tumors or haemosiderotic fibrohistiocytic lipomatous lesions are locally aggressive soft tissue tumors of uncertain differentiation. Epidemiology Haemosiderotic fibrolipomatous tumors are rare with an estimated incidence of less than 0.2% of all benign lipomatous...

Windswept knees

Windswept knees refer to the appearance of a bilateral knee joint deformity where one knee is in valgus and the other is in varus. The name describes the position of the knees if the wind blew across the legs of a patient, causing this evocatively-named appearance. Pathology Etiology Most cau...

V sign (disambiguation)

Signs inspired by the letter V have been described in several different pathologies: inverted V sign (pneumoperitoneum) inverted V sign (spinal cord) Naclerio V sign (pneumomediastinum) V sign (interphalangeal joint subluxation)

Delta sign (disambiguation)

The delta sign has been described in several different pathologies: delta sign (brain) empty delta sign (brain) double delta sign (MSK)

Pleomorphic hyalinizing angiectatic tumor of soft parts

Pleomorphic hyalinizing angiectatic tumors (PHAT) of soft parts are locally recurring non-metastasizing neoplasms of intermediate biologic potential and are classified as soft tissue tumors of uncertain lineage. Epidemiology Pleomorphic hyalinizing angiectatic tumors of soft parts a very rare ...

Angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma

Angiomatoid fibrous histiocytomas (AFH) or angiomatoid fibrous malignant histiocytomas are neoplasms of intermediate biologic potential and are classified as soft tissue tumors of uncertain differentiation. Epidemiology Angiomatoid fibrous histiocytomas a rare and account for about 0.3% of all...

Arterial tortuosity syndrome

Arterial tortuosity syndrome (ATS) is a very rare autosomal recessive connective tissue disease. It is similar to Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS), the major differentiator being the general tortuous nature of the larger arteries. Clinical presentation It presents similarly to other collagen disor...

Remitting seronegative symmetrical synovitis with pitting edema

Remitting seronegative symmetrical synovitis with pitting edema (RS3PE) is a rare syndrome which is characterized by, as the name suggests, a seronegative symmetrical synovitis with pitting edema, most commonly affecting the hands, that rapidly remits with treatment. Epidemiology The exact inc...

Juxta-articular myxoma

Juxta-articular myxomas or periarticular myxomas are benign myxoid soft tissue tumors with similarities to intramuscular myxomas. They are classified as tumors of uncertain differentiation. Epidemiology Juxta-articular myxomas are rare and seen over a wide age range with a peak in the fourth t...

Epithelioid sarcoma

Epithelioid sarcomas are malignant usually slow-growing mesenchymal tumors of unknown and multidirectional differentiation. There are classic and proximal subtypes. Epidemiology Epithelioid sarcomas are rare and make up for <1% of soft tissue sarcomas 1,2. They are found in children and adults...

Gehweiler classification of atlas fractures

The Gehweiler classification of atlas fractures described 5 types of fractures of the atlas. In addition, Dickman classified injuries of the transverse atlantal ligament (a.k.a. transverse band of the cruciform ligament) which has been incorporated into this classification system. type 1: fract...

Traynelis classification of atlanto-occipital dislocations

The Traynelis classification of atlanto-occipital dislocations describes injuries of the atlanto-occipital joint according to the displacement of the occipital condyles relative to the atlas: type I: anterior displacement type II: longitudinal distraction (superior-inferior displacement) type...

Intraosseous gas

Intraosseous gas, also known as osseous pneumatosis, refers to the accumulation of gas bubbles within the cortical bone, trabecular bone, the bone marrow, or in the medullary cavity. Intraosseous gas is an uncommon finding and differentials include 1,2: infections emphysematous osteomyelitis...

AO/OTA classification of acetabular fractures

The AO/OTA classification is one of the most frequently used systems for classifying acetabular fractures. Like other fractures, they are divided into three groups subject to the severity and complexity of the respective injury 1. type A: partial articular isolated wall or column fracture A1: ...

Connective tissue disease

The connective tissue diseases or disorders (CTDs), also known as collagen vascular diseases, form a large heterogeneous group of conditions that are linked by a disease process that primarily involves the connective soft tissues of the body and often the vasculature too, due to shared structura...

Neuromuscular choristoma

Neuromuscular choristomas (NMC), also known as benign triton tumors, nerve rhabdomyomas and neuromuscular or ectomesenchymal hamartomas are benign expansile peripheral nerve sheath tumors featuring a tight interconnection of skeletal muscle and nerve fibers within the endoneurial sheath. They al...

Dermal nerve sheath myxoma

Dermal nerve sheath myxomas are benign peripheral nerve sheath tumors usually originating from the skin or subcutaneous tissues. Terminology The previous term was ‘classic or myxoid variant of neurothekeoma’ but recent data has shown that they are biologically and clinically distinct from neur...

Leave alone lesions - maxillodental

Maxillodental leave alone lesions are usually incidental findings that do not require treatment nor follow-up if the patient is asymptomatic. This article includes findings from orthopantomogram, cone-beam CT, and sinus CT studies. Do not touch: benign lesions tooth ankylosis hypercementosi...

Leave alone lesions - skull base

Leave alone lesions of the skull base refers to incidental findings that do not require treatment nor follow-up. This article includes findings from brain CT, HRCT of the temporal bone, and MRI studies. Do not touch: arrested pneumatization of the skull base - sphenoid benign fatty lesion 1 ...

AO/OTA classification of distal tibial fractures

The AO/OTA classification is one of the most frequently used systems for classifying distal tibial fractures or tibial distal end segment fractures. Like other fractures, they are divided into three groups subject to the severity and complexity of the respective injury 1: type A: extraarticular...

Soft tissue chondroma

Soft tissue chondromas or extraskeletal chondromas are benign soft tissue tumors of hyaline or myxoid cartilage originating in extraosseous and extrasynovial locations commonly found in the hands and feet. Epidemiology Soft tissue chondromas are rare. They are most commonly seen in middle-aged...

Ectomesenchymoma

Ectomesenchymomas are biphasic or composite malignant soft tissue tumors with rhabdomyosarcoma resembling parts and neuronal or neuroblastic features. Terminology The term ‘gangliorhabdomyosarcoma’ is no longer recommended. Epidemiology Ectomesenchymomas are very rare and usually occur in in...

Angioleiomyoma

Angioleiomyomas, also known as angiomyomas or vascular leiomyomas, arebenign pericytic or perivascular soft tissue tumors. Epidemiology Angioleimyomas are rare and have been observed in a wide age range with a peak in the 4th to 6th decades of life. Generally, women are more commonly affecte...

AO/OTA classification of malleolar fractures

The AO/OTA classification of malleolar segment fractures is one of the most frequently used systems for classifying malleolar fractures. It takes the Danis-Weber classification into account and can be correlated to the Lauge-Hansen classification. Malleolar fractures are divided into three grou...

Wassel classification for radial polydactyly

The Wassel classification system is used to classify pre-axial polydactyly, also called radial polydactyly. The classification system is based on the level of duplication from distal to proximal. I: bifid distal phalanx II: duplicated distal phalanx III: bifid proximal phalanx IV: duplicate...

Common peroneal neuropathy

Common peroneal neuropathy, also known as fibular neuropathy is a nerve compression syndrome of the common peroneal nerve (CPN) at the level of the fibular head. It is the most common cause of spontaneous painless foot drop. Clinical presentation spontaneous painless foot drop weak foot...

Epipyramis

Epipyramis also knows as os epitriquetrum is an accessory ossicle of the wrist. It is a small pyramidal shaped ossicle seen in the medial intercarpal space between lunate, triquetral, capitate and hamate bones. It is one of the rare accessory ossicles of the wrist and can be mistaken for a fract...

Metal foreign body

Metal foreign bodies may be present if they are ingested, inserted, or as a result of an injury. Radiographic features Nearly all metals are radiopaque and can be seen on plain radiographs and CT with the exception of aluminum, which may not be seen on plain radiographs 1,2. Ultrasound Meta...

Catel-Manzke syndrome

Catel-Manzke syndrome is a digitopalatal syndrome initially described in 1961. Inheritance pattern is unknown. Radiographic findings include micronagthia and accessory ossicles at the bases of the metacarpals.

Intimate partner violence

Intimate partner violence is violence between current or former partners affecting predominantly women. It can take many forms including sexual, emotional or physical violence. Medical imaging staff have a unique role in identifying intimate partner violence, equipped with a thorough knowledge ...

AO/OTA classification of distal humeral fractures

The AO/OTA classification of distal humeral fractures is one of the most frequently used systems for classifying distal humeral fractures. The AO classification divides distal humeral fractures into three groups, A, B and C with complexity and severity increasing 1. type A: extraarticular A...

Pseudoachondroplasia

Pseudoachondroplasia (PSACH) refers to a type of osteochondrodysplasia. Clinical presentation It is characterized by: rhizomelic dwarfism limb and vertebral deformities joint laxity early onset osteoarthrosis Furthermore, typically there is an absence of abnormality and a normal craniofac...

Olecranon spur

Olecranon spurs are extra-articular enthesophytes at the posterior portion of the proximal olecranon within the superficial aspect of the central triceps tendon insertion. Epidemiology Olecranon spurs are commonly seen in patients with conditions such as triceps tendinopathy, olecranon bursiti...

TightRope fixation system

The TightRope fixation system (Arthrex, Germany) is a reconstruction technique most commonly used for fixation for distal tibiofibular syndesmotic injuries or acromioclavicular joint injuries. This technique uses a non-absorbable fiber wire held between two or more metal cortical buttons at the...

Shoulder (Velpeau view)

The Velpeau view of the glenohumeral joint is a modified axial projection performed in the context of shoulder immobilization. Indications This projection is performed on patients with a shoulder sling (Velpeau bandage) in place, often in the context of post-operative or a post-reduction prese...

Shoulder (West Point view)

The West Point view of the glenohumeral joint is a modified axial projection of the glenohumeral joint in which the patient is prone. Indications The West Point view is a highly specific radiographic projection to assess the anteroinferior glenoid rim often in the context of recurrent instabi...

Antibiotic joint spacer

Antibiotic joint spacers are temporary intra-articular devices with the main aim to control predominantly post-arthroplasty joint and bone infections via sustained, topical antibiotic release, whilst also ensuring reasonable joint function. Antibiotic spacers are typically made of poly(methyl ...

Pressure ulcer

A pressure ulcer, also known as pressure sore, is a cutaneous and subcutaneous local injury, following long-term pressure of soft tissues under bony prominences. Epidemiology Pressure ulcer incidence differs considerably by the clinical setting and the quality of care. Incidence rates varies b...

Proximal iliotibial band syndrome

Proximal iliotibial band syndrome represents a strain injury of the proximal iliotibial band enthesis at the iliac tubercle. Epidemiology Usually presents in young athletes (although can present in non-athletes). There may be increased predilection in patients who are overweight 2. There may ...

Pseudomyogenic hemangioendothelioma

Pseudomyogenic hemangioendotheliomas, also known as epithelioid sarcoma-like hemangioendotheliomas, are locally aggressive and rarely metastasizing vascular neoplasms with histological similarities to myoid tumors and epithelioid sarcomas. Epidemiology Pseudomyogenic hemangioendotheliomas are...

Composite hemangioendothelioma

Composite hemangioendotheliomas are locally aggressive and rarely metastasizing vascular tumors consisting of different and histologically distinct elements. Epidemiology Composite hemangioendotheliomas are very rare and mostly seen in adults. Women are slightly more commonly affected 1,2. Di...

Giant cell tumor of soft tissue

Giant cell tumors of soft tissue are fibrohistiocytic neoplasms of uncertain behavior that show morphological similarities to giant cell tumors of bone but are not related genetically. Terminology Giant cell tumor of low malignant potential is a term that should not be used any longer 1. Epid...

Plexiform fibrohistiocytic tumor

Plexiform fibrohistiocytic tumors (PFHT) are dermal or subcutaneous soft tissue neoplasms of uncertain behavior with biphasic tumor morphology and a plexiform growth pattern. Epidemiology Plexiform fibrohistiocytic tumors are rare tumors. They can occur over a wide age range but are usually s...

Deep fibrous histiocytoma

Deep fibrous histiocytomas are histologically benign fibrohistiocytic tumors usually found in the subcutaneous or deep soft tissues which can metastasize. Epidemiology Deep fibrous histiocytomas are rare tumors. They make up for less than 1% of all fibrohistiocytic tumors and occur over a wide...

Acral fibromyxoma

Acral fibromyxomas, also known as superficial acral fibromyxomas or digital fibromyxomas are benign mesenchymal proliferations prone to recurrence usually found in the subungual and periungual sites of the digits. Terminology The term 'cellular digital fibroma' is not recommended 1,2. Epidemi...

Nuchal type fibroma

Nuchal-type fibromas or nuchal fibromas are rare benign fibrous tumors arising from the connective tissues of the neck. Terminology The term 'collagenosis nuchae' is now discouraged 1. Epidemiology Nuchal-type fibromas are rare tumors and are mainly found in men in their 30s and 40s 1. Asso...

Cellular angiofibroma

Cellular angiofibromas are benign densely vascularized fibroblastic neoplasms usually found in the lower genital tract specifically the vulva, vagina or perineum in women and the scrotum or groin in men. Epidemiology Cellular angiofibromas are rare tumors found in the adult population. There i...

Angiomyofibroblastoma

Angiomyofibroblastomas are benign mesenchymal neoplasms usually found in the pelvis or perineum, especially the vulva. Epidemiology Angiomyofibroblastomas are uncommon tumors predominantly found in adult women usually between menarche and menopause. Approximately 10% of these tumors have been ...

Desmoplastic fibroblastoma

Desmoplastic fibroblastoma also known as collagenous fibromas are rare benign fibroblastic soft tissue tumors with an abundant collagenous or myxocollagenous stroma seen in adults1-3. Epidemiology Desmoplastic fibroblastomas are rare and usually occur in the adult population with a median age ...

Calcifying aponeurotic fibroma

Calcifying aponeurotic fibromas, also known as juvenile aponeurotic fibromas or just aponeurotic fibromas are superficial benign potentially recurrent fibroblastic soft tissue tumors usually seen in the palms and soles of children and adolescents 1,2. Epidemiology Calcifying aponeurotic fibro...

Interference screw

An interference screw is a direct tendon-to-bone interference fixation device. It is a compression fixation device that relies on the screw threads to engage and compress the graft for fixation. It is most commonly used in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. One notable specific type of ...

Interosseous muscles of the foot

The interosseous muscles of the foot are a group of muscles that lie near the metatarsals. They are considered voluntary muscles and are divided into two sets: dorsal interossei (foot) plantar interossei (foot)

Inclusion body fibromatosis

Inclusion body fibromatosis is a superficial benign myofibroblastic tumor characterized by eosinophilic intracytoplasmatic inclusions. These tumors are also known under the terms infantile digital fibroma or fibromatosis, recurring digital fibroma of childhood, recurring digital fibrous tumor of...

Juvenile hyaline fibromatosis

Juvenile hyaline fibromatosis, also known as hyaline fibromatosis syndrome or infantile systemic hyalinosis is a rare autosomal recessive syndrome outlined by painful, abnormal, often deforming deposits of hyalinized fibrous material in the extracellular matrix of the skin, subcutaneous soft tis...

Sclerosing epithelioid fibrosarcoma

Sclerosing epithelioid fibrosarcomas are rare slow-growing malignant fibroblastic soft tissue neoplasms pictured by a dense sclerotic hyalinized stroma with cords and areas of epithelioid fibroblasts. Epidemiology The tumor is rare and usually found in the middle-aged and elderly population. T...

Gluteoplasty

A gluteoplasty, also called gluteal augmentation, is a surgical procedure performed to improve the shape and the size of the buttocks. Indications A cosmetic desire to boost the volume and shape of the buttocks. Surgical technique Many types of procedures are performed 1: subfascial gluteal...

Low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma

Low-grade fibromyxoid sarcomas also known as Evans tumors are malignant fibroblastic soft tissue neoplasms characterized by alternating fibrous and myxoid elements and a propensity to late recurrence and metastasis. Terminology The term hyalinizing spindle cell tumor with giant rosettes is now...

Lipofibromatosis

Lipofibromatosis refers to a rare unspecified/borderline slow-growing soft tissue tumor prone to recurrence, which is often found in the hands and feet of children. Terminology Infantile or juvenile fibromatosis variant is an alternative term, which has been used but is now discouraged 1. Ep...

Lumbar puncture

Lumbar puncture is a commonly-performed hospital procedure in which a needle is inserted through the back to the subarachnoid space in the spinal canal often to collect some cerebrospinal fluid or inject a therapeutic agent. The procedure can be performed under imaging guidance, e.g. fluoroscopy...

Gardner fibroma

Gardner fibromas or Gardner associated fibromas are benign fibrous plaque-like soft tissue masses formed by a haphazard arrangement of collagen fibers usually associated with familial adenomatous polyposis. Terminology The term 'desmoid precursor lesion' is now discouraged 1. Epidemiology Ga...

Desmin

Desmin is a muscle-specific protein. It is the main intermediate filament protein and a key component in the cytoskeletal network of muscle cells e.g. in the myocardium, where it is ampler than in skeletal muscle or smooth muscle. It interacts with other proteins to support the myofibrils at the...

Low-grade myofibroblastic sarcoma

Low-grade myofibroblastic sarcomas, also known as myofibrosarcoma are locally aggressive rarely metastasizing fibroblastic tumors. Epidemiology Low-grade myofibroblastic sarcomas most commonly occur in adults in the 4th and 5th decade of life with a minor male predominance and are rarely found...

Infantile fibrosarcoma

Infantile fibrosarcomas also known as congenital fibrosarcoma, infantile fibrosarcoma-like tumor, and cellular congenital mesoblastic nephroma are locally aggressive rarely metastasizing fibroblastic tumors found in the pediatric population. Epidemiology Infantile fibrosarcomas are most common...

Adult fibrosarcoma

Adult fibrosarcomas are rare, malignant and highly aggressive fibroblastic soft tissue tumors. They constitute a diagnosis of exclusion. Epidemiology Adult fibrosarcomas by more recent definition are rare and make up around 1% of soft tissue sarcomas. They are mostly seen in middle-aged people...

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