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4,166 results found

Myxoid pleomorphic liposarcoma

Myxoid pleomorphic liposarcomas are extremely rare aggressive malignant neoplasms arising from adipocytic tissues characterized by a mixture of pleomorphic and myxoid features and the absence of genetic fusions and amplifications seen in well-differentiated liposarcoma and other lines of differe...

Pleomorphic liposarcoma

Pleomorphic liposarcomas are high-grade malignant neoplasms arising from adipocytic tissues characterized by a variable number of pleomorphic lipoblasts and the absence of areas of well-differentiated liposarcoma and other lines of differentiation. Epidemiology Pleomorphic sarcomas are rare an...

Supra-acromial bursa

The supra-acromial bursa is one of the five main shoulder bursae. Gross anatomy located subcutaneously superior to the acromion not usually in communication with neighboring bursae or the glenohumeral joint 1,2 Related pathology Cases of supra-acromial bursitis have occasionally been repor...

Dedifferentiated liposarcoma

Dedifferentiated liposarcomas (DDLPS) are malignant adipocytic soft tissue neoplasms that have progressed from primary or recurrent atypical lipomatous tumors/well-differentiated liposarcomas and are characterized by a much higher rate of recurrence, metastasis in about one-fourth of the cases a...

Coracoclavicular bursa

The coracoclavicular bursa, also known as the supracoracoid bursa, can be found within the angle separating the trapezoid and conoid segments of the coracoclavicular ligament 1,3. It is surrounded by varying amounts of fibro-fatty tissue. Smaller bursae associated with the coracoid process or ei...

Well-differentiated liposarcoma/atypical lipomatous tumor

Well-differentiated liposarcomas (WDLPS) or atypical lipomatous tumors (ALT) are locally aggressive adipocytic soft tissue neoplasms and are the most common form of liposarcomas. Terminology The terminology well-differentiated liposarcoma and atypical lipomatous tumor depend on the localizatio...

Epithelioid hemangioma

Epithelioid hemangiomas are benign vascular neoplasms made of epithelioid endothelial cell morphology usually seen in cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues. Epidemiology They have been observed in all age groups with a peak incidence in the 4th decade. There is no gender predominance 1. Diagnosi...

Epithelioid hemangioma of bone

Epithelioid hemangiomas of bone are benign intraosseous vascular neoplasms of epithelioid morphology which show locally aggressive behavior. Terminology The following terms are not recommended 1: histiocytoid hemangioma hemorrhagic epithelioid hemangioma spindle cell hemangioma Epidemiolo...

High-grade surface osteosarcoma

High-grade surface osteosarcomas are sporadic and high-grade malignant osteoid-forming tumors emerging from the bony surfaces similar to parosteal and periosteal osteosarcomas. Epidemiology High-grade surface osteosarcomas are very rare and constitute <1% of all osteosarcomas. There seems to b...

Osteochondromyxoma

Osteochondromyxomas (OMX) are very rare benign tumors with both a chondroid and osteoid matrix mostly seen within the Carney complex. Epidemiology Generally, osteochondromyxomas are extremely rare. Within the Carney complex, they occur in about 1% of the patients and are usually seen early in ...

Herring (Lateral Pillar) classification of Legg-Calvè-Perthes disease

Classification of Legg-Calvè-Perthes disease based on the height of the lateral pillar: Group A : No involvement of the lateral pillar with no density changes identified. Group B : at least 50% of the lateral pillar height maintained Group C: less than 50% of the lateral pillar maintained Th...

Deep infrapatellar bursitis

Deep infrapatellar bursitis refers to an inflammation of the deep infrapatellar bursa and is an uncommon condition in children. Epidemiology Risk factors Sports and activities involving a great amount of running and jumping are considered risk factors for developing deep infrapatellar bursiti...

Prepatellar quadriceps continuation

The prepatellar quadriceps continuation is formed by the extension of the rectus femoris tendon connecting the patellar and quadriceps tendons. Gross anatomy The quadriceps tendon is a multilayer structure, where each of the four components of the muscle (vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, vas...

Subtalar instability

Subtalar instability refers to an unstable talocalcaneal or subtalar joint and is difficult to diagnose. Epidemiology Subtalar instability occurs in patients with lateral ankle instability in up to 10-25% 1. Associations Clinical conditions associated with subtalar instability include the fo...

Metastatic calcification

Metastatic calcification refers to a type of soft tissue calcification caused by elevated serum calcium salts. Terminology Some consider the inclusion of the word "metastatic" in the name unfortunate as it implies that there is a cancerous component, which in the vast majority of cases is untr...

Intraneural hematoma

Intraneural hematomas are a very rare condition where bleeding occurs within peripheral nerves leading to functional impairment of the affected nerve due to compression of the nerve fibers. Epidemiology Intraneural hematomas are extremely rare, with less than 20 cases reported in the literatu...

Cuneiform bones

There are three cuneiform bones in the tarsus of a normal human foot, they are from medial to lateral: medial cuneiform intermediate cuneiform lateral cuneiform History and etymology Cuneiform means wedge-shaped from the Latin words 'cuneus' meaning wedge and 'form' referring to shape.

Insertional cyst

Insertional cysts are usually well-defined, smooth-walled intraosseous cysts found at the insertion sites of tendons and ligaments. Pathology Etiology They are thought to be a consequence of bone resorption due to chronic traction and avulsion stresses at the insertional sites of tendons and ...

Periosteal ganglion cyst

Periosteal ganglion cysts or periosteal ganglia are rather rare types of ganglion cysts that affect the periosteum. Clinical presentation Clinical symptoms depend on the location, they have been reported to present with pain, as a firm, painless swelling and were found incidentally. Pathology...

Medial cuneiform fracture

Isolated medial cuneiform fractures are rare, and fractures of the medial cuneiform are more commonly seen in combination with other fractures of the foot. Epidemiology Most commonly, fractures of the cuneiform bones occur in combination with other fracture-dislocations of the midfoot 3. When...

Intra-articular ganglion cyst

Intra-articular ganglion cysts are ganglion cysts within the joints. They typically show an intracapsular, extra-synovial location. They can occur within all the joints and can present with pain, swelling and sometimes even locking symptoms. The following ganglion cysts are examples 1-8: knee ...

Hoffa fat pad ganglion cyst

Hoffa fat pad ganglion cysts are intra-articular ganglion cysts and are the most common mass-like lesions within the Hoffa fat pad. Epidemiology Hoffa fat pad ganglion cysts are rare and less common than cruciate ligament ganglion cysts 1,2. Clinical presentation Ganglia within Hoffa’s fat p...

Posterior cruciate ligament ganglion cyst

Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) ganglion cysts are intra-articular ganglion cysts and represent one type of many cyst-like lesions around the knee. Terminology Posterior cruciate ligament ganglion cysts are also referred to as 'posterior cruciate ligament cysts' or 'ganglia' 1. Epidemiology...

Lesions of the prepatellar quadriceps continuation

Lesions of the prepatellar quadriceps continuation are partial or complete tears of the prepatellar quadriceps continuation, that can occur with or without patellar or quadriceps tendon tears and can cause anterior knee pain. Pathology Disruption and separation of prepatellar quadriceps conti...

Adult hypophosphatasia

Adult hypophosphatasia is generally considered a milder form of hypophosphatasia. Clinical presentation It is usually classified as hypophosphatasia occurring after 18 years of age and typically diagnosed after middle age 2. It is normally not associated with low bone mass in general but can h...

Popliteus bursa

The popliteus bursa also known as subpopliteal recess is a synovial lined knee expansion or recess and located in the posterolateral corner of the knee. Gross anatomy The popliteus bursa is an expansion of the synovial membrane positioned between the posterior portion of the lateral meniscus a...

Split atlas

Split or bipartite atlas is the rare congenital anomaly where the atlas is split into two halves by fusion defects in both the anterior and posterior arches. The osseous defects are spanned by fibrous tissue. They are usually asymptomatic and found incidentally on spinal imaging. Patients may h...

Comprehensive arthroscopic management of the shoulder

The comprehensive arthroscopic management (CAM) procedure of the shoulder is an arthroscopic joint-preserving technique in the surgical management of glenohumeral osteoarthritis. History The comprehensive arthroscopic management was first described by Millet et al. 2010 1. Indications The co...

Pars interarticularis

The pars interarticularis or simply pars (plural: partes interarticulares) is the part of a vertebra located between the superior and inferior articular processes. Gross anatomy In the axis and the thoracolumbar spine, the pars interarticularis is a narrow isthmus between the superior and inf...

Carpometacarpal joint

The carpometacarpal (CMC) joints are synovial joints formed by articulations of the distal carpal row and the metacarpal bones. Gross anatomy Articulations The carpometacarpal joints are made up of a number of bony articulations 1. first carpometacarpal: distinct synovial curved saddle joint...

Osteoarthritis of the shoulder

Osteoarthritis of the shoulder or glenohumeral osteoarthritis is referred to as progressive damage of the glenohumeral cartilage associated with bony erosions pain and a loss in function of the glenohumeral joint. Epidemiology The glenohumeral joint is one of the less common joints affected by...

Busoga hernia

Busoga hernias, also known as Gill-Ogilvie hernias in Europe 1 (alternative plural: herniae), are a variant of the direct inguinal hernia involving the conjoint tendon. Epidemiology Busoga herniae have been noted to occur most commonly in young, athletic men with a well-developed abdominal mus...

Interfoveolar ligament

The interfoveolar ligament, formerly known as the ligament of Hesselbach, (TA: ligamentum interfoveolare) is a tendinous structure that forms from the transversus abdominis muscle 1. Gross anatomy A band of fibers run from the inferior and posterior aspect of transversus abdominis muscle to i...

Shoulder hemiarthroplasty

Shoulder hemiarthroplasty is a form of partial shoulder joint replacement for the management of pathologies concerning the proximal humerus. History and etymology The first shoulder arthroplasty was constructed by Péan in 1893. The current 3rd generation arthroplasties have been introduced by ...

Shoulder resurfacing arthroplasty

Shoulder resurfacing arthroplasty is a form of partial shoulder joint replacement for the management of pathologies concerning the humeral head. History and etymology The first shoulder arthroplasty was performed by Péan in 1893. The current 3rd generation arthroplasties were introduced by Nee...

Hip arthroplasty (overview)

Hip arthroplasties are a very common form of joint replacement for the treatment of different pathologic conditions of the hip joint, including osteoarthritis of the hip, Inflammatory arthritis and osteonecrosis as well as fracture of the proximal femur1-3. The term hip arthroplasty comprises...

Gertzbein and Robbins classification

The Gertzbein and Robbins classification assesses the position of transpedicular screws. Classification Transpedicular screw position is graded from A to E based on the extent by which the screw breaches the cortex of the pedicle 1-3: A: fully intrapedicular position without breach of the ped...

Uncovertebral arthrosis

Uncovertebral arthrosis is osteoarthritic changes seen at the uncinate process of the cervical spine. It is a common site of arthrosis regularly observed at the lower cervical vertebrae. Clinical presentation Clinical presentation will vary; it could be a sudden onset of pain, stiffness or eve...

Black line sign

The black line sign refers to a hypointense linear area in the articular cartilage on magnetic resonance imaging, first described in the trochlear groove 1-3. These lesions have been found also in all other regions of articular cartilage in the knee and not only on T2 weighted images but also i...

Antiglide plate fixation

Antiglide plate fixation is an open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) technique used in oblique diaphyseal fractures of the distal fibula. Usage They are used to counteract vertical shear forces during axial loading in the diaphyseal bone and to prevent sliding/shortening of the fracture fra...

Wrist

The wrist is a complex synovial joint formed by articulations of the radius, the articular disc of the distal radioulnar joint and the carpal bones. Terminology Somewhat confusingly, the term carpus can be used as a synonym for the wrist joint as a whole, or in a more restricted sense to refer...

Van Wyk Grumbach syndrome

The Van Wyk Grumbach syndrome is characterized by chronic hypothyroidism with high levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), delayed bone age, precocious puberty but lacking pubic and axillary hair growth 1. Epidemiology The acquired form of hypothyroidism is seen in children caused by chr...

Cervical split

The cervical split is a horizontal lucent line over the cervical body seen on the lateral cervical spine projection, simulating a fracture, observed in the context of proliferative osteophytes of the articulation of the uncinate process 1. Clinical significance In the context of trauma, the c...

Tile classification of pelvic fractures

The Tile classification of pelvic fractures is the precursor of the more contemporary Young and Burgess classification of pelvic ring fractures. It takes into account stability, force direction, and pathoanatomy. The integrity of the posterior arch determines the grade, with the posterior arch ...

Cartilage injury (overview)

The term cartilage injury or articular cartilage injury summarizes a spectrum of different cartilage lesions that are usually used in the context of hyaline cartilage damage within diarthrodial joints. In a narrower sense, the term cartilage injury describes types of articular injury with spari...

Ossification centers of the hand

Primary ossification centers present at birth Visible on x-ray from birth: metacarpal diaphyses: 9 weeks in utero phalangeal diaphyses: 9-12 weeks in utero Primary ossification centers developing after birth Ossification of the carpal bones occurs in a predictable sequence, starting with th...

Functional rehabilitation

Functional rehabilitation refers to a comprehensive treatment program, which aims to return athletes or non-athletes fully to their previous level of activity. In athletes, this includes the progress from fairly simple activities like jogging or walking to highly demanding sport-specific activit...

Medial patellofemoral ligament injury

Medial patellofemoral ligament injuries comprise sprains, tears and ruptures as well as avulsion fractures of the medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL). They occur regularly in association with acute traumatic lateral patellar dislocations and are also found in the setting of multi-ligament knee...

RICE principle

The RICE principle is a simple and effective method in the early management of ligament sprains or muscle strains and contusions, which can be used as a self-care technique and cannot be only prescribed by clinicians but also radiologists. The RICE principle constitutes of the following measure...

Ivory vertebra (mnemonic)

A mnemonic to remember the differential diagnosis of ivory vertebra is: LIMPH M.PHIL (i.e. Master of Philosophy) Mnemonic LIMPH L: lymphoma (usually Hodgkin lymphoma) I: infection (tuberculous spondylitis) M: metastases (osteoblastic) and myelosclerosis P: Paget disease of bone H: heman...

Anterior cruciate ligament graft impingement

Anterior cruciate ligament graft impingement is a complication of an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction and is usually associated with a decreased range of motion. Epidemiology Associations Anterior cruciate ligament graft impingement is associated with improper tunnel placement ...

Anterior cruciate ligament graft stretching

Anterior cruciate ligament graft stretching or graft elongation refers to a clinical scenario of increased knee laxity in the setting of intact graft fibers and can occur as a complication of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Epidemiology Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) graft stretch...

Anterior cruciate ligament graft tear

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) graft tears can occur as complications of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction or as a consequence of a traumatic reinjury. Epidemiology An anterior cruciate ligament graft injury occurs in ~7% of patients with an anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction ...

Veil of obscuration sign (shoulder)

Veil of obscuration sign is a sign of posterior shoulder dislocation. It is generally seen on AP radiographs depicting a comminuted fracture of lesser tuberosity that projects over the glenohumeral joint giving rise to a "cloud-like" density or "veil of bone" density, which hides a posterior sho...

Bowl of grapes sign

The bowl of grapes sign has been described in synovial sarcoma. It refers to the characteristic multilobulated lesion subdivided by multiple septa, forming large cystic foci with regions of hemorrhage.

Lateral collateral ligament injury of the knee

Lateral collateral ligament injuries of the knee are rare in isolation and usually occur in the context of a posterolateral corner injury or in association with other ligamentous or meniscal injuries. Terminology A lateral collateral ligament injury of the knee is also referred to as the fibul...

Spinoglenoid notch syndrome

Spinoglenoid notch syndrome is caused by compression of suprascapular nerve due to a ganglion cyst at the spinoglenoid notch resulting in shoulder pain and posterior shoulder tenderness. Clinical presentation On clinical examination, there is posterior shoulder tenderness, discomfort in extern...

Intramedullary nailing

Intramedullary nailing is an internal fixation technique mainly used for the surgical management of long bone diaphyseal fractures and since more recently, also in metaphyseal and periarticular fractures. Indications Indications of intramedullary nailing are the following 1,2: extra-capsular ...

Rhomboid fossa of the clavicle

Rhomboid fossa of the clavicle is recognized as a concave impression of the inferior surface of the sternal (medial) end of the clavicle 1. It is a normal anatomical variant that can be seen unilaterally (more often) or bilaterally. Epidemiology It is more common in males than females, and you...

Distal humeral fracture

Distal humeral fractures are traumatic injuries involving the epicondyles, the trochlea, the capitellum and the metaphysis of the distal humerus and are often the result of high energy trauma such as road traffic accidents or a fall from a height. In the elderly, they may occur as a domestic acc...

Interphalangeal joint (disambiguation)

The interphalangeal joints (IPJs) may refer to either: interphalangeal joints of the fingers interphalangeal joints of the toes

Side strain

Side strain or oblique abdominal muscle strain refers to a tear or strain type muscle injury of the oblique abdominal muscles seen in certain sports. Epidemiology Side strain is a rather uncommon injury mostly seen in certain athletes 1-3. Risk factors Sports or activities that increase the ...

Abdominal wall injury

Abdominal wall injuries comprise a set of injuries of the abdominal wall and include different forms of muscle injuries, traumatic hernias and injuries to the subcutaneous tissue. They are often overshadowed by the attention to associated “more severe” abdominal visceral injuries. Epidemiology...

Proximal femoral nail

The proximal femoral nail (PFN) is an osteosynthetic implant designed to treat proximal femoral fractures in the trochanter area with a closed intramedullary fixation method. Similar to the gamma nail the proximal femoral nail consists of a funnel-shaped intramedullary nail with slight bending ...

Ischiogluteal bursa

The ischiogluteal bursa is located deep to the inferior portion of the gluteus maximus muscle and postero-inferior to the ischial tuberosity 1. Related pathology Ischeogluteal bursitis (so-called “weaver’s bottom”) is classically associated with sustained pressure on the ischial tuberosity, se...

Obturator internus bursa

The obturator internus bursa is a narrow, elongated fluid pocket situated between the obturator internus tendon and the posterior surface of the ischium 1 which is usually only visible when distended with fluid. Its shape has been likened to that of a “boomerang” 1, particularly when viewed in t...

Obturator externus bursa

The obturator externus bursa is situated over the posteroinferior aspect of the hip joint. It is a potential communication of the postero-inferior hip joint synovium between the ischiofemoral ligament and the zona orbicularis 1,2. Related pathology Obturator externus bursa may occur in patien...

Gluteofemoral bursa

The gluteofemoral bursa is situated over the lateral aspect of the hip. It sits caudal to the greater trochanter of the proximal femur, positioned beneath the iliotibial band in the region where the tendinous fibers of the gluteus maximus insert 1. Its location over the posterior border of the v...

Subgluteus minimus bursa

The subgluteus minimus bursa is one of the chief bursae situated over the lateral aspect of the hip joint. It is located in the area of the anterior facet of the greater trochanter of the proximal femur, deep to the gluteus minimus tendon, and both medial and superior to its insertion 1,2. Rela...

Subgluteus medius bursa

The subgluteus medius bursa is one of the chief bursae situated on the lateral aspect of the hip joint. It is located deep to the distal insertion of the gluteus medius tendon, and covers a region of the superior part of the lateral facet of the greater trochanter of the proximal femur 1,2. Rel...

Gamma nail

The gamma nail or trochanteric nail is an osteosynthetic implant designed to treat proximal femoral fractures in the trochanter area with a closed intramedullary fixation method. The gamma nail consists of a funnel-shaped intramedullary nail with slight bending to reflect proximal femoral diaph...

Intramuscular degloving injury

An intramuscular degloving injury is a term referred to as a circumferential intermuscular dissociation of inner and outer muscular components with or without retraction. It has been described in the rectus femoris muscle. Terminology An intramuscular degloving injury has been also described a...

Rectus femoris muscle injury

Rectus femoris muscle injuries are muscle injuries, which encompass contusions, strains, tears and avulsions of the rectus femoris muscle. Epidemiology Rectus femoris muscle injuries are a common injury in athletes, especially in football/soccer players 1. The rectus femoris muscle is most fr...

Quadriceps injury

Quadriceps injuries are injuries affecting the quadriceps muscle or quadriceps tendon and comprise a spectrum of strains, tears, avulsion and contusions up to the quadriceps tendon rupture. Epidemiology Quadriceps injuries are common injuries in athletes and the quadriceps muscle is often affe...

Muscle contusion

A muscle contusion (a.k.a. muscle bruising or bruise) is a form of muscle injury usually due to direct impact and associated with intramuscular hemorrhage. Epidemiology Muscle contusions are common injuries and are more frequently seen in males 1,2. In athletes, muscle contusions are the most ...

Scaphotrapeziotrapezoid ligament

The scaphotrapeziotrapezoid (STT) ligament is one of the intracapsular, intrinsic midcarpal ligaments 1-3. Gross anatomy The scaphotrapeziotrapezoid ligament connects the distal pole of the scaphoid with the trapezium and trapezoid bones in a V-shaped fashion. 1-3. Attachments The scaphotrap...

Subtalar joint injection (technique)

Subtalar joint injections are most often performed for osteoarthritis and the posterior subtalar joint is targeted. Ultrasound, fluoroscopy and CT guidance can be used. Indications osteoarthritis diagnostic Contraindications Absolute anaphylaxis to contrast/injectates active local/system...

Intrapelvic cup migration

Intrapelvic cup migration is a serious complication after total hip arthroplasty, in which the prosthetic acetabular cup migrates or drifts into the pelvic inlet. Epidemiology Fortunately, this complication is very rare. There seems to be a female predisposition 1-3. Risk factors Factors inc...

Foot

The foot is the most distal part of the lower limb below the leg and ankle. It is a complex anatomical structure and can be subdivided into the hindfoot, the midfoot, and the forefoot. The bones of the foot are: tarsals (7) talus calcaneus cuneiforms (3) cuboid navicular metatarsals (5) ...

Buttress plate

Buttress plates are osteosynthetic implants commonly used in the metaphyseal area for internal fixation of articular fractures to support intraarticular fragments. Usage They are used to counteract vertical shear forces during axial loading in the metaphyseal area and to prevent sliding/shorte...

Acromioclavicular joint osteoarthritis

Acromioclavicular joint osteoarthritis is a common degenerative condition of the shoulder. Epidemiology Acromioclavicular joint osteoarthritis accounts for ~20% (range 12.7-24%) of patients with shoulder pain. It most commonly presents in the fourth decade 3. Pathology Acromioclavicular j...

Forearm (PA view)

The posteroanterior forearm view is one of two modified trauma projections in the forearm series, examining the radius and ulna. Indications This view is ideal for patients who are unable to move their arm as per the standard forearm positioning technique but require assessment of suspected r...

Forearm (horizontal beam lateral view)

The horizontal beam lateral forearm view is one of two modified trauma projections in the forearm series, examining the radius and ulna. Indications This view is ideal for patients who are unable to move their arm as per the standard forearm positioning technique but require assessment of sus...

Distal clavicle osteolysis

Distal clavicle osteolysis is the painful osseous resorption of the distal clavicle. Epidemiology Distal clavicle osteolysis most commonly affects young males. It is bilateral in ~20% 1. Pathology There are two distinct forms of distal clavicle osteolysis although these have identical hist...

Dorsal bridge plate fixation

Dorsal bridge plate fixation is an open reduction internal fixation technique for extensive comminuted articular and metaphyseal radial fractures. Terminology Dorsal bridge plate fixation is also known as dorsal spanning plate fixation. Indications The main indication is the treatment of dif...

Myxedema

Myxedema refers to a waxy swelling of the skin classically seen in hypothyroidism. Terminology Occasionally myxedema is also used as a synonym for hypothyroidism or as a shortening for myxedema coma. Historically the term myxedema has also been used for a localized form of skin thickening, es...

Idiopathic calcinosis cutis

Idiopathic calcinosis cutis is one of the recognized subtypes of calcinosis cutis and is diagnosed when there is no underlying disease or iatrogenesis 1. Clinical presentation Idiopathic calcinosis cutis may present as: tumoral calcinosis juxta-articular calcified lumps in otherwise health...

Carpal instability

Carpal instability refers to the inability of the wrist to maintain its structural stability under physiologic movements and loading forces ultimately leading to derangement of the carpal bones with associated malalignment. Epidemiology Associations Clinical conditions associated with carpal ...

Calcinosis cutis

Calcinosis cutis is the term used for the deposition of calcium salts in the skin and subcutaneous tissues. Pathology It is classified according to etiology as 1: dystrophic (most common): characterized by normal serum calcium and phosphorus, an underlying disease process induces tissue damag...

Radial collateral ligament of the wrist

The radial collateral ligament or radioscaphoid ligament is one of the intracapsular, extrinsic radiocarpal ligaments and a radial stabilizer of the wrist 1-3. Gross anatomy The radial collateral ligament connects the radial styloid process with the scaphoid running in a fan-shaped, fairly lon...

Ulnar collateral ligament of the wrist

The ulnar collateral ligament of the wrist is an extrinsic dorsal ulnocarpal ligament and functions as a part of the triangular fibrocartilage complex as an ulnar stabilizer of the wrist 1-3. Gross anatomy The ulnar collateral ligament connects the ulnar styloid al process with the triquetrum ...

Anterior oblique ligament of the thumb

The anterior oblique ligament of the thumb is one of several carpometacarpal ligaments of the thumb and also one of its main stabilizers 1. Terminology The anterior oblique ligament of the thumb is also known as the ‘beak ligament’. It can be divided into a superficial and a deep component and...

Pudendal nerve block (technique)

Pudendal nerve blocks are performed on those with suspected or proven pudendal neuralgia. Using CT will ensure accurate needle placement, which aims for a perineural pudendal nerve injection in the pudendal canal, also known as Alcock's canal. Indications pudendal neuralgia diagnostic Contr...

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