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Radial collateral ligament of the wrist

The radial collateral ligament or radioscaphoid ligament is one of the intracapsular, extrinsic radiocarpal ligaments and a radial stabilizer of the wrist 1-3. Gross anatomy The radial collateral ligament connects the radial styloid process with the scaphoid running in a fan-shaped, fairly lon...

Ulnar collateral ligament of the wrist

The ulnar collateral ligament of the wrist is an extrinsic dorsal ulnocarpal ligament and functions as a part of the triangular fibrocartilage complex as an ulnar stabilizer of the wrist 1-3. Gross anatomy The ulnar collateral ligament connects the ulnar styloid al process with the triquetrum ...

Anterior oblique ligament of the thumb

The anterior oblique ligament of the thumb is one of several carpometacarpal ligaments of the thumb and also one of its main stabilizers 1. Terminology The anterior oblique ligament of the thumb is also known as the ‘beak ligament’. It can be divided into a superficial and a deep component and...

Pudendal nerve block (technique)

Pudendal nerve blocks are performed on those with suspected or proven pudendal neuralgia. Using CT will ensure accurate needle placement, which aims for a perineural pudendal nerve injection in the pudendal canal, also known as Alcock's canal. Indications pudendal neuralgia diagnostic Contr...

Pacinian corpuscle

Pacinian corpuscles, also known as Vater-Pacini corpuscles or lamellar corpuscles, are pressure-sensitive nerve endings in the skin. They are the largest mechanoreceptors in the body and are important to recognize as they may be mistaken for pathology. Gross anatomy Pacinian corpuscles are see...

Sclerotic bone metastasis (mnemonic)

A mnemonic for remembering which tumors may lead to sclerotic bone metastases is: 6 Bees Lick Pollen Mnemonic B: bone (osteogenic carcinoma) B: breast B: bronchus (carcinoid) B: bladder (TCC) B: brain (medulloblastoma) B: bowel (mucinous) L: lymphoma P: prostate

Ulnocapitate ligament

The ulnocapitate ligament is the most superficial of the three extrinsic palmar ulnocarpal ligaments and a volar stabilizer of the ulnocarpal complex 1-3. Gross anatomy The ulnocapitate ligament is the only ulnocarpal ligament directly attaching to the ulnar head. It runs superficial to the ul...

Ulnotriquetral ligament

The ulnotriquetral ligament is one of the intracapsular extrinsic palmar ulnocarpal ligaments and a component of the ulnocarpal complex 1-4. Gross anatomy The ulnotriquetral ligament forms the anterior and ulnar part of the ulnocarpal joint capsule together with the ulnolunate ligament, with w...

Ulnolunate ligament

The ulnolunate ligament is one of the intracapsular, extrinsic palmar ulnocarpal ligaments and a component of the ulnocarpal complex 1-4. Gross anatomy The ulnolunate ligament forms the anterior part of the ulnocarpal joint capsule together with the ulnotriquetral ligament, with which it share...

Dorsal radiocarpal ligament

The dorsal radiocarpal ligament is a large extrinsic intracapsular dorsal radiocarpal ligament and one of the main dorsal stabilizers of the wrist 1-3. Terminology The dorsal radiocarpal ligament is also known as ‘dorsal radiolunotriquetral ligament’, or ‘dorsal radiotriquetral ligament’. Gro...

Short radiolunate ligament

The short radiolunate ligament is one of the intracapsular, extrinsic palmar radiocarpal ligaments and a volar stabilizer of the wrist and the lunate bone 1-4. Gross anatomy The short radiolunate ligament forms a part of the volar radiocarpal joint capsule and connects the palmar surface of th...

Long radiolunate ligament

The long radiolunate ligament is a large intracapsular, extrinsic palmar radiocarpal ligament and a volar stabilizer of the wrist 1-3. Terminology The long radiolunate ligament is also known as 'radiolunotriquetral ligament', 'volar radiotriquetral ligament' or 'volar radiolunate ligament'. G...

Radioscaphocapitate ligament

The radioscaphocapitate ligament is one of the intracapsular, extrinsic palmar radiocarpal ligaments and a volar stabilizer of the wrist 1-3. Gross anatomy The radioscaphocapitate ligament connects the palmar surface of the distal radius with the scaphoid and the capitate bone, running in an o...

Gluteus minimus/medius calcific tendinopathy barbotage (technique)

Gluteus minimus/medius calcific tendinopathy barbotage is a procedure performed under ultrasound guidance with the aim of reducing the bulk of tendon calcification, in a similar fashion to that performed for rotator cuff calcific tendinopathy. Indications gluteus minimus/medius tendon calcifi...

Long plantar ligament

The long plantar ligament is one of the inferolateral stabilizers of the calcaneocuboid joint and a stabilizer of the midtarsal (Chopart) joint. Gross anatomy The long plantar ligament features a form of an hourglass with a distal deep insertion at the cuboid bone and variably, more superficia...

Tubulation

Tubulation is the adult-type appearance of long bones with a diaphyseal narrowing or constriction that forms due to periosteal bone resorption and endosteal bone formation at the metaphysis during longitudinal bone growth at the physis. Related pathology Numerous diseases can affect tubulatio...

Medioplantar oblique ligament

The medioplantar oblique ligament is one of three components of the spring ligament complex, stabilizing the longitudinal arch of the foot 1,2. Gross anatomy The medioplantar oblique ligament connects the calcaneal coronoid fossa to the navicular bone and runs plantar in relation to the supero...

Inferoplantar longitudinal ligament

The inferoplantar longitudinal ligament is one of three components of the spring ligament complex, which stabilizes the longitudinal arch of the foot and supports the head of the talus 1,2. Gross anatomy The inferoplantar longitudinal ligament connects the lateral part of the coronoid fossa of...

Superomedial calcaneonavicular ligament

The superomedial calcaneonavicular ligament is a stabilizer of the longitudinal arch of the foot and one of three components of the spring ligament complex 1,2. Gross anatomy The superomedial calcaneonavicular ligament connects the sustentaculum tali with the superomedial part of the navicular...

Cartilage repair

Cartilage repair and reconstruction comprises different surgical methods for the restoration of the chondral surface within different diarthrodial joints, with the goal to promote cartilage healing, alleviate patient symptoms as well as enable them to return to daily activities and sports and pr...

Osteochondral allograft transplantation

Osteochondral allograft transplantation (OCA) is a tissue-based cartilage reconstruction or replacement method which can be also performed for chondral and osteochondral lesions of larger size. History Allograft replacement of osteochondral lesions was first described back in 1908 1. Indicati...

Osteochondral autograft transplantation

Osteochondral autograft transplantation (OAT) or mosaicplasty is a tissue-based cartilage reconstruction or replacement method which is used for smaller chondral and osteochondral lesions. History Osteochondral autograft transplantation or mosaicplasty was originally reported in the early 1990...

Autologous chondrocyte implantation

Autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) is a cell-based cartilage reconstruction or replacement method where hyaline articular cartilage is directly administered and retained. It can be used for larger chondral lesions, where the subchondral bone plate remains intact. History Autologous chon...

Microfracture

Microfracture is a commonly performed cartilage repair or marrow stimulation method, which induces fibrocartilage growth by creating small microcracks into the subchondral bone. History First reports on mesenchymal stem cell stimulation date back to 1946 1. The microfracture technique, how it ...

Aseptic lymphocyte-dominant vasculitis-associated lesion (ALVAL)

Aseptic lymphocyte-dominant vasculitis-associated lesion (ALVAL) is a histological entity denoting a chronic inflammatory response to metal particles (cobalt and chromium ions) from a metal-on-metal prosthesis. The finding falls on the spectrum of adverse reactions to metal debris. Pathology I...

Reaction to metal

Reaction to metal, or adverse reaction to metal debris, is a general term describing pathologic response of tissue to metal-containing implants, most commonly described complicating hip arthroplasty. Reaction to metal can have a systemic or a local form, the latter of which is termed adverse loc...

Sarcoidosis (cutaneous manifestations)

The cutaneous manifestations of sarcoidosis occur in ~30%1 (range 9-37%) 3 of patients with sarcoidosis. A skin lesion may be the initial presentation of sarcoidosis and the majority of patients with cutaneous manifestations will have pulmonary disease. Pathology Common lesions maculopapular ...

Myotendinous junction

Myotendinous junction (MTJ) is a part of the myotendinous unit, which connects muscle and tendon, and transmits forces between them. Anatomy Myotendinous junction consists of interdigitating tendon fibers and terminal myocytes, creating finger-like projections which increase the contact area b...

Myotendinous unit

Myotendinous unit, also called muscle-tendon-bone or muscle-tendon-enthesis unit, is a complex structure, responsible for producing skeletal movement. Gross anatomy Myotendinous unit consists of bone, enthesis, tendon, myotendinous junction and muscle. However, the presence of certain componen...

Lumbar foraminal stenosis

Lumbar foraminal stenosis or lumbar neuroforaminal stenosis is described as narrowing of the neural exit foramina. The patency of the neural exit foramina is assessed as part of the routine evaluation of lumbar MRI studies to determine what impact, if any, the surrounding structures have on the ...

Dorsal double plate fixation

Dorsal double plate fixation is an open reduction internal fixation technique used for articular distal radius fractures with impacted articular fragments and/or displaced dorsoulnar fragments. The distal radius is stabilized via a dorsal approach at two separate points. Complications Complic...

Arthrocentesis

Arthrocentesis or joint aspiration is an interventional procedure done for the collection of synovial fluid. History The existence of liquid inside joints was first mentioned in the Corpus Hippocraticum, later in the 16th century, Paracelsus coined the name “synovia” for synovial fluid. Indic...

Extra-articular injection

Extra-articular injections occur when the needle tip is not within the targeted joint during joint injections. Terminology Defined by the presence of contrast outside of a joint in fluoroscopic or CT guided procedures, or the lack of direct visualization and resisted flow of intra-articular in...

Cleavage tear of the rotator cuff

Cleavage tears of the rotator cuff are delaminated rotator cuff tears characterized as horizontal intratendinous splits between the articular and bursal layers of the rotator cuff tendons filled with fluid. Epidemiology Intratendinous delaminations seem to be common in articular-sided and burs...

Chronic ankle instability

Chronic ankle instability refers to an unstable ankle joint due to repetitive occasions of ankle instability with concomitant symptoms persisting for longer than one year after an initial ankle injury. Epidemiology Ankle injuries are common and not only in the context of sports injuries 1-4. T...

Synovial hyperplasia

Synovial hyperplasia refers to an increase in the cellularity of the synovial membrane and leads to synovial thickening, which is a common radiographic feature in the setting of synovitis. Clinical presentation Synovial hyperplasia manifests as swelling. Pathology Synovial hyperplasia is cha...

Synovium

The synovium (plural: synoviums, not synovia) or synovial membrane is a soft tissue lining of joints bursae and tendon sheaths and seems to be responsible for the secretion and absorption of synovial fluid components, whereby the synovial fluid arises from leakage of the intimal capillaries 1-4....

Pyogenic flexor tenosynovitis

Pyogenic flexor tenosynovitis is a serious infection of the flexor tendon sheath of a finger that can lead to devastating consequences if delayed 1,2. With the early diagnosis and treatment of pyogenic flexor tenosynovitis, the serious sequelae of infection are markedly decreased. In a large ser...

Atlas of individual radiographic features in osteoarthritis

The atlas of individual radiographic features in osteoarthritis (OARSI atlas) are publications about radiographic features of osteoarthritis in different joints. They provide a grading scheme for those features illustrated by imaging examples 1,2. The original and revised version of the OARSI a...

Mucoid change

Mucoid change or mucoid degeneration refers to the irreversible tissue degeneration due to the accumulation of mucin within the fibers of tendons, ligaments, and fibrocartilage. Epidemiology The likelihood of mucoid change within ligaments and tendons increases with age 1. Risk factors Pre...

Femoral diaphyseal stress injury

Femoral diaphyseal stress injuries comprise different grades of a stress response and/or a stress fracture of the femoral diaphysis. Epidemiology Femoral diaphyseal stress injuries are seen in middle and long-distance runners and military recruits 1-5 with a reported incidence of up to 199/100...

Myositis

Myositis (plural: myositides) is the subset of myopathy characterized by inflammation of skeletal muscle. Pathology Etiology Myositides can be generally categorized by etiology as follows 1: inflammatory myositis dermatomyositis polymyositis antisynthetase syndrome immune-mediated necrot...

Glenoid retroversion

Glenoid retroversion is the abnormal posterior angulation of the articular surface of the glenoid of the scapula and is of importance as it predisposes to posterior glenohumeral instability and tears of the posterior labrum. Pathology The normal shoulder demonstrates neutral glenoid version, w...

Osteoarthritis of the hip

Osteoarthritis (OA) of the hip is the most common form of joint disorder of the hip, affecting primarily the articular cartilage of the hip joint and the surrounding tissues. Epidemiology The hip is the third most common joint affected by osteoarthritis after the knee and the hand 1. Women are...

Albright hereditary osteodystrophy

Albright hereditary osteodystrophy (AHO) is a form of osteodystrophy and is also classified as a phenotype of pseudohypoparathyroidism (i.e. type 1a). The typical clinical spectrum includes: short, stocky build round facies with a low, flat nasal bridge short neck ectopic ossifications br...

Dislocation vs subluxation

Malalignment of a joint may be a dislocation or subluxation: dislocation is the complete (100%) loss of articular congruity, i.e. no part of the articular surfaces of the bones contributing to the joint are touching each other subluxation is the partial (<100%) loss of articular congruity, i.e...

Tunnel syndrome

A tunnel syndrome refers to pain, paresthesia and weakness due to neurovascular compression, friction or traction within a confined anatomical passageway. The tunnel may be bordered by bone, muscle or tendoligamentous structures or a combination of these. Various specific syndromes exist and ar...

Acetabular sourcil

The acetabular sourcil is a radiographic feature seen on plain radiographs of the hip and pelvis as well as coronal CT reformats and MR images. Gross anatomy The acetabular sourcil refers to the roof or the weight-bearing area of the acetabulum and is characterized by increased sclerosis. It n...

Fovea alta

Fovea alta is a radiographic sign that refers to an abnormally superior position of the fovea capitis femoris in relation to the acetabular socket. Usage Fovea alta is significantly associated with acetabular dysplasia and can be used as an indicator or diagnostic marker for the condition 1-3,...

Femoral neck-shaft angle

The femoral neck-shaft angle (NSA) or caput-collum-diaphyseal (CCD) angle is one of the most frequently applied measurements to assess hip morphology, in particular, the relation of the femoral shaft to the femoral head-neck axis. Usage The femoral head-neck-shaft angle is used in the diagnosi...

Glomus coccygeum

The glomus coccygeum or glomus body of the coccyx is a microanatomical structure formed by an arteriovenous anastomosis and represents likely a phylogenetic vestigial structure 1. Gross anatomy Glomus bodies are spheroidal or ovoid well-circumscribed vascular lesions. Their size is usually up ...

Glomus tumor of the coccyx

A glomus tumor of the coccyx is a rare benign neoplasm with the same morphologic features, expressed by glomangiomas occurring at extracoccygeal sites as under the fingernails or toes. Terminology The glomus tumor of the coccyx is often put on a level with the ‘glomus body of the coccyx’ or ‘g...

Acetabular version angle

The acetabular version angle or acetabular anteversion angle is a measurement used on cross-sectional imaging especially pelvic CT for the assessment of acetabular morphology. Usage The acetabular version angle is influenced by pelvic obliquity and pelvic tilt, which might lead to measurement ...

Pelvic rotation

Pelvic rotation is one of three parameters contributing to the pelvic orientation and defines the rotation of the pelvis within the axial plane. It is a potential source of measurement errors on the pelvis (AP view). Correspondingly pelvic rotation can lead to false-positive or negative radiogra...

Pelvic obliquity

Pelvic obliquity is referred to as one of three parameters contributing to the pelvic orientation and defines the rotation of the pelvis within the coronal plane. It is a common feature in patients with spinal deformities such as cerebral palsy 1,2. It is also a potential source of measurement ...

Acetabular sector angle

The acetabular sector angles are a set of angles, comprising the anterior acetabular sector angle (AASA), the posterior acetabular sector angle (PASA) and horizontal acetabular sector angle (HASA) and are used on cross-sectional imaging, especially pelvic CT, for the evaluation of acetabular cov...

Acetabular dysplasia

Acetabular dysplasia is referred to as a shallow acetabulum, not being able to provide sufficient coverage for the femoral head and thus leading to instability of the hip joint. Terminology Acetabular dysplasia is a form of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) often referred to in the adol...

Radial height

Radial height (also known as radial length) is the distance between two lines drawn perpendicular to the long axis of the radius on the AP projection from the apex of the radial styloid and level of the ulnar aspect of the articular surface. Usage A normal radial height is within the range 8–...

Knee joint injection (technique)

Knee joint injections under image guidance ensure precise delivery of an injectate into the knee joint. Either fluoroscopy, ultrasound or CT can be used to guide and administer injectates, which may be diagnostic (e.g. anesthetic), "therapeutic" (e.g. anesthetic/steroids, PRP), or for CT or MR a...

Chondromalacia (musculoskeletal)

Chondromalacia or chondrosis is the pathological chronic degeneration of articular hyaline cartilage in the absence of osteoarthritis 1. Some authors 2 discourage the use of chondromalacia because it may be confused with a specific type of cartilage degeneration. Classification modified Outer...

Capitate fracture

Capitate fractures are an uncommon carpal fracture. They rarely occur in isolation and are often associated with greater arc injuries. Epidemiology Capitate fractures account for 1-2% of all carpal fractures 1,2. It is the second most common carpal bone injury in children 1. Pathology Capita...

Trapezoid fracture

Trapezoid fractures are the least common carpal fracture. They typically occur as the result of an axial force through the second metacarpal. Epidemiology They account for ~0.4% of all carpal fractures 1. Radiographic features The trapezoid is in a relatively immobile, and protected locatio...

Anterior chest wall protocol (MRI)

The MRI anterior chest wall protocol encompasses a set of MRI sequences for the routine assessment of the sternoclavicular joints and/or the anterior chest wall. Note: This article aims to frame a general concept of an MRI protocol for the assessment of sternoclavicular joints and/or the anteri...

Finger protocol (MRI)

The MRI finger protocol encompasses a set of MRI sequences for the routine assessment of the finger pathology. Note: This article aims to frame a general concept of an MRI protocol for the assessment of the fingers and or the thumb. Protocol specifics will vary depending on MRI scanner type, sp...

Acquired lipodystrophy

Acquired lipodystrophy is defined by the loss of body fat, insulin resistance and metabolic profile derangement. Subtypes include Barraquer-Simons syndrome, localized lipodystrophy and Lawrence syndrome. Lipodystrophy is illustrated as a complete or partial loss of adipose tissues from the body....

MSK pelvis protocol (MRI)

The MRI pelvis protocol encompasses a set of MRI sequences for the routine assessment of the pelvis. Note: This article aims to frame a general concept of an MRI protocol for the assessment of the pelvis in the setting of suspected musculoskeletal pathology. Protocol specifics will vary dependi...

Subacromial-subdeltoid bursitis

Subacromial-subdeltoid bursitis refers to the inflammation of the subacromial-subdeltoid bursa and is a common cause of shoulder pain. Epidemiology It is quite common and one of the main causes of shoulder pain 1-4. Incidence increases with age. It is frequently seen in people with overhead ac...

Fat metaplasia

Fat metaplasia refers to the replacement or infiltration of subchondral bone and bone marrow with tissue exhibiting fat signal on MRI. Pathology The nature of this tissue histologically is not well-known and does not necessarily correspond to the simple replacement of red marrow by yellow. Ra...

Elbow protocol (MRI)

The MRI elbow protocol encompasses a set of different MRI sequences for the routine assessment of the elbow joint. Note: This article aims to frame a general concept of an MRI protocol for the assessment of the elbow joint. Protocol specifics will vary depending on MRI scanner type, specific h...

Wrist protocol (MRI)

The MRI wrist protocol encompasses a set of MRI sequences for the routine assessment of the wrist joint. Note: This article aims to frame a general concept of an MRI protocol for the assessment of the wrist. Protocol specifics will vary depending on MRI scanner type, specific hardware and softw...

Ankle protocol (MRI)

The MRI ankle protocol encompasses a set of MRI sequences for the routine assessment of the ankle joint. Note: This article aims to frame a general concept of an MRI protocol for the assessment of the ankle. Protocol specifics will vary depending on MRI scanner type, specific hardware and softw...

Intermediate weighted images

An intermediate weighted image is acquired by a sequence with a proton-density like long repetition time and a prolonged echo time usually 35-60 ms 1,2. It combines the ability to depict the detailed anatomy of a proton density-weighted image with the fluid sensitivity of a T2-weighted sequence,...

Hip protocol (MRI)

The MRI hip protocol encompasses a set of different MRI sequences for the routine assessment of the single hip joint. Note: This article aims to frame a general concept of an MRI protocol for the assessment of a single hip joint. Protocol specifics will vary depending on MRI scanner type, speci...

Shoulder protocol (MRI)

The MRI shoulder protocol encompasses a set of different MRI sequences for the routine assessment of the shoulder joint. Note: This article aims to frame a general concept of an MRI protocol for the assessment of the shoulder joint. Protocol specifics will vary depending on MRI scanner type, sp...

Calcaneofibular ligament injury

Calcaneofibular ligament injuries typically occur in conjunction with an anterior talofibular ligament injury within the scope of a lateral ankle sprain and are rarely found isolated. These injuries can comprise either ligament tears, avulsion fractures, or both. Epidemiology The calcaneofibul...

Lateral ankle sprain

Lateral ankle sprains are defined as traumatic injury to the lateral ankle ligament complex due to an inversion injury or plantar flexion and adduction and are one of the most common injuries in sportive as well as recreational activities. Epidemiology Lateral ankle sprains are the most common...

Femur (lateral view)

The lateral femur view is part of a standard series examining the femur in its entirety, including the hip and knee joint. Due to the limitations of the image detector, these projections are often performed in two images per view to ensure inclusion of both knee and hip joints. Indications Thi...

Short plantar ligament

The short plantar ligament or plantar calcaneocuboid ligament is a stabilizer of the calcaneocuboid joint, which forms the lateral part of the midtarsal (Chopart) joint. Gross anatomy The short plantar ligament is cone-shaped, consisting of a deeper and superficial part. It connects the inferi...

Dorsal calcaneocuboid ligament

The dorsal calcaneocuboid ligament is the dorsolateral stabilizer of the calcaneocuboid joint and a stabilizer of the midtarsal (Chopart) joint. Gross anatomy The dorsal calcaneocuboid ligament can arise as single- or multiband-structure lateral of the bifurcate ligament and can merge with the...

Dorsal talonavicular ligament

The dorsal talonavicular ligament is one of the three stabilizers of the talonavicular joint and therefore a stabilizer of the midtarsal (Chopart) joint. Gross anatomy The dorsal talonavicular ligament extends from the mid-talar neck to the navicular bone and merges with the joint capsule medi...

Subcutaneous infrapatellar bursa

The subcutaneous or superficial infrapatellar bursa is one of many bursae surrounding the knee joint and shares the name with its deep counterpart. Gross anatomy It is located in the subcutaneous tissue between the distal patellar tendon insertion at the tibial tuberosity and the overlying ski...

Hypomyopathic dermatomyositis

Hypomyopathic dermatomyositis is a rare systemic autoimmune disorder of the skin with little to no muscle involvement. It makes up <5% of all dermatomyositis diagnoses. Epidemiology The incidence is 2 in 1,000,000 ref and it typically affects women more than man at a 2:1 1. Clinical presenta...

Latissimus dorsi injury

Latissimus dorsi muscle injuries refer to muscle injuries of the latissimus dorsi muscle or tendon and have gained increasing awareness as sports injuries. Epidemiology The injury is fairly uncommon and mainly seen in overhead athletes, e.g. professional baseball pitchers 1. Risk factors ov...

Deep infrapatellar bursa

The deep infrapatellar bursa is one of many bursae surrounding the knee joint and shares the name with its superficial, subcutaneous counterpart. Gross anatomy It is located above the tibial tubercle immediately superior to the distal patellar tendon insertion and posterior to the lower third ...

Medial collateral ligament bursa

The medial collateral ligament bursa is one of the bursae of the knee with the shape of a vertically expanding compartment located between the superficial and deep portions of the medial collateral ligament 1-5. The bursa is usually located at the middle third of the knee, with the anterior marg...

Tibiotalocalcaneal arthrodesis

Tibiotalocalcaneal (TTC) arthrodesis is an orthopedic procedure fusing the tibiotalar and subtalar joints. It is usually performed with an intramedullary nail vertically inserted in a retrograde fashion through the plantar surface of the hindfoot across the subtalar and tibiotalar joints. Indic...

Chondrolabral separation

Chondrolabral separation refers to a form of chondrolabral injury, where the acetabular labrum is separated from the adjacent cartilage at the articular margin. Terminology Chondrolabral separation is referred to as a chondrolabral injury seen in the hip. It can also occur in the shoulder join...

Intramuscular lipoma

Intramuscular lipomas are deep-seated lipomas located within a muscle. Terminology Intramuscular lipomas share the term ‘infiltrating lipoma’ with intermuscular lipomas. Epidemiology Intramuscular lipomas account for about 1% of all lipomas and occur in all age groups with the most occurring...

Intermuscular lipoma

Intermuscular lipomas are lipomas located deep between muscles. Terminology Intermuscular lipomas are sometimes called ‘infiltrating lipomas’ since they can involve both the intramuscular and the tissue between muscles 1. Epidemiology Intermuscular lipomas are much less common than superfici...

Medial collateral ligament injury of the knee

Medial collateral ligament injuries of the knee comprise of strains, partial and complete tears. Medial collateral ligament injuries are one of the most common ligamentous injuries of the knee. Epidemiology Medial collateral ligament injuries are very common in athletes 1-4 and it is likely th...

Scapulothoracic bursitis

Scapulothoracic bursitis (rare plural: scapulothoracic bursitides) is defined by inflammation of the scapulothoracic bursae. Terminology The constellation of symptoms arising from scapulothoracic bursitis is commonly referred to as snapping scapula syndrome 1, although there are other causes o...

Transient osteoporosis

Transient osteoporosis is a self-limited condition characterized by reparative bone remodeling, which can affect all weight-bearing joints, being most common in the femoral head (see transient osteoporosis of the hip). Clinical presentation Typical symptoms are pain with sudden onset in the a...

Greater trochanteric-pelvic impingement

Greater trochanteric-pelvic impingement also known as pelvitrochanteric impingement or trochanteric impingement is an extra-articular or external type of hip impingement 1,2. Epidemiology Greater trochanteric-pelvic impingement seems to be more common in younger people 2. Risk factors Perthe...

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