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4,166 results found

Femoral offset

Femoral offset is a measurement for the characterization of hip morphology. Usage Femoral offset is used for quantitative characterization of hip morphology and is in particular used for preoperative planning of hip endoprosthesis. Restoring femoral offset is considered to be important for the...

Femoral head-neck offset (femoroacetabular impingement)

Femoral head-neck offset is a measurement for the characterization of hip morphology. Usage Femoral head-neck offset is used for quantitative characterization of the femoral head-neck junction, in particular in the setting of suspected femoroacetabular impingement for the detection of cam morp...

ARCO classification of osteonecrosis

The ARCO classification (Association Research Circulation Osseous classification) is one of the staging systems used in the assessment of femoral head osteonecrosis. It was originally created in 1994 and periodically revised. The most recent revision from 2019 2 includes the use of radiographs a...

Ischial spine sign

The ischial spine sign is a radiographic sign on the AP view of the pelvis, for the diagnosis of acetabular retroversion, which poses a form of pincer morphology and predisposes to femoroacetabular impingement. Acetabular retroversion seems to be a result of a rotation of the entire acetabular ...

Musculoskeletal imaging (dual-energy CT)

Dual-energy CT has a number of clinical applications in the assessment of the musculoskeletal system particularly in the realm of artefact reduction and material composition. Detection of bone marrow edema Similar to the concept of using virtual non-contrast imaging, virtual non-calcium images...

Prosthetic hip infections

Prosthetic hip infections are one of the most severe complications of total hip arthroplasties. Epidemiology Prosthetic hip infections complicate around 0.57% of total hip arthroplasties 1. Risk factors Risk factors for prosthetic hip infections can be separated into pre-operative and post-...

Pincer morphology (femoroacetabular impingement)

Pincer morphology refers to an abnormality of the acetabulum, in particular, acetabular overcoverage, which can be focal or global and is one cause of femoroacetabular impingement. Terminology Pincer morphology is also referred to as 'pincer deformity', though according to the Warwick agreeme...

Cam morphology (femoroacetabular impingement)

Cam morphology refers to an abnormal morphology of the femoral head-neck junction interlinked with an osseous asphericity of the femoral head. It is one possible cause of femoroacetabular impingement (FAI). Terminology Cam morphology is also commonly referred to as 'cam deformity', 'cam lesion...

Posterior interosseous nerve syndrome

Posterior interosseous nerve syndrome is a nerve compression neuropathy of the posterior interosseous branch of the radial nerve, which affects the innervation of the forearm extensor compartment. Epidemiology Compressive neuropathies of the forearm are far less common than of the wrist, with ...

Biker's nodule

Biker's nodule refers to a mass in the perineum that occur in cyclists. Epidemiology In keeping with bicycling being a male dominated recreational activity, the pathology is most commonly found in young-middle aged males, more commonly during first 6 to 12 months of taking up the sport. Path...

Iliopsoas bursa

The Iliopsoas bursa, also known as the iliopectinate bursa, is one of the bursae involving the hip. It is the largest bursa around the hip joint. It is located beneath the musculotendinous portion of the iliopsoas muscle, anterior to the hip joint capsule and lateral to the common femoral vessel...

Massive rotator cuff tear

Massive rotator cuff tears are large full-thickness tears usually leading to glenohumeral joint destabilization. Different definitions of a massive rotator cuff tear exist in regard to tear size or the involvement of tendons. Epidemiology They constitute up to 40% of all rotator cuff tears 1,2...

Little league shoulder

Little league shoulder is thought to occur due to overuse damage of the proximal humeral epiphysis/metaphysis, seen typically in young baseball players, especially pitchers. Epidemiology Although it is most commonly seen in baseball players particularly in pitchers, it also presents in adolesc...

Critical zone tear

A critical zone tear refers to a rotator cuff tear in the critical zone of the rotator cuff, described approximately 8-20 mm proximal of the insertion site. Epidemiology Common in adults and older people not so common in children and adolescents 2. Clinical presentation The clinical manifest...

Intrasubstance rotator cuff tear

Intrasubstance rotator cuff tears also known as concealed interstitial delaminations (CID) are concealed partial-thickness rotator cuff tears neither extending to the articular nor the bursal side of the rotator cuff. Epidemiology According to cadaver studies they are the most common form of p...

Articular-sided rotator cuff tear

Articular-sided rotator cuff tears are partial-thickness rotator cuff tears extending from the articular side into the rotator cuff. Epidemiology Articular-sided rotator cuff tears commonly occur in athletes with overhead activity 1. They are more common than bursal-sided tears and most commo...

Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody

Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs) are a heterogenous class of IgG autoantibodies raised against the cellular contents of neutrophils, monocytes and endothelial cells 1. Under indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) microscopy, three ANCA staining patterns are observed, based on the varying...

Palmar radial bursa

The palmar radial bursa (plural: palmar bursae) is one of the bursae in the palmar surface of the hand. It is the smaller bursa, surrounds and communicates with the flexor pollicis longus tendon sheath at the metacarpophalangeal joint and usually extends around 1-2 cm proximal to the proximal ed...

Chondral fissure

Chondral fissures are a type of chondral injury, more accurately cracks, cleavages or crevices of cartilage extending from the articular surface to the deeper chondral layers. They usually develop as a result of high compressive forces 1 and are often found in the patellar or trochlear cartilage...

Carpet lesion

Carpet lesion is a term for focal chondral delamination, where articular cartilage is peeled off the subchondral bone plate as a result of shearing forces. It is a frequent finding on hip arthroscopy and is associated with femoroacetabular impingement 1,2, particularly cam morphology 6. Termino...

Palmar ulna bursa

The palmar ulna bursa is one of the bursae in the palmar surface of the hand. Gross anatomy The palmar ulnar bursa is usually the larger bursa and encases the majority of the flexor tendons. It typically originates at the level of the pronator quadratus muscle and continues distally to approxi...

Stress response

Stress response or stress reaction is the early result of bone failing to withstand a repetitive, cumulative loading force. Terminology Stress response of bone is synonymously used with 'stress reaction' and is an early form of osseous 'stress injury', which also encompasses a stress fracture ...

Tibial torsion

Tibial torsion refers to the rotation or twist along the longitudinal axis of the lower leg or more specifically the tibial bone. Usage Internal tibial torsion is a cause of in-toeing gait a common rotational variant in toddlers, usually resolving spontaneously by the age of 5 years 1. Externa...

Torsion (bone)

Torsion in bone refers to the rotation or contortion along the longitudinal axis of the bone. The long bones, particularly the femur, humerus and tibia are most commonly affected by torsional abnormalities, that can be developmental or post-traumatic or can arise from overuse 1. Torsion is mea...

Groin pain

Groin pain is a symptom manifesting in a wide spectrum of clinical disorders and diseases in athletes and non-athletes. The Doha agreement in 2014 identified and classified groin pain in athletes and defined the following clinical entities 1,2: adductor-related, pubic-related, inguinal-related...

Bone lesion description (mnemonic)

A mnemonic for describing bone lesions (of any type) in a logical order: All Sensible People Must Make Clear/Proper Sense CAMPS Mnemonics All Sensible People Must Make Clear/Proper Sense A: age (maturity of skeleton) S: site (bone name and location within bone) and size P: pattern of dest...

Rhabdomyoma

Rhabdomyomas are rare benign mesenchymal tumors that can be classified as: cardiac rhabdomyoma extracardiac (non-cardiac) rhabdomyoma adult rhabdomyoma fetal rhabdomyoma genital rhabdomyoma

Acetabular retroversion

Acetabular retroversion denotes an abnormal posterior angulation of the superolateral acetabular rim, resulting in excessive coverage of the femoral head and metaphysis along the anterior border 1,2. Epidemiology Acetabular retroversion is a common abnormality affecting 5 to 20% of the genera...

Version

Version is the measure of the rotation of a joint socket along its transverse axis, and is the opposite of torsion, which measures the rotation of a long bone along its longitudinal axis. Abnormal angulation of a joint socket results in early mechanical dysfunction, instability, impingement, and...

Wolff's law

Wolff's law summarizes the dynamic nature of the 3D microarchitecture of bone. Mechanical forces (or the lack of them) dynamically alter the thickness of cortical bone and the thickness and orientation of trabeculae. Lack of sufficient mechanical loading (e.g. bed rest) results in resorption a...

Anterior abdominal wall hernia

Anterior (or ventral) abdominal wall hernias (herniae also used) are a subgroup of abdominal wall herniae that are differentiated by the location of the hernia. epigastric hernia incisional hernia port site hernia interparietal (interstitial) hernia parastomal hernia paraumbilical hernia ...

Groin herniation

Groin hernias (herniae also used) may be congenital or acquired, and represent a large proportion of all abdominal wall hernias. The subtypes based on location are: inguinal hernia direct inguinal hernia indirect inguinal hernia: five times commoner than direct Amyand hernia pantaloon hern...

Cirrhosis (musculoskeletal manifestations)

There are several musculoskeletal complications that can arise in the setting of cirrhosis 1: stigmata of portal hypertension, mainly abdominal wall varices hemorrhagic complications due to coagulopathy: spontaneous rectus hematoma postparacentesis abdominal wall bleeding infective complica...

Transverse tibiofibular ligament

The transverse tibiofibular ligament is part of the tibiofibular syndesmosis. Gross anatomy The transverse ligament is a thick round ligament, which takes a horizontal course between the posterior tibia and the edge of the lateral malleolar fossa distal to the posterior tibiofibular ligament a...

Posterior inferior tibiofibular ligament

The distal posterior inferior tibiofibular ligament (PITFL) is a strong ligament of the tibiofibular syndesmosis. Gross anatomy The posterior tibiofibular ligament is formed of multiple collagen bundles with interposed fatty tissue and courses obliquely downward from the posterior distal tibia...

Pyogenic granuloma

A pyogenic granuloma, also known as lobular capillary hemangioma, is a common lesion found arising from the skin and mucous membranes. Sometimes it may be difficult to differentiate them from malignancy, clinically or on imaging. Terminology Despite its name, a pyogenic granuloma is not a tru...

Musculoskeletal arteriovenous malformations

Musculoskeletal arteriovenous malformations (AVM) are typically congenital, growing with age and may not manifest until adolescence or adulthood. Spinal AVMs are discussed separately. Rarely they can be acquired e.g. post traumatic vascular malformation. Clinical presentation Patients can pr...

Proximal row carpectomy

Proximal row carpectomy (PRC) is a surgical technique used in some patients with advanced degenerative change in the wrist. The proximal row of carpal bones are excised, converting the wrist joint into a simple hinge-type radiocarpal articulation. The procedure reduces pain from the joint while ...

Tibiotalar spurs

Tibiotalar spurs are bony proliferations of the anterior tibial plafond and the anterior talus. Epidemiology Tibiotalar spurs are very common in professional athletes 1. Clinical presentation They can be found in asymptomatic individuals or in patients who present with anterior ankle pain. ...

Paratenonitis

Paratenonitis describes the inflammation of the paratenon, a membrane-like structure in tendons without synovial sheath 1,2. Terminology Paratenonitis has sometimes also been referred to as "peritendinitis" 2 or "paratendonitis" 3. Epidemiology Paratenonitis is common but the frequency depen...

Anterolateral recess of the ankle joint

The anterolateral recess of the ankle joint also known as the anterolateral gutter is a triangular or pyramidal formed topographical space of the anterolateral aspect of the ankle 1-4. Gross anatomy The space may contain joint fluid in asymptomatic individuals and is defined by the following a...

Anterolateral ankle impingement

Anterolateral ankle impingement is one of the impingement syndromes of the ankle and can occur as a posttraumatic sequel of an inversion injury 1-6. Terminology Anterolateral ankle impingement has been known under the term anterolateral 'meniscoid lesion', which is the result of synovitis in t...

Anteromedial impingement of the ankle

Anteromedial impingement of the ankle is one of the ankle impingement syndromes and can occur as a late effect of a traumatic injury 1-3. Epidemiology It is one of the less common ankle impingement syndromes 2. It can occur as a result of a previous plantar flexion and inversion injury and can...

Posteromedial ankle impingement

Posteromedial ankle impingement is one of the impingement syndromes of the ankle. It usually follows an injury of the deltoid ligament 1-4. Epidemiology It is one of the less common ankle impingement syndromes 2. It is associated with a previous ankle sprain and deltoid ligament injury 1-3. C...

Venous lake (disambiguation)

The term venous lakes may refer to: cutaneous venous lakes, often occurring on the lower lip 1 osseous venous lakes occurring in the skull 2 placental (venous) lakes 3

MRI of the wrist (an approach)

MRI of the wrist is a fairly frequent examination in musculoskeletal radiology practice and not quite as common in general radiological practice. This approach is an example of how to create a radiological report of an MRI of the wrist with coverage of the most common anatomical sites of possibl...

Hallux sesamoid fracture

Hallux sesamoid fractures are the commonest foot sesamoid fractures, with the medial sesamoid fractured more frequently than the lateral one 1. These hallucal sesamoids are also vulnerable to weight-bearing stress injury 2. Radiographic features A sharp fracture line is seen separating irregul...

MRI of the ankle (an approach)

MRI of the ankle is one of the more frequent examinations faced in daily radiological practice. This approach is an example of how to create a radiological report of an MRI of the ankle with coverage of the most common anatomical sites of possible pathology, within the ankle without claim for co...

Coracoacromial arch

Coracoacromial arch is a term for different bony and ligamentous structures, which form the superior border supraspinatus outlet 1-4. Gross anatomy It comprises the following anatomical structures from anterior to posterior 1: coracoid process coracoacromial ligament acromioclavicular joint...

T sign (elbow MRI)

The T sign is seen on a coronal T2 or fat-saturated intermediate-weighted MRI of the elbow. It refers to the interposition of joint fluid between the ulnar insertion of the ulnar collateral ligament and the sublime tubercle and indicates a partial undersurface tear of the distal anterior bundle ...

MRI of the elbow (an approach)

MRI of the elbow is a fairly frequent examination in musculoskeletal radiology practice and not quite as common in general radiological practice. This approach is an example of how to create a radiological report of an elbow MRI with coverage of the most common anatomical sites of possible patho...

MRI of the shoulder (an approach)

MRI of the shoulder is one of the more frequent examinations faced in daily radiological practice. This approach is an example of how to create a radiological report of an MRI shoulder with coverage of the most common anatomical sites of possible pathology. Systematic review A systematic revie...

MRI of the knee (an approach)

Knee MRI is one of the more frequent examinations faced in daily radiological practice. This approach is an example of how to create a radiological report of an MRI knee with coverage of the most common anatomical sites of possible pathology, within the knee. Systematic review A systematic rev...

Toes (lateral view)

The lateral toe projection is part of the three view series examining the phalanges of any specified toe(s), and distal half of the associated metatarsals. Indications This view evaluates all phalanges of a specified toe(s) for any fractures or dislocation, allowing the establishment of dorsal...

Genu valgum

Genu valgum (layperson term: knock-knee) denotes the valgus deformity of the knee, where the lower leg is bending outwards in relation to the axis of the femur. Pathology Etiology Systemic conditions (e.g vitamin D deficiency) most commonly result in bilateral, whilst focal lesions (e.g. phys...

Genu varum

Genu varum (bow legs) denotes the varus angular deformity of the knee joint, where the leg is bowing outwards at the knee, while the lower leg is angled medially. Pathology Genu varum is physiologic in neonates and infants and reaches its peak between 6 to 12 months. During normal growth the t...

Meniscotibial ligaments

The meniscotibial ligaments, also known as coronary ligaments, attach the knee menisci to the tibial plateau 1-6 and have a role in rotatory knee stability and anterior tibial translation 7-10. Gross anatomy The meniscotibial ligaments attach the menisci to the tibial condyles at various locat...

Prostaglandin-induced cortical hyperostosis in infants with cyanotic congenital heart disease

Prostaglandin-induced cortical hyperostosis in infants is a well-known side-effect from the treatment of cyanotic congenital heart diseases. Prostaglandin-E1 (injectable form), and prostaglandin-E2 (oral form) are E-type prostaglandins (PGE), that are commonly used in newborns with cyanotic cong...

Elbow radiograph (checklist)

The elbow radiograph checklist is just one of the many pathology checklists that can be used when reporting to ensure that you always actively exclude pathology that is commonly missed; this is particularly helpful in the examination setting, e.g. the FRCR 2B rapid-reporting. Radiograph Elbow ...

Soap bubble appearance (differential diagnosis)

Soap bubble appearance describes a multi-loculated bubbly appearance of lesion or structure. A soap bubble appearance of a bone lesion refers to: an expansile lytic lesion with internal trabeculations and preserved cortex, usually of benign nature but may be used to describe more aggressive ...

Patellotrochlear index

Patellotrochlear index is one of the methods to determine patellar height. Measurement Patellotrochlear index is measured on a sagittal MR image with the maximal patellar cartilage thickness and the maximal craniocaudal diameter of the patella. Two measurements are made: A: the length of th...

Tanner-Whitehouse method

The Tanner-Whitehouse (TW) method is a way of assessing the bone age of children. There are several variations of this method, but all use a DP radiograph of the left hand and wrist to assess the relative maturity of the bones of the patient. The TW2 (Tanner-Whitehouse 2) methods 1: RUS (radiu...

Tuberculous osteomyelitis

Tuberculous osteomyelitis is one of the rarer musculoskeletal manifestations of tuberculosis. Epidemiology Tuberculous osteomyelitis accounts for ~20% of musculoskeletal tuberculosis 5. Clinical presentation Patients may present with a painful "cold abscess" with a localized mass/swelling +/...

Medial condyle trochlear offset

Medial condyle trochlear offset (MCTO) is a measurement to assess the height of the medial trochlear facet with respect to the trochlear groove 1. Usage Medial condyle trochlear offset has been described for the assessment of trochlear dysplasia in skeletally immature patients 1. It measures a...

Ventral trochlear prominence

Ventral trochlear prominence (VTP) describes and measures the bony surplus in the anterior femoral surface at the most superior or proximal aspect of the trochlea. Usage Ventral trochlear prominence is used for the assessment of trochlear dysplasia, a risk factor for patellofemoral instability...

Trochlear facet asymmetry

Trochlear facet asymmetry (FA) refers to the condition of the medial facet being abnormally small if compared to the lateral facet in trochlear dysplasia 1. Usage Facet asymmetry is also used as a measurement in magnet resonance imaging for trochlear dysplasia to make it more objective 1-3, th...

Trochlear depth

Trochlear depth (TD) measures the depth of the trochlear groove in relation to the femoral condyles. Usage Trochlear depth is used for the assessment of trochlear dysplasia, a dysplastic deformity of the femoral head, which is a known risk factor for patellofemoral instability 1-6. A review o...

Lateral trochlear inclination

Lateral trochlear inclination (LTI) is the inclination angle between the femoral trochlea and a posterior condylar tangential line 1. Usage The lateral trochlear inclination angle is used in the assessment of trochlear dysplasia, a dysplastic deformity of the distal femur, which is a known ris...

Letter joints

The letter joints are those articulations that are commonly known by their initialisms, these are: ACJ: acromioclavicular joint SIJ: sacroiliac joint TMJ: temporomandibular joint This sobriquet was coined by Clyde Helms, an American musculoskeletal radiologist 1. The letter joints together w...

de Carvalho index (knee)

The de Carvalho index is used to measure patellar height and identify patella alta. Similar to the Caton-Deschamps index, it relies upon the length of the patellar articular surface and its distance from the tibia, reducing erroneous measurements in those with long patella bodies, as measured in...

FABER test

The FABER (Flexion, ABduction and External Rotation) test and also sometimes called the Patrick test) is a diagnostic test for pathology of the hip joint or sacroiliac joint. It is done by having the leg flexed and thigh abducted and externally rotated with the patient lying supine. The knee a...

Bare area (disambiguation)

Bare area is a term that may apply to: bare area of the liver bare area of the spleen glenoid bare area bare area of a joint where synovium is in direct contact with bone, the site of marginal joint erosion in some inflammatory arthritides

Myxoid soft tissue tumors

Myxoid soft tissue tumors are diversified group tumors of mesenchymal origin with a mucoid or myxoid extracellular matrix, which can be benign or malignant 1-3. Epidemiology Incidence depends entirely on the specific tumor with intramuscular myxoma being the most common 2,3 from the benign les...

Wrist radiograph (checklist)

The wrist radiograph checklist is just one of the many pathology checklists that can be used when reporting to ensure that you always actively exclude pathology that is commonly missed; this is particularly helpful in the examination setting, e.g. the FRCR 2B rapid-reporting. Radiograph Wrist ...

Hand radiograph (checklist)

The hand radiograph checklist is just one of the many pathology checklists that can be used when reporting to ensure that you always actively exclude pathology that is commonly missed; this is particularly helpful in the examination setting, e.g. the FRCR 2B rapid-reporting. Radiograph Hand ra...

Ankle (stress view)

The AP stress view of the ankle is a highly specialized view used to assess the integrity of the syndesmosis and deltoid ligament. It can be performed one of two ways, with gravity or via manual external rotation. Indications In intermediate ankle injuries that have no syndesmotic widening on...

Metatarsus primus varus

Metatarsus primus varus is the medial angulation of the first metatarsal and has been associated with hallux valgus 1,2. It is characterized by an intermetatarsal angle >9˚ 3.

Lumbar spine radiograph (checklist)

The lumbar spine checklist is just one of the many pathology checklists that can be used when reporting to ensure that you always actively exclude pathology that is commonly missed; this is particularly helpful in the examination setting, e.g. the FRCR 2B rapid-reporting. Radiograph The lumbar...

Subchondral fracture

A subchondral fracture is a fracture of the trabecular cancellous bone just beneath the subchondral bone plate without disruption of the articular surface 1. Epidemiology Subchondral insufficiency fractures are more common in elderly women 1,4,6. Subchondral fractures due to trauma can occur a...

Thoracic spine radiograph (checklist)

The thoracic spine checklist is just one of the many pathology checklists that can be used when reporting to ensure that you always actively exclude pathology that is commonly missed; this is particularly helpful in the examination setting, e.g. the FRCR 2B rapid-reporting. Radiograph These ra...

Cervical spine radiograph (checklist)

The cervical spine checklist is just one of the many pathology checklists that can be used when reporting to ensure that you always actively exclude pathology that is commonly missed; this is particularly helpful in the examination setting, e.g. the FRCR 2B rapid-reporting. Radiograph Although...

Medial clear space (ankle)

The medial clear space is a radiographic measurement that may be useful in the diagnosis of ankle instability, syndesmotic injuries and ankle fractures 5. Usage The medial clear space is used in the prediction of deltoid ligament injury 1 and in conjunction with the tibiofibular clear space th...

Tibiofibular overlap

The tibiofibular overlap (TFO) is the overlapping area between the anterior distal tibial prominence and the medial edge of the distal fibula 1-3. Usage Together with the tibiofibular clear space (TFCS) and the medial clear space, the tibiofibular overlap space has been used in the diagnosis a...

Tibiofibular clear space

The tibiofibular clear space is a radiographic measure and defined as the space between the groove of the distal tibial prominence and the medial margin of the distal fibula 1-3. Usage Together with the tibiofibular overlap and the medial clear space, the tibiofibular clear space has been used...

Shoulder radiograph (checklist)

The shoulder radiograph checklist is just one of the many pathology checklists that can be used when reporting to ensure that you always actively exclude pathology that is commonly missed; this is particularly helpful in the examination setting, e.g. the FRCR 2B rapid-reporting. Radiograph Sho...

Distal femoral fracture

Distal femoral fractures involve the femoral condyles and the metaphyseal region and are often the result of high energy trauma such as motor vehicle accidents or a fall from a height. In the elderly, they may occur as a domestic accident 1-3. ICD-11 NC72.6Z Epidemiology They are quite rare a...

Cat-scratch disease

Cat-scratch disease, a manifestation of bartonellosis, is a zoonotic bacterial infection caused by the Bartonella henselae microorganism. It is typically caused by a scratch of a cat. Clinical presentation The disease has a varying clinical picture ranging between localized lymphadenitis and ...

Phosphaturic mesenchymal tumor

Phosphaturic mesenchymal tumors are the cause of the vast majority of cases of tumor-induced (oncogenic) osteomalacia due to the production of fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23). Epidemiology These tumors are extremely rare, with fewer than 500 cases reported in the literature 1. Most occur ...

First metatarsophalangeal angle

The first metatarsophalangeal angle, also known as hallux valgus angle (HVA) or hallux abductus angle, is a measurement used to assess the presence and severity of the alignment of the first metatarsophalangeal joint on a weight-bearing dorsoplantar radiograph of the foot. Measurement The angl...

Pelvic brim sign

The pelvic brim sign is seen in the AP view of the pelvis and refers to a thickening of the pelvic brim outlined by the iliopectineal line. It is due to an osteoblastic reaction seen and first described in Paget disease, which leads to cortical thickening and sclerosis 1.

Foot radiograph (checklist)

The foot radiograph checklist is just one of the many pathology checklists that can be used when reporting to ensure that you always actively exclude pathology that is commonly missed; this is particularly helpful in the examination setting, e.g. the FRCR 2B rapid-reporting. Radiograph Foot ra...

Cancellous bone

Cancellous, trabecular or spongy bone is one of the two macroscopic forms of bone, the other being cortical bone, and comprises 20% of skeletal mass. Gross anatomy Cancellous bone is located in the medullary cavity of bone, in particular tubular and short bones, and consists of dense trabecul...

Skull vault osteoma

Skull vault osteomas are benign primary bone tumors that are commonly incidentally discovered. They are less common than paranasal sinus or mandibular osteomas. Clinical presentation Skull vault osteomas are typically asymptomatic but may present as painless, slow-growing masses or with compr...

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