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Intrauterine gas

The presence of intrauterine gas (a.k.a. pneumouterus) can sometimes be inferred by tiny hyperreflective foci, with dirty reverberation shadows on ultrasound, foci of very low attenuation at computed tomography (CT) or signal voids with susceptibility artifact in MRI. The term encompasses air wi...

Lowe syndrome

Lowe syndrome, also known as the oculocerebrorenal syndrome of Lowe, is a multisystem disorder characterized by anomalies primarily affecting the eyes, nervous system, and kidneys. Epidemiology It is an extremely rare, pan-ethnic disease, with an estimated prevalence in the general population ...

Subchorionic cyst

Subchorionic cysts are often considered a subtype of placental surface cyst (commonest type). They are often multiple and may be present in ~5-7% of term placentas 2. Occasionally they can compress chorionic or amniotic vessels leading to adverse fetal outcome.

Placental surface cyst

Placental surface cysts are often related to cystic change in an area of subchorionic fibrin. They can be variable in size. Pathology Subtypes subchorionic cyst: commonest type 2 amniotic epithelial inclusion cyst Treatment and prognosis Most placental surface cysts are associat...

Hypocoiled umbilical cord

A hypocoiled umbilical cord is an umbilical cord with less than normal coiling. This is normally estimated by a low umbilical cord coiling index (usually less than 0.2 2). Associations single umbilical artery abnormal cord insertion(s) See also non coiled umbilical cord

Hydropic degeneration of the placenta

Hydropic degeneration of the placenta is a phenomenon where numerous cystic spaces are formed within the placenta which is often accompanied by placental enlargement. It can occur in a number of situations which include simple hydropic degeneration in 1st trimester pregnancy loss - fetal demise...

Placental trophotropism

Placental trophotropism refers to a phenomenon where there is a dynamic migration of the placenta at its insertion through gestation. The placenta tends to grow in areas of good blood supply and nutrition and atrophies in areas with poor blood supply and poor nutrition. It may play a role in the...

Shortened fetal long bones

Shortened fetal long bones (SFLB) can involve either the upper limb and/or the lower limb. It is a broad descriptive entity which can include short fetal femur short fetal humerus short fetal tibia-fibula short fetal radius - ulna Pathology Associations the presence of shorted fetal long ...

Atelosteogenesis

Atelosteogenesis refers to a heterogeneous group of lethal skeletal dysplasias that are characterized by aplasia/hypoplasia of the humeri, femora and spine. Pathology Subtypes atelosteogenesis type I (boomerang dysplasia) atelosteogenesis type II atelosteogenesis type III 4

Aarskog syndrome

Aarskog syndrome or Aarskog–Scott syndrome (also known as the facio-digito-genital syndrome) is a rare anomaly characterized by short stature in association with a variety of structural anomalies involving mainly the face, distal extremities, and external genitalia. Epidemiology Population pre...

Aase-Smith syndrome

Aase-Smith syndrome (or Aase syndrome) is an extremely rare congenital disorder characterized by anemia and skeletal deformity. Epidemiology Aase-Smith syndrome has a prevalence of less than 1 per 1,000,000 persons. There have only been 20 reported cases. Clinical presentation congenital hyp...

Lethal skeletal dysplasias

Lethal skeletal dysplasias form a heterogeneous group that is commonly characterized as being non-survivable for prolonged periods ex-utero. They include (in alphabetical order): achondrogenesis atelosteogenesis campomelic dysplasia chondrodysplasia punctata: lethal variants ...

Isolated cleft palate

An isolated cleft palate is a type of facial cleft. This is a much rarer occurrence than a cleft lip +/- palate and is thought to represent a different pathological entity. Epidemiology The estimated incidence is at ~1 per 2000-2500 pregnancies 4-5. There may be a slight female predilection 4....

Fetal pole

The fetal pole is the first direct imaging manifestation of the fetus and is seen as a thickening on the margin of the yolk sac during early pregnancy. It is often used synonymously with the term "embryo". The fetal pole is usually identified at ~6.5 weeks with transabdominal ultrasound imaging...

Congenital renal anomalies

Congenital renal anomalies comprise of vast spectrum of pathologies and include: renal agenesis renal dysgenesis congenital renal hypoplasia congenital megacalyectasis congenital cystic renal disease infantile polycystic renal disease: autosomal recessive polycystic ki...

Fetal anasarca

Fetal anasarca refers to generalized fetal body edema and usually occurs as a component of hydrops fetalis. The fetal subcutaneous tissues appear diffusely thickened often to more than 5 mm. Pathology It occurs from a fluid shift from the intravascular compartment into the interstitial extrav...

Umbilical cord thrombosis

Umbilical cord thrombosis is a potentially fatal complication and can mean either a thrombosis of the umbilical vein or either or both the umbilical arteries. Umbilical vein thrombosis occurs more frequently than thrombosis of one or both umbilical arteries (umbilical arterial thrombosis) 8. Ep...

Complete placenta previa

A complete placenta previa, also known as a type IV placenta previa, is the most severe in terms of the placenta previa spectrum. It is also the least likely to resolve with advancing gestation if detected in early pregnancy 1,3. Pathology In this situation, the placenta entirely covers the in...

Two diameter pocket method

The two diameter pocket (TDP) method is an alternative method of assessing amniotic fluid volumes on ultrasound. However, it is not thought to be a good predictor of adverse neonatal outcome 2. Sonographic assessment According to this method 1,2: TDP <15 cm2: indicative of oligohydramnios TD...

Irregular yolk sac

An irregular yolk sac or an abnormally shaped yolk sac is an imaging feature that can be observed in early pregnancy scanning. It may be seen in up to 17% of early pregnancy scans 1. In contrast to an irregular gestational sac, the observation of an irregular yolk sac in not thought to correlate...

Irregular gestational sac

An irregular gestational sac as the name suggests is a gestational sac which does not have the well defined, regular borders of a normal gestational sac. It is an imaging feature related to a non-viable pregnancy. See also irregular yolk sac anembryonic pregnancy

Decidual cast

Decidual cast refers to the presence of an amount of relatively echogenic material in the uterine cavity in the context of an ectopic pregnancy.

Crouzon syndrome

Crouzon syndrome, also known as craniofacial dysotosis, is rare disorder characterized by premature craniosynostoses. Pathology Features include: abnormal calvarial shape: in severe case can give a "cloverleaf skull" shallow orbits with exophthalmos mid facial hypoplasia bifid uvula Gen...

Enlarged echogenic fetal kidneys

Enlarged echogenic fetal kidneys can be associated with a number of pathologies that include: autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) 1 autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) 3: the large cysts may not form in utero and the kidneys may initially appear as enlarged a...

Miller-Dieker syndrome

Miller-Dieker syndrome (MDS) is a rare chromosomal anomaly and is one of the conditions considered part of lissencephaly type I (classic) 6. It is the form of lissencephaly that is most recognizable on prenatal imaging due to its severity 5. Clinical presentation Features include: CNS neuro...

Deepest vertical pocket method

The deepest (maximal) vertical pocket (DVP) depth is considered a reliable method for assessing amniotic fluid volume on ultrasound 1,2. It is performed by assessing a pocket of a maximal depth of amniotic fluid which is free of an umbilical cord and fetal parts. The usually accepted values are...

Complete hydatidiform mole

A complete hydatidiform mole (CHM) is a type of molar pregnancy and falls at the benign end of the spectrum of gestational trophoblastic disease. Epidemiology A complete hydatidiform mole is the commonest type of gestational trophoblastic disease. Pathology Complete moles are characterized ...

Fetal fibronectin test

The fetal fibronectin test (fFN) is a test that can be perfomed on a vaginal swab to estimate the risk of preterm labor. Pathology fFN is found at the interface of the chorion and the decidua (between the fetal sack and the uterine lining). It can be thought of as an adhesive or "biological gl...

Fetal intra-abdominal cysts (differential)

Fetal intra-abdominal cystic lesions can arise from a number of physiological and pathological causes. Physiological fetal gastric dilatation / fetal gastric bubble (can be pathological if there is a gastric outlet obstruction normal fetal gallbladder Pathological No color flow fetal chole...

Brachycephaly

Brachycephaly refers to a calvarial shape where the bi-parietal diameter to fronto-occipital diameter approaches the 95th percentile. It can result from a craniosynostosis involving the coronal and lambdoid sutures. Pathology Associations Brachycephaly can be associated with numerous syndrome...

Echogenic amniotic fluid

Echogenic amniotic fluid is an uncommon finding on obstetric ultrasound. Epidemiology Echogenic amniotic fluid is reported to occur in ~4% of first and second-trimester ultrasound examinations 5. Pathology Etiology Echogenic amniotic fluid can be seen in normal pregnancies 2,5 but can also...

Omphalomesenteric duct cyst

An omphalomesenteric duct cyst is a type of true umbilical cord cyst. Pathology The omphalomesenteric duct serves as a communication between the midgut and yolk sac of an embryo. It usually obliterates between the 9th to 18th week of gestation. The omphalomesenteric duct cyst is an embryolog...

AIDS embryopathy

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) embryopathy is characterized by a group of dysmorphic features, which manifests either before or after birth in offsprings of women who are infected by HIV virus. The diagnosis, however, is in disfavour according to some authors 2. Pathology Transplace...

Allantoic cyst

Allantoic cysts are a type of true cyst of the umbilical cord. Pathology The allantois forms from the part of the fetal yolk sac that eventually becomes the primitive hindgut (the cloaca). The cloaca divides into the hindgut posteriorly and the urogenital sinus anteriorly. The allantois remain...

Habitual miscarriage

A habitual miscarriage is the term given when a woman has had more than three miscarriages and it affects approximately 1-2% of women. Pathology Many causes are identified. congenital uterine Mullerian duct anomalies acquired uterine causes leiomyoma uterine adhesion bands cervical incom...

Complete miscarriage

A complete miscarriage is defined as a cessation of vaginal bleeding with no evidence of retained products of conception or a gestation sac in a woman who previously had an ultrasound confirmed intrauterine pregnancy. Radiographic features Ultrasound Shows an empty uterus with no fetal compon...

Dandy-Walker variant

Dandy-Walker variant (DWv) is a less severe posterior fossa anomaly than the classic Dandy-Walker malformation (DWM), characterized as partial vermian hypoplasia with partial obstruction to the fourth ventricle. It is considered on the lesser end of the disease spectrum in the Dandy-Walker conti...

Chorionic villus sampling

Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) is an antenatal procedure for prenatal diagnosis of chromosomal or genetic disorders in the fetus. It entails getting a sample of the chorionic villus (placental tissue) and testing it. A transabdominal or transcervical approach is selected depending on the posit...

Amniocentesis

Amniocentesis, also known as amniotic fluid testing or AFT, is a diagnostic or therapeutic medical procedure primarily used in prenatal diagnosis of chromosomal abnormalities and fetal infections. A small amount of amniotic fluid (15-20 ml), which contains fetal tissue, is extracted from the am...

Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome

Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome (WHS) is an extremely rare chromosomal anomaly characterized by partial deletion of the p arm of chromosome 4 (4p16.3). Clinical presentation There is a large clinical spectrum: CNS agenesis of the corpus callosum hypertelorism coloboma seizures 4 craniofacial c...

Fetal nuchal edema

Fetal nuchal edema is a term describing a swollen fetal neck region. It can be thought of as a less severe form of a cystic hygroma. Pathology It can arise from diverse causes including: chromosomal anomalies trisomies congenital cardiovascular anomalies fetal pulmonary defects skelet...

Narrow fetal thorax

A narrow fetal thorax on antenatal ultrasound can be present with a number of anomalies which include: achondrogenesis campomelic dysplasia homozygous achondroplasia Jarcho-Levin syndrome Jeune syndrome - asphyxiating thoracic dysplasia Russell-Silver dwarfism short rib polydactyly syndro...

Diastrophic dysplasia

Diastrophic dysplasia (DTD) is a type of short limb skeletal dysplasia (micromelic dwarfism). Adult patients have a stature between 100 and 140 cm. Epidemiology There may be a relatively increased prevalence in Finland ref. Clinical features Typically there is limb shortening, hitchhiker thu...

Russell-Silver dwarfism

Russell-Silver dwarfism is a very rare syndrome representing a form of primordial dwarfism. Epidemiology Associations single umbilical artery Clinical presentation intrauterine growth restriction: tends to give an asymmetrical IUGR postnatal growth restriction relatively large calvarium: ...

Hematometrocolpos

Hematometrocolpos refers to a blood-filled distended uterus and vagina usually due to an anatomical mechanical obstruction precluding the evacuation of the menstrual blood. Epidemiology The estimated incidence in teenagers is at ~1 in 1000-2000 5. Associations Müllerian duct anomalies: uter...

Thrombocytopenia with absent radius syndrome

Thrombocytopenia with absent radius (TAR) syndrome is primarily characterized by the following two features: fetal thrombocytopenia absent fetal radii (bilaterally) with the presence of both thumbs Epidemiology The condition is extremely rare with an estimated incidence of 0.4 per 100,000 bi...

Hydrolethalus syndrome

Hydrolethalus syndrome is a rare lethal genetic syndrome characterized by multiple developmental defects of the fetus which include: midline malformations cleft lip + / - palate CNS malformations fetal hydrocephalus agenesis of the corpus callosum Dandy-Walker malformation absent midline ...

Oral-facial-digital syndromes

Oral-facial-digital syndromes (OFDS) are a group of rare genetic developmental disorder that affects the mouth, face, digits and also may cause some problems on the central nervous, kidney and the other organs. Classification Some publications have classified at least 13 forms of OFDS based on...

Walker-Warburg syndrome

Walker-Warburg syndrome (WWS), sometimes known as HARDE syndrome, is an extremely rare lethal form of congenital muscular dystrophy. It is primarily characterized by: fetal hydrocephalus: almost always present neuronal migrational anomalies: agyria (cobblestone lissencephaly / lissencephaly ty...

In utero syphilis infection

In utero syphilis infection, or congenital syphilis, results from transplacental transmission of the maternal infection from the spirochete Treponema pallidum, subspecies pallidum. For a general discussion, and for links to other system specific manifestations, please refer to the article on s...

Chorioamnionitis

Chorioamnionitis refers to infection of the chorion and amnion during pregnancy. Epidemiology Chorioamnionitis affects an estimated 2-4% of term deliveries and 40-70% of preterm deliveries 1. Clinical presentation Clinically, chorioamnionitis can present with the following maternal signs and...

Monochorionic twin pregnancy

A monochorionic twin pregnancy is a type of monozygotic twin pregnancy where the twins share a single chorion. Depending on the sharing of the amnion this can be divided into two types. monochorionic monoamniotic (MCMA) pregnancy: single amnion monochorionic diamniotic (MCDA) pregnancy: two am...

Nager syndrome

The Nager syndrome (also known as acrofacial dysostosis) is a rare congenital syndrome primarily characterized by facial and skeletal features Clinical presentation Recognized features include: facial: antimongoloid slant lower lid ptosis microtia micrognathia mandibular hypoplasia hear...

Abnormally low sac position

An abnormally low sac position can result from several possibilities which include impending/ongoing miscarriage cervical ectopic pregnancy Cesarean scar ectopic pregnancy fundal fibroid or other mass compressing the sac downward

Chromosomal anomalies

There are a large number of recognized chromosomal anomalies (many with eponyms). When there is a change in the absolute number of chromosomes these are subgrouped as aneuploidic anomalies. They can cause a variable degree of disability with outcomes ranging from no effect (in some balanced tra...

McKusick Kaufman syndrome

McKusick Kaufman syndrome (MKS) is an autosomal recessive multiple malformation syndrome primarily characterized by hydrometrocolpos - vaginal atresia post-axial polydactyly congenital heart disease

Monozygotic twin pregnancy

A monozygotic (MZ) twin pregnancy results from the division of single zygote following fertilisation and shares similar genetic materials. These twins are therefore always of the same gender. Epidemiology Monozygotic twins account for approximately 30% of all twin pregnancies 1. The estimated ...

Fetal premature atrial contractions

Fetal premature atrial contractions are a type of extrasystoles that can be occasionally detected in fetal heart monitoring. They along with fetal premature ventricular contractions (PVC's) account for the majority of in utero rhythm disturbances. Terminology Premature atrial contractions may ...

MURCS association

MURCS association refers to the combination of: MU: Müllerian duct aplasia R: renal aplasia /renal agenesis CS: cervicothoracic somite dysplasia See also Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome

Larsen syndrome

Larsen syndrome (LS) is an extremely rare disorder, often classified as a type of osteochondrodysplasia. Epidemiology The estimated incidence is thought to be at ~ 1 in 100,000 people. There may be an increased female predilection. Clinical presentation It is characterized by many features i...

Microcephaly

Microcephaly (plural: microcephalies) is a descriptive term meaning a small head associated with numerous disorders of diverse etiology. It is usually associated with microencephaly (plural: microencephalies) (small brain). For the purpose of this article, the two terms will be used interchangea...

Fetal complete atrioventricular block

Fetal congenital complete heart block (CAVB) is a rare cardiac conduction abnormality that is associated with high morbidity and mortality. It is considered the commonest of fetal bradyarrhymias. Epidemiology The estimated prevalence of complete heart block in newborns is at ~1 in 20,000. Pat...

Epiphyseal ossification centers on fetal ultrasound

Identification of fetal skeletal epiphyseal ossification centers on ultrsound can be a useful tool for estimating gestaional age, particularly at a time near fetal lung maturity. Specifically the distal femoral epipyses (DFE) and the proximal tibial epiphyses (PTE) can be used. distal femora...

Umbilical cord knot

Umbilical cord knot is a term given to denote either true umbilical cord knot: often the term "umbilical cord knot" is used to describe this entity 1 or false umbilical cord knot: usually of no clinical significance See also umbilical cord entanglement

Fetal anemia

Fetal anemia is a characterized by inadequate erythrocytes being delivered to the fetus and can result from many causes. Pathology Etiology hemolytic disease of the newborn fetomaternal ABO incompatibility fetomaternal rhesus (Rh) incompatibility fetal infections fetal parvovirus B19 infe...

Umbilical cord entanglement

Umbilical cord entanglement is a feature which can mean either one or more loops of the umbilical cord encircling any part of the fetal body or two umbilical cords becoming entangled with each other 3. In the latter situation, it is a classical feature of a monochorionic-monoamniotic twin pregna...

Chiari III malformation

Chiari III malformation is an extremely rare anomaly characterized by a low occipital and high cervical encephalocele with herniation of posterior fossa contents, that is, the cerebellum and/or the brainstem, occipital lobe, and fourth ventricle. Pathology Associations agenesis of the corpus...

Dizygotic twin pregnancy

A dizygotic (DZ) twin pregnancy is a type of twin pregnancy where two separate ova are independently fertilised by two separate sperm resulting the two separate zygotes. These twins are also known as fraternal twins or non-identical twins. They may or may not be of the same gender. Epidemiolog...

Premature rupture of membranes

Premature rupture of membranes (PROM) refers to a rupture of the amniotic sac and chorion (membranes) occurring prior to the onset of uterine contractions. When this occurs prior to 37 weeks it is then termed a pre term premature rupture of membranes (PPROM). By this definition, PROM is classifi...

Post dates fetus

Post dates fetus or post-term pregnancy is when the gestation has extended 2 weeks beyond the expected date of delivery (>42 weeks gestation). Epidemiology The reported prevalence is 7 % of pregnancies 3. Pathology The etiology of post-term pregnancy is still unknown. Research has shown th...

Amniotic fluid volume

Amniotic fluid volume (AFV) is a function both of the amount of water transferred to the gestation across the placental membrane, and the flux of water across the amnion. Physiology Change in volume through gestation The AFV undergoes characteristic changes with gestation. It progressively ri...

Dichorionic diamniotic twin pregnancy

A dichorionic diamniotic (DCDA) twin pregnancy is a type of twin pregnancy where each twin has its own chorionic and amniotic sacs. This type occurs most commonly with dizygotic twins, but may also occur with monozygotic twin pregnancies. This type of pregnancy may have characteristic findings o...

Fetus in fetu

Fetus-in-fetu is an extremely rare abnormality that occurs secondary to abnormal embryogenesis in a monochorionic diamniotic pregnancy where a non-viable fetus becomes enclosed within a normally developing fetus. Epidemiology Fetus-in-fetu is very rare, with an incidence of 1/500,000 live birt...

Placental insufficiency

Placental insufficiency is a term given to a situation where the placenta cannot bring enough oxygen and nutrients to the growing fetus. Clinical presentation Fetuses may present with intra-uterine growth restriction (IUGR) (especially asymmetrical IUGR). Pathology It can be primarily caused...

Acrocephalopolysyndactyly

Acrocephalopolysyndactyly (ACPS) syndrome is comprised of a rare group of disorders collectively characterized by: calvarial anomalies: e.g. craniosynostoses digital anomalies: syndactyly and polydactyly While there can be some overlap in features, they can be primarily classified into the fo...

Acrocephalosyndactyly

Acrocephalosyndactyly syndromes (ACS) are a rare group of disorders collectively characterized by: calvarial anomalies, e.g. craniosynostoses digital anomalies, e.g. syndactyly Classification While there can be some overlap in features, they can be primarily classified into the following maj...

Mendelson syndrome

Mendelson syndrome, also known as peptic pneumonia, refers to acute chemical pneumonitis caused by the aspiration of stomach contents in patients under general anesthesia. Clinical presentation This syndrome develops rapidly (2-12 hours after aspiration) and within hours the patient may beco...

Choriocarcinoma (staging)

The staging system for choriocarcinoma (usually refers to uterine choriocarcinoma) is the FIGO staging system and is as follows 1: stage I: disease limited to the uterus stage II: disease out of the uterus but limited to the female genital tract stage III: metastasis in the lung with or with...

Fetal hydantoin syndrome

The fetal hydantoin syndrome refers to a spectrum of features that can develop in a small proportion (~ 10% 5) of women taking the anti-epileptic drug phenytoin (DilantinTM) during pregnancy. Clinical presentation CNS anomalies microcephaly increased risk of intracranial bleeding intra-uter...

Fetal cystic renal disease

Fetal cystic renal disease can be in included in three of the four types classified according the system by Osathanondh and Potter 1: Potter type I: infantile polycystic kidney disease Potter type II: multicystic dysplastic kidneys Potter type III: adult polycystic kidney disease Potter type...

Obstructive cystic renal dysplasia

Obstructive cystic renal dysplasia, or Potter type IV cystic renal disease, is a potential complication that can occur from prolonged obstruction of the bladder outlet or urethra during gestation. Pathology Ureteric obstruction during active nephrogenesis results in cystic renal dysplasia; th...

Fetal toxoplasmosis

Fetal toxoplasmosis is an in utero infection that results from transplacental transmission and subsequent infection with the organism Toxoplasma gondii. It falls in the TORCH group of infections. Please refer to congenital cerebral toxoplasmosis for a specific discussion on this condition. Ep...

Fetal hydrocele

A fetal hydrocele refers to a hydrocele present in utero. Epidemiology They may be sonographically identified in ~15% of male fetuses in the third trimester 6. Pathology Often result from a patent processus vaginalis. They are more frequently unilateral. Associations hydrops fetalis meco...

Fetal orbital masses

A fetal orbital mass is a rare occurrence but can arise from many patholologies The list includes Tumourous orbital masses fetal retinoblastoma fetal orbital teratoma Non tumourous orbital masses orbital encephalocoele 2 orbital heterotopic brain tissue 1 congenital cystic eyeball 4

Atypical ectopic pregnancy

Atypical ectopic pregnancy generally refers to an ectopic pregnancy which occurs outside the fallopian tube. Locations include: interstitial ectopic: 3% (often also termed cornual ectopic), also essentially a type of tubal ectopic cornual ectopic (<1%) ovarian ectopic: 0.5-1% (ovarian pregna...

Aprosencephaly

Aprosencephaly is an extremely rare anomaly fetal cerebral development the derivatives of the telencephalon as well as the diencephalon are absent or dysplastic, while more caudal structures are normal or mildly deformed. It falls under the aprosencephaly / atelencephaly spectrum (AAS). See al...

Atelencephaly

Atelencephaly (also termed atelencephalic microcephaly) is a rare and extreme disorder with only a handful of published cases. In this anomaly, the derivatives of the telencephalon are absent or dysplastic, while more caudal structures are normal or mildly deformed. It falls under the aprosencep...

Exencephaly

Exencephaly is a lethal congenital fetal brain developmental anomaly (neural tube defect) considered to be a precursor to anencephaly in the acrania-exencephaly-anencephaly sequence. Pathology It is characterized by calvarial absence and loss of fetal brain tissue to variable degrees and is co...

Fetal anterior abdominal wall defects

Fetal anterior abdominal wall defects can occur with a number of pathologies. Individual entities omphalocele gastroschisis cloacal exstrophy bladder exstrophy Syndromes/complexes limb body wall complex OEIS complex omphalocele-radial ray (ORR) complex Pentalogy of Cantrell amniotic ...

Fetal valproate syndrome

Fetal valproate syndrome (FVS) is a potential embryopathy that can occur as a result from maternal intake of valproic acid (sodium valproate) during pregnancy. Clinical presentation There is a wide clinical spectrum which includes neural tube defects intellectual disability craniofacial ano...

Cesarean scar ectopic pregnancy

Cesarean scar ectopic pregnancy is a rare type of abnormal implantation. It is often considered the rarest type of ectopic pregnancy, although some do not include it in this category as implantation occurs within the uterus, instead preferring the term "cesarean scar pregnancy" 6. Epidemiology ...

Hematosalpinx

A hematosalpinx refers to intraluminal blood within the fallopian tube (often dilated). Pathology Etiology tubal ectopic pregnancy: common cause 1 endometriosis: common cause 5 tubal carcinoma pelvic inflammatory disease fallopian tube torsion retrograde menstruation uterine cervical s...

Placental grading

Placental grading (Grannum classification) refers to an ultrasound grading system of the placenta based on its maturity. This primarily affects the extent of calcifications. In some countries, the use of placental grading has fallen out of obstetric practice due to a weak correlation with advers...

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