Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and edited by countless contributing members over a period of time. A global group of dedicated editors oversee accuracy, consulting with expert advisers, and constantly reviewing additions.
999 results found
Article
Low T1 bone lesion
Low T1 bone lesions or T1 hypointense bone lesions are radiological terms to categorize bone lesions according to their visually perceived low signal on T1 weighted images. Apart from the usual description of a bone lesion seen on MRI they are used to categorize incidentally found solitary bone ...
Article
High T1 bone lesion
High T1 bone lesions or T1 hyperintense bone lesions are radiological terms to categorize bone lesions with a high signal on T1 weighted images. Apart from the usual description of a bone lesion seen on MRI they are used to categorize incidentally found solitary bone lesions in the Bone Reportin...
Article
Chemical ablation
Introduction
Chemical ablation is a technique in which chemical ablative substances are used to cause cell death in neoplastic tissue. It is used as a standalone procedure or in combination with other techniques like TACE and radiofrequency ablation.
Agents
Absolute ethanol (most commonly use...
Article
Renal large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma
Renal large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas are an extremely rare renal tumor, with only six cases reported in the literature (c. 2022) 1.
Epidemiology
Renal large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma represents <1% of the total reported cases of primary renal cancers. The most affected population i...
Article
Complications of radiation therapy
Radiation therapy has the potential to cause complications in many organ systems, many of which, especially in the thorax, are important for radiologists to be aware of.
acute radiation syndrome
complications of cranial radiation therapy
radiation-induced cerebral vasculopathy
radiation-ind...
Article
Salivary duct carcinoma
Salivary duct carcinomas are a subtype of primary salivary gland tumor. Salivary duct carcinomas show high rates of metastasis and recurrence.
Epidemiology
Salivary duct carcinomas represent 5-10% of salivary gland malignancies and can arise de novo or out of a pleomorphic adenoma 1,2. They t...
Article
Bone Reporting and Data System (Bone-RADS)
The Bone Reporting and Data System (Bone-RADS) is an algorithm developed and proposed by the Practice Guidelines and Technical Standards Committee of the Society of Skeletal Radiology for the diagnostic workup of incidentally encountered solitary bone lesions in adults on MRI and/or CT 1.
Class...
Article
CSF alpha-fetoprotein
Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in the cerebrospinal spinal fluid (CSF) has been reported as a tumor marker for some intracranial tumors with yolk sac elements, and teratoma 1.
Interpretation
Elevation
intracranial yolk sac tumor
intracranial embryonal carcinoma
congenital CNS tumors with yolk sac ...
Article
Sea anemone sign
The sea anemone sign is a unique (but not wholly exclusive) appearance seen in ovarian serous surface papillary borderline tumors (SSPBT). It refers to its surface stroma frequently branches into exophytic papillary stalks, macroscopically 1.
Radiographic features
On cross-sectional imaging, p...
Article
Tumor pseudoprogression (lung cancer)
Radiologic tumor pseudoprogression on imaging denotes an imaging appearance of tumor response where the tumor first exhibits findings suggestive of progression (i.e. growth, new lesions). However, during sustained therapy, response is eventually demonstrated 1.
Epidemiology
With the advent of ...
Article
Intraparotid nodal metastases
Intraparotid nodal metastases refer to metastatic involvement of intraparotid lymph nodes from either a primary parotid tumor or an extraparotid tumor in the head and neck (e.g. nasopharyngeal carcinoma).
Pathology
Location
There may be a predilection towards the superficial lobe or tail regi...
Article
IOTA-ADNEX model
The ADNEX (Assessment of Different NEoplasias in the adneXa) model is a risk model developed by the IOTA (International Ovarian Tumor Analysis) group to differentiate benign and malignant neoplasms of the ovary and, among them, four different subgroups (borderline, stage I cancer, stage II-IV ca...
Article
Peripheral T cell lymphoma
Peripheral T cell lymphoma is an uncommon, heterogeneous group of lymphoma. It can account for around 5-15% of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL).
Terminology
The word "peripheral" does not mean involvement in the extremities but refers to tumor cells that arise from lymphoid tissue outside of the bon...
Article
WHO classification of skin tumors
The World Health Organizatiοn classification of skin tumors is the most widely used pathologic classification system for skin tumors. The most recent edition is the 4th, which was published in 2018 1. The radiologically relevant and common entities are reflected below.
Classification
1. Kera...
Article
Submandibular gland enlargement
Submandibular gland enlargement refers to an increase in the volume of the submandibular gland, exceeding "normal" values of 7.4 ± 1.8 mL 1.
Pathology
Causes
Obstruction
sialolithiasis
submandibular duct stenosis (e.g. tumor, granulomatous disease)
Infection
acute sialadenitis: following ...
Article
Salt and pepper sign (paraganglioma)
The salt and pepper sign is used to describe a typical MRI appearance of some highly vascular tumors which contain foci of hemorrhage, typically a paraganglioma 1-3. The appearance is on T1-weighted sequences, and is made up of:
punctate regions of hyperintensity = salt
small flow voids = pepp...
Article
Polymorphous low grade neuroepithelial tumor of the young
Polymorphous low-grade neuroepithelial tumor of the young (PLNTY) is an epileptogenic tumor of children and young adults.
Terminology
First described in 2016 1, polymorphous low-grade neuroepithelial tumor of the young has been recently included in the new family of "pediatric-type" low-grade ...
Article
Cachexia
Cachexia is a syndrome of metabolic dysfunction secondary to an underlying disease in which there is depleted skeletal muscle (sarcopenia) which may or may not be accompanied by an absolute loss of body fat.
Terminology
Cancer cachexia is specifically used to refer to the cachexia associated ...
Article
Fibrosing inflammatory pseudotumor
Fibrosing inflammatory pseudotumors are an inflammatory process with histology showing a polymorphous infiltrate with plasma cells, lymphocytes and eosinophils as well as a significant reactive fibrovascular component.
Pathology
Location
They can occur at various sites of the body including: ...
Article
Night sweats
Night sweats, also known as sleep hyperhidrosis, are a common clinical complaint and may herald malignancy, especially lymphoma, or infections. Patients typically report waking up in the night with sweating so severe that their clothes and bed sheets are soaked through ("drenching sweats") and n...
Article
Blast crisis
A blast crisis or lymphoid blast crisis refers to the transition of chronic or accelerated phase chronic myeloid leukemia to acute leukemia. It is usually characterized by
≥30% blasts in the bone marrow or peripheral blood
or
development of extramedullary disease outside of the spleen
Among p...
Article
Rectal MRI (an approach)
Rectal MRI is a key imaging investigation in the diagnosis, staging and follow up of rectal cancer. An increase in the utility of rectal MRI as been driven by the recognition of the mesorectum as a distinct anatomic compartment containing and limiting the margins of the rectum, and forming a sur...
Article
Pembrolizumab induced pneumonitis
Pembrolizumab induced pneumonitis is a form of drug-induced lung disease occurring as a result of a response to the use of the programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1) inhibitor pembrolizumab. It may have variable pattern 2.
Pembrolizumab is also reported to have a high risk of inducing lung inju...
Article
Clear cell papillary renal cell carcinoma
Clear cell papillary renal cell carcinoma is a subtype renal cell carcinoma.
Epidemiology
Generally uncommon but thought to be the fourth most common histologic type of renal cell carcinoma at the time of new classification (c. 2016) 1.
Pathology
This subtype is characterized by low-grade, c...
Article
Fluid-fluid levels in liver lesions
Fluid-fluid levels in liver lesions are a rare appearance of both benign and malignant conditions.
Differential diagnosis
benign
complicated hepatic cyst 2
hepatic abscess 2
chronic hepatic hematoma 3
biliary cystadenoma 3
hepatic hemangioma (very rare) 2
malignant
cystic/necrotic hepat...
Article
Carcinoma of the Littré glands
Carcinoma of the Littré glands is rare. The Littré (urethral) glands of the penis may be the origin of cancers of the penis, usually adenocarcinomas 1.
Epidemiology
There are only a few scattered case reports of true Littré gland malignancy, although it is probably under-reported due to the fa...
Article
Hepatic small vessel neoplasm
Hepatic small vessel neoplasms (HSVN) are low-grade vascular lesions of uncertain malignant potential.
Terminology
Although also referred to as hepatic small vessel hemangiomas 3, this term may wrongly mislead HSVN to represent a subtype of hepatic hemangiomas and, therefore, will be avoided ...
Article
Solitary fibrous tumor of the orbit
The solitary fibrous tumor of the orbit is a rare spindle-cell neoplasm originating from mesenchymal fibroblast-like cells histologically identical to solitary fibrous tumors found elsewhere
Epidemiology
Solitary fibrous tumors occur in a wide age range reported from 9 to 76 years without a co...
Article
Immunosuppression
Immunosuppression is the impairment of the body's immune system which can alter the ability of the body's defense mechanisms to prevent diseases, particularly certain infections, including opportunistic infections, and cancers.
Terminology
Patients with immunosuppression are said to be immuno...
Article
Oncocytic sinonasal papilloma
Oncocytic sinonasal papillomas (OSP) or cylindrical cell papillomas are a rare form of Schneiderian papillomas and benign epithelial sinonasal tumors arising from the Schneiderian epithelium of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses.
Epidemiology
Oncocytic sinonasal papillomas are the least fr...
Article
Primary intraosseous carcinoma
Primary intraosseous carcinomas NOS (PIOC) are malignant epithelial odontogenic neoplasms of the jawbones with no clear benign analog.
Epidemiology
Primary intraosseous carcinomas are rare tumors 1-4. They occur in a wide age range with the mean in the sixth decade of life. Men are more freque...
Article
Ameloblastic carcinoma
Ameloblastic carcinomas or malignant ameloblastoma are malignant epithelial odontogenic neoplasms with histologic features ameloblastoma.
Epidemiology
Ameloblastic carcinomas are rare tumors approximately accounting for 1% of jaw tumors 1,2. They have been found in a wide age range and are mor...
Article
Alcian blue stain
Alcian blue stain is a histological stain utilized for the identification of extracellular matrix proteoglycans, like glycosaminoglycans and hyaluronic acid 1, commonly in connective tissue and epithelial malignant neoplasms 2, and also Barrett esophagus, where it can highlight mucosal intestina...
Article
Giemsa stain
Giemsa stain is a commonly used histological stain that colors the cytoplasm blue to pink (depending on its acidity) and the nucleus blue to black 1. It serves as the diagnostic gold standard of histopathological staining of blood samples from patients with plasmodium-borne malaria, and as the b...
Article
Tobacco abuse
Tobacco abuse, most commonly by smoking cigarettes, is a legal drug habit of many throughout the world. It is a significant risk factor for many malignancies, respiratory and cardiovascular diseases and is a major cause of premature mortality throughout the world.
Epidemiology
It has been esti...
Article
Dentinogenic ghost cell tumor
Dentinogenic ghost cell tumors (DGCT) are benign mixed epithelial and mesenchymal odontogenic tumors with locally aggressive behavior.
Terminology
It is also known as the 'solid' or 'neoplastic form of calcifying odontogenic cyst’, since the 4th WHO classification of head and neck tumors in 20...
Article
Squamous cell carcinoma of the penis
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the penis is an uncommon condition that often presents at an advanced stage. Imaging is more often used for staging than for the initial diagnosis. It is the commonest histological subtype of penile cancer.
Epidemiology
Penile cancer is a relatively infrequent ...
Article
Hairy cell leukemia
Hairy cell leukemia is a rare and indolent form of small mature B-cell leukaemias.
Epidemiology
Its annual incidence is estimated at around 0.3 cases per 100 000, and the disease comprises 2-3% of all leukaemias. There is a recognized male predilection of around 4:1 with a median age of around...
Article
Mixed germ cell tumor of the mediastinum
Mixed germ cell tumors of the mediastinum or mediastinal mixed germ cell tumors are malignant non-seminomatous germ cell tumors of the mediastinum consisting of more than one type of germ cell tumor.
Terminology
The term ‘malignant teratoma’ is not recommended.
Epidemiology
Mixed germ cell t...
Article
Aerogenous metastasis
Aerogenous metastases are a rare form of metastases that can occur in the lung due to aerogenous spread along the airways.
Pathology
It is related to but not considered identical to the term spread through air spaces (STAS) 4.
Aerogenous metastases are usually from primary lung cancer dissemi...
Article
Mediastinal choriocarcinoma
Mediastinal choriocarcinomas or choriocarcinomas of the mediastinum are malignant non-seminomatous germ cell tumors of the mediastinum consisting of trophoblastic cells.
Epidemiology
Pure choriocarcinomas are rare and account for up to 3% of primary mediastinal germ cell tumors 1. They usually...
Article
Mediastinal embryonal carcinoma
Mediastinal embryonal carcinomas or embryonal carcinomas of the mediastinum are malignant non-seminomatous germ cell tumors with embryonal type cells primarily growing in the mediastinum.
Epidemiology
Mediastinal embryonal carcinomas are very rare mediastinal tumors accounting for up to 8% of ...
Article
Mediastinal yolk sac tumor
Mediastinal yolk sac tumors or yolk sac tumors of the mediastinum are malignant non-seminomatous germ cell tumors primarily growing in the mediastinum.
Terminology
The term ‘endodermal sinus tumor’ is not recommended.
Epidemiology
Mediastinal yolk sac tumors are rare mediastinal tumors. In a...
Article
Mediastinal seminoma
Mediastinal seminomas or mediastinal germinomas are primary malignant germ cell tumors of the mediastinum.
Epidemiology
Mediastinal seminomas are rare mediastinal tumors and account for up to one-third of primary malignant mediastinal germ cell tumors 1. They are almost only found in males ≥10...
Article
Neoplasm
Neoplasms, also known as tumors, are pathological masses, caused by cells abnormally proliferating and/or not appropriately dying. Neoplasms may be either benign or malignant. Malignant neoplasms are synonymous with cancers.
Benign neoplasms
clear origin (unless very large)
slow growth
usua...
Article
Cystic tumor of the atrioventricular node
Cystic tumors of the atrioventricular node (CTAVN), also known as endodermal heterotopia, refer to a benign mass lesion of the atrioventricular node that constitutes a developmental endodermal rest.
Terminology
A term that is no longer recommended for use is ‘mesothelioma of the atrioventricul...
Article
Cardiac undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma
Cardiac undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcomas are highly malignant mesenchymal tumors of the heart.
Terminology
Terms that are no longer recommended for use include ‘intimal sarcoma’, ‘undifferentiated sarcoma’ and ‘undifferentiated spindle cell sarcoma’ 1.
Epidemiology
Cardiac undifferentia...
Article
Cardiac leiomyosarcoma
Cardiac leiomyosarcomas are malignant smooth muscle tumors of the heart.
Epidemiology
Cardiac leiomyosarcomas are rare primary malignant tumors of the heart accounting for less than one-fifth of cardiac sarcomas. They have been found in a wide age range from 6 months to 86 years with a mean ag...
Article
Dedifferentiated chordoma
Dedifferentiated chordomas are biphasic malignant tumors composed of notochordal and high-grade sacomatous components.
Epidemiology
Dedifferentiated chordomas are very rare tumors that might be seen in recurrences or after radiotherapy 1-3.
Diagnosis
The diagnosis is based on typical imaging...
Article
Poorly differentiated chordoma
Poorly differentiated chordomas are highly aggressive poorly differentiated notochordal tumors with a loss of SMARCB1 expression.
Epidemiology
Poorly differentiated chordomas are very rare tumors typically seen in children and young adults under the age of 30 years. Females are more frequently...
Article
Bone lymphoma
Lymphoma of the bone may represent lymphoma that has originated within that bone itself i.e. primary, or metastasized there from another organ/tissue, i.e. secondary. Secondary forms of bone lymphoma are much more common than the primary bone form.
primary osseous lymphoma
secondary osseous ly...
Article
Secondary osteosarcoma
Secondary osteosarcomas are osteosarcomas growing on abnormal bone in the setting of various underlying osseous disorders.
Terminology
Other acceptable terms include Paget sarcoma, osteosarcoma in Paget disease of bone or radiation-associated osteosarcoma, if applicable. The terms postirradiat...
Article
Small cell osteosarcoma
Small cell osteosarcomas (SCOS) are a rare subtype of osteosarcoma characterized by the production of small round cells.
Epidemiology
Small cell osteosarcomas account for approximately 1.5% of osteosarcomas. They occur mainly in young adolescents with a mild female predilection but have been f...
Article
CIC-rearranged sarcoma
CIC-rearranged sarcomas or CIC-DUX4 sarcomas are aggressive undifferentiated small round cell sarcomas with CIC-gene fusions most frequently CIC-DUX4. It is an ultra-rare high grade undifferentiated sarcoma, distinct in terms of clinical presentations and molecular characteristics 6.
Epidemiolo...
Article
Genetic tumor syndromes of soft tissue and bone
Genetic tumor syndromes of soft tissue and bone are a group of genetic disorders and disease syndromes associated with neoplasms that display different features than their sporadic counterparts. These genetic syndromes have been classified separately by the World Health Organization (WHO) and co...
Article
Undifferentiated small round cell sarcomas of bone and soft tissue
Undifferentiated small round cell sarcomas of bone and soft tissue are a group of malignant bone and soft tissue tumors characterized by small round cell morphology. They comprise the following tumors 1:
Ewing sarcoma
round cell sarcoma with EWSR1-non-ETS fusions
CIC-rearranged sarcoma
sarco...
Article
Sarcoma with BCOR genetic alteration
Sarcomas with BCOR genetic alterations or BCOR sarcomas are uncommon malignant undifferentiated small round cell tumors of soft tissue and bone characterized by BCOR genetic alterations and comprise sarcomas with BCOR-related gene fusions as BCOR-CCNB3 sarcomas and other BCOR-rearranged sarcomas...
Article
Fibrocartilaginous mesenchymoma
Fibrocartilaginous mesenchymomas are very rare locally aggressive mesenchymal bone tumors seen in children and adolescents.
Epidemiology
Fibrocartilaginous mesenchymomas are very rare tumors. They occur in children, adolescents and young adults up to the third decade 1-3. The male gender is sl...
Article
Gallbladder cancer (staging)
Staging of gallbladder cancer is often done according to the AJCC / TNM.
Staging
T: tumor
Tis: tumor only in the epithelium (the inner layer of the gallbladder) and has not grown into deeper layers of the gallbladder
T1: tumor has grown into the lamina propria or the muscle layer (muscularis...
Article
CT chest abdomen-pelvis (protocol)
The CT chest-abdomen-pelvis protocol serves as an outline for an examination of the trunk covering the chest, abdomen and pelvis. It is one of the most common CT examinations conducted in routine and emergencies. It can be combined with a CT angiogram.
Note: This article aims to frame a genera...
Article
CT abdomen-pelvis (protocol)
The CT abdomen-pelvis protocol serves as an outline for an examination of the whole abdomen including the pelvis. It is one of the most common CT protocols for any clinical questions related to the abdomen and/or in routine and emergencies. It forms also an integral part of trauma and oncologic ...
Article
CT pancreas (protocol)
The CT pancreas protocol serves as an outline for a dedicated examination of the pancreas. As a separate examination, it is usually conducted as a biphasic contrast study and might be conducted as a part of other scans such as CT abdomen-pelvis, CT chest-abdomen-pelvis.
Note: This article aims...
Article
CT pelvis (protocol)
The CT pelvis protocol serves as an outline for the acquisition of a pelvic CT. As a separate examination, it might be performed as a non-contrast or contrast study or might be combined with a CT hip or rarely with a CT cystogram. A pelvic CT might be also conducted as a part of other scans such...
Article
Myelodysplastic syndrome / myeloproliferative neoplasm (MDS/MPN) overlap syndromes
Myelodysplastic syndrome / myeloproliferative neoplasm (MDS/MPN) overlap syndromes refer to a group of chronic clonal myeloid malignancies in which there are features of both myelodysplastic syndrome and myeloproliferative neoplasm at the time of presentation.
Entities that can fall into this g...
Article
Prostate atrophy
Prostatic atrophy is characterized by reduced cytoplasm prostatic acinar cells and constitutes a benign mimic of prostate cancer not only on imaging but also histologically.
Terminology
The term 'proliferative inflammatory atrophy (PIA)' is used if it is associated with inflammation.
Epidemio...
Article
Prostatic leiomyoma
Prostatic leiomyomas are benign mesenchymal tumors of the prostate.
Epidemiology
Prostatic leiomyomas are very rare 1-3.
Diagnosis
The diagnosis of prostatic leiomyoma is based on histology.
Clinical presentation
Prostatic leiomyomas can present with voiding difficulties or obstructive sym...
Article
Seminal vesicle cystadenoma
Seminal vesicle cystadenomas are a benign subgroup of mixed epithelial and stromal tumors of the seminal vesicles.
Epidemiology
Benign tumors of the seminal vesicles are very rare and so are cystadenomas 1.
Clinical presentation
Voiding difficulties or hematuria have been reported as clinica...
Article
Seminal vesicle stones
Seminal vesicle stones or calculi refer to solid mineralized pieces of material within the seminal vesicles.
Epidemiology
Seminal vesicle calculi are rare and have been mainly reported after the age of 40 years 1.
Associations
Seminal vesicle calculi are often associated with hematospermia.
...
Article
Prostatic acid phosphatase
Prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) also known as prostatic specific acid phosphatase (PSAP) is an enzyme generated by prostatic glandular tissue.
Usage
It can be used in immunohistochemistry to identify prostatic tissue including prostatic epithelium and prostatic ducts and is usually expressed ...
Article
Mucinous adenocarcinoma of the prostate
Mucinous adenocarcinomas of the prostate or colloid adenocarcinomas of the prostate are a variant of acinar adenocarcinoma and characterized by mucinous features.
Epidemiology
Mucinous adenocarcinomas of the prostate are rare and account for less than 0.5% of prostate cancers 1-4.
Diagnosis
...
Article
Adenocarcinoma of the seminal vesicle
Adenocarcinomas of the seminal vesicles are the most common malignant primary neoplasm of the seminal vesicles.
Epidemiology
Primary adenocarcinomas of the seminal vesicles are very rare 1,2 and can be observed at a wide age range 2.
Diagnosis
Diagnostic criteria
The following modified diag...
Article
Basal cell carcinoma of the prostate
Basal cell carcinoma of the prostate or prostatic adenoid basal proliferation of uncertain significance is a type of prostate cancer resembling adenoid cystic carcinoma of the salivary glands.
Terminology
Other terms include 'adenoid cystic carcinoma', 'adenoid basal cell tumor', 'adenoid cyst...
Article
Squamous neoplasms of the prostate
Squamous neoplasms of the prostate include squamous cell carcinomas and adenosquamous carcinomas of the prostate that account for two separate entities in the WHO classification of prostate tumors.
Epidemiology
Squamous cell carcinomas of the prostate are very rare and encompass <1% of prostat...
Article
Urothelial carcinoma of the prostate
Urothelial carcinomas or transitional cell carcinomas of the prostate are malignant neoplasms that can occur as primary cancers of the prostate gland.
Epidemiology
Prostatic urothelial carcinomas account for less than 2-4% of all prostate cancers 1 and are usually seen in middle-aged men 2.
A...
Article
High-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia
High-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) refers to a proliferation of glandular epithelial cells and is generally considered a nonobligatory precursor lesion of invasive prostate cancer.
Epidemiology
High-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia is diagnosed in core needle biops...
Article
Intraductal carcinoma of the prostate
Intraductal carcinomas of the prostate (IDCP) are a new subtype of prostate cancer that has been included as a new entity in the WHO classification of prostate tumors in 2016.
Epidemiology
Intraductal carcinomas of the prostate are rarely found isolated on needle core biopsy samples in 0.1-0.3...
Article
Ductal adenocarcinoma of the prostate
Ductal adenocarcinomas of the prostate or prostatic ductal adenocarcinomas are malignant glandular neoplasms of the prostate and tend to be more aggressive than acinar adenocarcinomas.
Terminology
Due to its morphologic resemblance, it has been formerly referred to as 'endometrial' or 'endomet...
Article
Adenocarcinoma of the prostate with neuroendocrine differentiation
Adenocarcinoma of the prostate with neuroendocrine differentiation is a malignant neuroendocrine tumor of the prostate which only differs from acinar or ductal adenocarcinoma on immunohistochemistry staining.
Diagnosis
The diagnosis of adenocarcinoma of the prostate with neuroendocrine differe...
Article
Well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumor of the prostate
Well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors of the prostate also known as low-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma of the prostate or carcinoid tumors of the prostate are low-grade neuroendocrine tumors arising from the prostate that may metastasize.
Epidemiology
Well-differentiated neuroendocrine tum...
Article
Large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas of the prostate
Large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas (LCNEC) of the prostate or prostatic large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas are very aggressive and rare high-grade neuroendocrine tumors that are usually observed in the presence of an already existing adenocarcinoma and very rarely found alone.
Epidemiology
...
Article
Right hemicolectomy
A right hemicolectomy is a surgical procedure to remove the cecum and ascending colon.
Indications
cancer of the appendix, cecum or ascending colon (most common) 1
inflammatory bowel disease, particularly Crohn disease
complicated appendicitis
cecal volvulus
perforation of the right colon
...
Article
Theranostics
Theranostics (or theragnostics 6) uses a diagnostic examination to determine if a patient may benefit from a specific therapeutic drug and thus couples the therapy with diagnostic information specific for the intended target 2.
Theranostics promises improved patient selection for therapy on the...
Article
Small cell carcinoma of the prostate
Small cell carcinomas of the prostate (SCCP) or small cell neuroendocrine carcinomas of the prostate are neuroendocrine tumors and are characterized by aggressive behavior and a proliferation of small cells.
Epidemiology
Small cell neuroendocrine carcinomas of the prostate are rare 1,2 and mak...
Article
Prostate imaging recurrence reporting
Prostate imaging recurrence reporting (PI-RR) or prostate MRI for local recurrence reporting is a structured reporting scheme similar to the Prostate Imaging-Reporting and Data System (PIRADS) v2.1 on multiparametric prostate MRI for the detection of local recurrence after radical prostatectomy ...
Article
Acinar cell carcinoma of the pancreas
Pancreatic acinar cell carcinoma is a rare exocrine neoplasm that comprises ~1% of all pancreatic tumors. This tumor shows more aggressive behavior than the far more common adenocarcinoma 1,3,4.
Clinical presentation
High levels of serum lipase, due to hypersecretion syndrome, resulting in sub...
Article
Neuroendocrine carcinoma of the cervix
Neuroendocrine carcinoma of the cervix is a rare type of invasive cervical cancer. These are very aggressive tumors with rapid lymph nodal metastasis 1,2.
Epidemiology
Neuroendocrine carcinomas of the cervix account for approximately ~2% of tumors of the cervix seen in the females of reproduct...
Article
Neoplastic pericardial disease
Neoplastic pericardial disease, neoplastic pericardial involvement or neoplastic pericarditis refers to a pericardial infiltration by tumor cells usually associated with a variably sized pericardial effusion and is a form of non-infectious pericarditis. It needs to be differentiated from other c...
Article
Ischemic fasciitis
Ischemic fasciitis refers to a reactive pseudosarcomatous fibroblastic or myofibroblastic proliferation associated with physical constraints.
Terminology
Terms that are no longer recommended for use include ‘pseudosarcomatous fibromatosis’ and ‘atypical decubital fibroplasia’.
Epidemiology
M...
Article
Parathyromatosis
Parathyromatosis (plural: parathyromatoses) is the very rare phenomenon in which there is hyperplasia of residual foci of parathyroidal soft tissue after surgical parathyroidectomy resulting in recurrent hyperparathyroidism.
Epidemiology
Parathyromatosis is very rare, a study from 2012 stated ...
Article
Angiofibroma of soft tissue
Angiofibromas of soft tissue are benign fibroblastic soft tissue neoplasms permeated by a vascular network that might be found in the periarticular and articular areas of the lower extremities that have been included as a separate entity into the WHO classification of soft tissue tumors in 2020....
Article
MEN1 triad (mnemonic)
Mnemonics to remember the classic triad of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) are:
PPP
PiParPanc
ParaPanPit
Mnemonics
PPP
P: pituitary adenoma: prolactinoma is commonest
P: pancreatic endocrine tumors
P: parathyroid proliferative disease
parathyroid hyperplasia (most common)
pa...
Article
Atypical spindle cell/pleomorphic lipomatous tumor
Atypical spindle cell/pleomorphic lipomatous tumors or atypical spindle cell lipoma are benign adipocytic soft tissue neoplasms with a variable proportion of atypical spindle cells, pleomorphic cells adipocytes and other cells with no risk for dedifferentiation but a low risk of local recurrence...
Article
Intramuscular angioma
Intramuscular angiomas or intramuscular hemangiomas are benign vascular soft tissue tumors consisting of benign vascular channels within the skeletal muscle.
Terminology
The term 'intramuscular-infiltrating angiolipoma' is now discouraged.
Epidemiology
Intramuscular angiomas are uncommon and...