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Duodenal filling defects

Duodenal filling defects may be caused by a wide variety of duodenal pathology which may be divided by their location and pathological process. Extrinsic gallbladder impression common bile duct impression gas-filled diverticulum Intrinsic Note: please refer to duodenal mucosal nodular fill...

Splenomegaly

Splenomegaly refers to enlargement of the spleen. The upper limit of the normal adult splenic length is traditionally cited at 12 cm, but lengths upwards of 14 cm can be seen in normal, taller males 7. Terminology Massive splenomegaly is variably defined, including when the spleen is 5 standar...

Sonographic features of malignant lymph nodes

Lymphadenopathy is quite common, and it can be very difficult to differentiate malignant lymphadenopathy from reactive nodal enlargement. Several gray scale and color Doppler features favor malignancy in a lymph node. Gray scale parameters that favor malignancy size: larger - more likely mali...

Dense hilum sign

The dense hilum sign suggests a pathological process at the hilum or in the lung anterior or posterior to the hilum. Malignancy, especially lung cancer, should be suspected. Radiographic features On a well-centered chest posteroanterior (PA) radiograph the density of the hilum is comparable on...

Adrenal calcification

Adrenal calcification is not a rare finding in healthy asymptomatic people and is usually the result of previous hemorrhage or tuberculosis. Addison disease patients only occasionally develop calcification. Pathology Etiology Hemorrhage sepsis: Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome blunt abdomi...

Adenocarcinoma in situ, minimally invasive adenocarcinoma and invasive adenocarcinoma of lung

Adenocarcinoma in situ, minimally invasive adenocarcinoma and invasive adenocarcinoma of the lung have replaced the now-defunct term bronchoalveolar carcinoma (BAC). In 2011 the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer (IASLC) and several other societies jointly revised the classi...

Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor

Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors (AT/RT) are uncommon WHO grade 4 tumors, which in the vast majority of cases occurs in young children less than two years of age. It most frequently presents as a posterior fossa mass. AT/RT often resembles medulloblastoma by imaging and even H&E microscopy, and...

Celiac plexus block

Celiac plexus block under image guidance is an easy and safe percutaneous procedure with good outcomes for pain palliation in patients who have chronic abdominal pain related to the celiac plexus. This usually includes patients with advanced cancers, especially from upper abdominal viscera, su...

Brainstem glioma

Brainstem gliomas consist of a heterogeneous group that varies greatly in histology and prognosis. Unless otherwise specified, the term brainstem glioma usually refers to the most common histology of a diffuse midline glioma H3 K27-altered although many other gliomas can be encountered in the br...

Follicular thyroid cancer

Follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC) is the second most frequent malignancy of the thyroid gland after papillary cancer and accounts for 10-20% of all thyroid neoplasms. Epidemiology It typically occurs in women and in an older age group than papillary (i.e. 40-60 years of age). Pathology Unl...

Medulloblastoma

Medulloblastomas are the second most common malignant brain tumor of childhood, with only high-grade gliomas being more common. They most commonly present as midline masses in the roof of the 4th ventricle with associated mass effect and hydrocephalus. Treatment typically consists of surgical re...

Asbestosis

Asbestosis refers to later development of diffuse interstitial fibrosis secondary to asbestos fiber inhalation and should not be confused with other asbestos related diseases. Epidemiology Asbestosis typically occurs 10-15 years following the commencement of exposure to asbestos and is dose re...

Intracranial metastatic melanoma

Intracranial metastatic melanoma is the third most common brain metastasis. For a broad discussion about the primary tumor or brain metastasis in general, please refer to the articles: malignant melanoma cerebral metastases Epidemiology A population-based study of 169,444 cancer patients f...

Brain metastases

Brain metastases are estimated to account for approximately 25-50% of intracranial tumors in hospitalized patients. Due to great variation in imaging appearances, these metastases present a common diagnostic challenge which can importantly affect the management approach for individual patients. ...

Malignant melanoma

Malignant melanoma is a malignant neoplasm that arises from melanocytes (or cells that derive from melanocytes). Pathology Melanocytes predominantly occur in the basal layer of the epidermis and most melanomas, therefore, arise in the skin. However, melanocytes do occur in other locations a...

CT angiogram sign (lungs)

The CT angiogram sign refers to vessels appearing prominent on contrast-enhanced CT as they traverse an airless low attenuation portion of consolidated lung 1,2. This sign has been associated with 1,2: lung adenocarcinoma 3 pulmonary lymphoma metastasis from gastrointestinal carcinom...

Cerebral radiation necrosis

Cerebral radiation necrosis (or radionecrosis) refers to necrotic degradation of brain tissue following intracranial or regional radiation either delivered for the treatment of intracranial pathology (e.g. astrocytoma, cerebral arteriovenous malformation) or as a result of irradiation of head an...

Pedunculated intratracheal mass

A pedunculated intratracheal mass has a variety of differential diagnoses: benign tumor, e.g. hamartoma, chondroma, lipoma hemangioma inspissated mucus metastasis to tracheal mucosa, e.g. renal cell carcinoma, melanoma polyp, e.g. inflammatory, antrochoanal papilloma post-intubation trach...

Renal cell carcinoma (TNM staging)

The TNM system may be used for staging of renal cell carcinoma. An older but still widely used system for staging of renal cell carcinoma in some practices is the Robson staging system. TNM staging (8th edition) T Tx: tumor cannot be assessed T0: tumor not seen T1 T1a: tumor confined to ki...

Bilateral testicular lesions

Bilateral testicular lesions have a relatively limited differential diagnosis. Differential diagnosis Neoplastic lymphoblastic leukemia (acute or chronic) lymphoma (non-Hodgkin's) primary testicular lymphoma is rare but the testes are often the site of lymphoma/leukemia recurrence due to ...

Unilateral testicular lesions

The differential diagnosis for unilateral testicular lesions is wide-ranging. Neoplastic Common seminoma (40-50% of testicular malignancies) non-seminomatous germ cell tumors: testicular teratoma testicular epidermoid (teratoma with ectodermal elements only) testicular choriocarcinoma t...

Pelvic masses in females

Pelvic masses in females carry a broad differential diagnosis: benign adnexal cyst leiomyoma pelvic malignancy dermoid endometriosis pelvic inflammatory disease tubo-ovarian abscess hydrosalpinx pregnancy Extragynaecological masses, e.g. colorectal carcinoma, appendicular abscess, lymp...

Cerebral ring enhancing lesions (mnemonic)

Convenient mnemonics for the causes of cerebral ring enhancing lesions are: MAGIC DR or DR MAGIC DR MAGIC L MAGICAL DR Mnemonics MAGIC DR or DR MAGIC M: metastasis A: abscess G: glioblastoma I: infarct (subacute phase) or inflammatory (neurocysticercosis, tuberculoma) C: contusion D: ...

Pulmonary hamartoma

Pulmonary hamartomas (alternative plural: hamartomata) are benign neoplasms composed of cartilage, connective tissue, muscle, fat, and bone. It is one of the most common benign tumors of the lung and accounts for ~8% of all lung neoplasms and 6% of solitary pulmonary nodules. Terminology Pulmo...

Lucent/lytic bone lesion - differential diagnosis (mnemonic)

Mnemonics for the differential diagnosis of lucent/lytic bone lesions include: FEGNOMASHIC FOG MACHINES They are anagrams of each other and therefore include the same components. They are by no means exhaustive lists, but are a good start for remembering a differential for a lucent/lytic bone...

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of salivary glands

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma is a tumor that usually occurs in the salivary glands. It can mimic most other tumors of the glands, and therefore is often considered in the differential. Epidemiology Mucoepidermoid carcinomas are seen throughout all adult age groups but are most common in middle ag...

Neoplasms of the spinal canal

Neoplasms of the spinal canal encompass a range of tumors which arise from or involve the spinal cord, theca, and spinal nerves. Pathology These can be divided according to the tissue/structure of origin within the spinal canal. Tumors of vertebral bodies are discussed separately: see vertebra...

Intraventricular neoplasms and lesions

Intraventricular neoplasms are rare and arise from periventricular structures such as the walls of the ventricular system, the septum pellucidum and the choroid plexus. Many tumor types arise from or can bulge into the ventricular system, although there are certain lesions that are relatively re...

Renal osteodystrophy

Renal osteodystrophy, also known as uremic osteopathy, is a constellation of musculoskeletal abnormalities that occur in patients with chronic renal failure, due to concurrent and superimposed: osteomalacia (adults) / rickets (children) secondary hyperparathyroidism: abnormal calcium and phosp...

Hypothalamic lesions

Hypothalamic lesions are numerous representing some entities that are unique to the hypothalamus, as well as many lesions that can be seen elsewhere within the brain. Additionally, due to its proximity to the optic chiasm, third ventricle and pituitary region, many lesions of these locations can...

Lymph node enlargement

Lymph node enlargement (rarely lymphadenomegaly) is often used synonymously with lymphadenopathy, which is not strictly correct. Terminology Lymphadenopathy (or adenopathy) is, if anything, a broader term, referring to any pathology of lymph nodes, not necessarily resulting in increased size; ...

Wilms tumor (staging)

Wilms tumor staging is largely anatomical and relates to the invasion and spread of the tumor. Where there is invasion or metastasis, prognosis is poorer. Wilms tumor is one of the more common childhood malignancies. stage I confined to kidney complete resection possible stage II local spre...

WHO classification of odontogenic and maxillofacial bone tumors

The WHO classification of odontogenic and maxillofacial bone tumors, last published in 2017, is a subset of the WHO classification of head and neck tumors (4th edition), which lays out a histological classification system for neoplasms and other tumors related to the odontogenic apparatus. Clas...

Typhlitis

Typhlitis, also known as neutropenic colitis, is a necrotizing inflammatory condition which typically originates in the cecum and, often extends into the ascending colon, appendix or terminal ileum, by the time of presentation. In general patients are immunocompromised, usually neutropenic. Ter...

Tumor thrombus

Tumor thrombus is defined as tumor extending into a vessel, typically a vein. It occurs in a wide variety of malignancies. It is vital to distinguish tumor thrombus from "bland" thrombus (free of neoplastic cells) in the setting of neoplasia, as this often impacts staging and treatment approach....

Transitional cell carcinoma (staging)

Staging of transitional cell carcinomas of the urinary tract vary according to the location of the tumor, and are staged using the TNM staging system. transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis transitional cell carcinoma of the ureter transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder

Tracheal masses

The differential for tracheal masses can be rather wide. For a single mass consider: metastasis direct invasion from adjacent organ (lung, thyroid, esophagus and larynx) distant metastasis (e.g. melanoma, breast, renal, and colon cancer) primary neoplasms squamous cell carcinoma: commone...

Assessment of thyroid lesions (general)

Assessment of thyroid lesions is commonly encountered in radiological practice. Thyroid mass hyperplastic/colloid nodule/nodular hyperplasia: 85% adenoma follicular: 5% others: rare primary thyroid cancer (carcinoma) papillary: 60-80% of carcinomas follicular: 10-20% medullary: 5% anap...

Temporal lobe epilepsy

Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common type of focal epilepsy syndrome, with often characteristic imaging and clinical findings. It is divided into two broad groups: medial epilepsy most common involves the mesial temporal lobe structures most frequently due to mesial temporal scler...

TNM staging system

The TNM staging system (officially known as the TNM classification system of malignant tumors) is a cancer staging system overseen and published by the Union for International Cancer Control (UICC). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) publishes the AJCC Cancer Staging Manual which is b...

Superscan

A superscan is an imaging appearance on a Tc-99m diphosphonate bone scan which occurs as a result of a high ratio of bone to soft tissue tracer accumulation. Intense osteoblastic activity in the bones causes diminished renal and background soft tissue uptake. Pathology Etiology This appearanc...

Stipple sign (transitional cell carcinoma)

The stipple sign refers to the pointillistic end-on appearance on intravenous pyelography or retrograde pyelography of contrast material tracking into the interstices of a papillary lesion. Because the majority of transitional cell carcinomas (TCC) have a papillary configuration, the presence of...

Solid periosteal reaction

Solid periosteal pattern is thought to evolve from single layer and multilayered periosteal reactions, forming a solid layer of mature new bone adjacent to the cortex. It denotes a longstanding pathological process. Differential diagnosis osteoid osteoma osteomyelitis osteosarcoma chondrosa...

Tuberculous cervical lymphadenitis

Tuberculous cervical lymphadenitis, also known as scrofula and king's evil, continues to be seen in endemic areas and in the industrialised world particularly among the immunocompromised. Epidemiology Tuberculous cervical lymphadenitis is the most common manifestation of extrapulmonary tubercu...

Salivary gland tumors

Salivary gland tumors are variable in location, origin, and malignant potential. Pathology In general, the ratio of benign to malignant tumors is proportional to the gland size; i.e. the parotid gland tends to have benign neoplasms, the submandibular gland 50:50, and the sublingual glands and...

Oral cavity carcinoma (staging)

Oral cavity carcinoma staging refers to TNM staging of carcinomas involving the oral cavity. The vast majority of applicable cases are squamous cell carcinomas, but other epithelial and minor salivary gland cancers are also included. The following article reflects the 8th edition published by th...

Renal oncocytoma

Renal oncocytomas are relatively benign renal tumors. The main clinical importance of this lesion is the difficulty in preoperatively distinguishing it from renal cell carcinomas, as epidemiology, presentation, imaging and even histology can be very similar. Epidemiology Renal oncocytomas acc...

Prostate cancer (staging)

Prostate cancer staging takes into account a TNM staging system (primary site, nodal and distant metastases), pretreatment PSA and histological grading. The Gleason score is used to determine the Grade Group. A superseded staging system is the Whitmore-Jewett staging system. Additionally, the...

Posterior fossa tumors

Posterior fossa tumors have a very different differential in an adult as opposed to a child. Adult cerebellar metastases (most common) especially lung cancer and breast cancer also melanoma, thyroid malignancies, and renal cell cancer gastrointestinal stromal tumor (very ra...

Pleomorphic adenoma of the salivary glands

Pleomorphic adenomas of the salivary glands, also known as benign mixed tumors (see below), are the most common salivary gland tumors. The salivary glands are the most common site of pleomorphic adenomas. On imaging, they commonly present as well-circumscribed rounded masses, most commonly loca...

Pituitary stalk abnormal enhancement (differential)

Abnormal nodular enhancement of the pituitary stalk can be seen in a number of entities. Differential diagnosis tumors germinoma craniopharyngioma hypothalamic glioma pituitary lymphoma pituicytoma granular cell tumor of the pituitary (pituitary choristoma) pilocytic astrocytoma of the...

Pineoblastoma

Pineoblastomas are tumors that are best thought of as small round blue cell tumors located in the pineal region and thus, they closely resemble (both on imaging and on histology) medulloblastomas and retinoblastomas. They are the most aggressive and highest grade tumor among pineal parenchymal t...

Pineal cyst

Pineal cysts are common, usually asymptomatic, and typically found incidentally. Their importance is mainly in the fact that they cannot be distinguished from cystic tumors, especially when large or when atypical features are present. As such, many patients undergo prolonged follow-up for these ...

Pilocytic astrocytoma

Pilocytic astrocytomas, also known as juvenile pilocytic astrocytomas, are circumscribed astrocytic gliomas that tend to occur in young patients. They are considered WHO grade 1 tumors in the current WHO classification of CNS tumors and correspondingly have a relatively good prognosis. These tu...

Peritoneal calcification

Peritoneal calcification is seen in a limited number of conditions that result in calcification of peritoneal structures. Therefore, the differential diagnosis is small: psammoma bodies in malignancy (most frequently cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary): fine sand-like calcification pseudomyxoma p...

Distal appendicular bone metastases

Distal appendicular bone metastases, especially distal to the knee and elbow joints, are uncommon. Clinical presentation Localized pain and swelling, along with pathological fractures, are the most common 3. Pathology Etiology Malignancies that most commonly spread to appendicular skeleton...

Periosteal reaction

Periosteal reaction is a nonspecific radiographic finding that indicates new bone formation in reaction to the abnormal stimulants. Periosteal reactions may be broadly characterized as benign or aggressive, or more specifically categorized by pattern. Terminology Periosteal reaction is the rec...

Paraganglioma

Paragangliomas, sometimes called glomus tumors, are rare neuroendocrine tumors arising from paraganglia. Terminology Paraganglia are clusters of neuroendocrine cells dispersed throughout the body and closely related to the autonomic nervous system, with either parasympathetic or sympathetic f...

Papillary thyroid cancer

Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most common malignancy of the thyroid gland and frequently has nodal metastases at presentation. Terminology When the tumor measures <1 cm, the term micropapillary carcinoma (mPTC) is used 14. Epidemiology Papillary thyroid cancer (as is the case wit...

Pancreatic neoplasms

There are numerous primary pancreatic neoplasms, in part due to the mixed endocrine and exocrine components. Classification Classification based on function exocrine: ~99% of all primary pancreatic neoplasms pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (commonly known as pancreatic cancer) 90-95% acin...

Pancreatoblastoma

Pancreatoblastomas are rare pediatric tumors of the pancreas. However, they are the most common pancreatic neoplasm of childhood and are often associated with a raised alpha-fetoprotein. Epidemiology There is slight male predilection. Usually occurs in the first decade of life with a mean age ...

Pancoast tumor

Pancoast tumor, also known as superior sulcus tumor, refers to a relatively uncommon situation where a primary lung cancer arises in the lung apex and invades the surrounding soft tissues. Classically a Pancoast syndrome results, but in actuality this is only seen in one quarter of cases. Term...

Pediatric renal tumors and masses

Pediatric renal tumors and masses are another group of diseases (just like cystic renal diseases in both the adult and child) that are bewildering in their number, nomenclature and overlapping findings. Commoner lesions Wilms tumor: common in older children 1-8 years old nephroblastomatosis: ...

Osteoid osteoma

Osteoid osteomas are benign bone-forming tumors that typically occur in children (particularly adolescents). They have a characteristic lucent nidus <1.5 or 2 cm and surrounding osteosclerotic reaction, which classically causes night pain that is relieved by the use of NSAIDs. Epidemiology Ost...

Omental cake

Omental cake refers to infiltration of the omental fat by material of soft-tissue density. The appearances refer to the contiguous omental mass simulating the top of a cake. Masses on the peritoneal surfaces and malignant ascites may also be present. Pathology The most common cause is metasta...

Esophageal and esophagogastric junction squamous cell carcinoma (staging)

Esophageal and esophagogastric junction squamous cell carcinoma staging refers to TNM staging of squamous cell carcinoma originating in the esophagus or esophagogastric junction (including tumors whose center is within the proximal 2 cm of the gastric cardia). Related histologies included in th...

Esophageal carcinoma

Esophageal carcinoma is relatively uncommon. It tends to present with increasing dysphagia, initially to solids and progressing to liquids as the tumor increases in size, obstructing the lumen of the esophagus. Epidemiology Esophageal cancer is responsible for <1% of all cancers and 4-10% of a...

Non-seminomatous germ cell tumors

Non-seminomatous germ cell tumors (NSGCTs) are one of the main groups of germ cell tumors (the other being seminoma). Although they are made up of distinct histological entities, in general, they have similar radiographic appearances. They can, however, be found widely in the body, with variable...

Neuroblastoma

Neuroblastomas are tumors of neuroblastic origin. Although they may occur anywhere along the sympathetic chain, the vast majority arise from the adrenal gland. They represent the most common extracranial solid childhood malignancy and are the third commonest childhood tumor after leukemia and b...

Metastases to the breast

Metastases to the breast from non-mammary primary tumors are uncommon and account for 0.5-2.0% of all breast malignancies. Clinical presentation Metastases do not tend to cause retraction of the skin or nipple. Metastatic lesions are much more likely to be multiple or bilateral than primary c...

Vertebral metastases

Vertebral metastases represent the secondary involvement of the vertebral spine by hematogenously-disseminated metastatic cells. They must be included in any differential diagnosis of a spinal bone lesion in a patient older than 40 years. This article will focus only on the metastasis involving...

Meningioma

Meningiomas are extra-axial tumors and represent the most common tumor of the meninges. They are a non-glial neoplasm that originates from the meningocytes or arachnoid cap cells of the meninges and are located anywhere that meninges are found, and in some places where only rest cells are presum...

Mandibular lesions

Mandibular lesions are myriad and common. The presence of teeth results in lesions that are specific to the mandible (and maxilla) and a useful classification that defines them as odontogenic or non-odontogenic. While it may often not be possible to make a diagnosis on imaging alone, this classi...

Hemorrhagic intracranial metastases (mnemonic)

A mnemonic for primary malignancies responsible for hemorrhagic intracranial metastases is: MR CT BB MR CT HBO Mnemonic MR CT BB M: melanoma R: renal cell carcinoma C: choriocarcinoma T: thyroid carcinoma, teratoma B: bronchogenic carcinoma B: breast carcinoma MR CT HBO M: melanoma ...

Lymphangitic carcinomatosis

Lymphangitic carcinomatosis, or lymphangitis carcinomatosa, is the term given to tumor spread through the lymphatics of the lung and is most commonly seen secondary to adenocarcinoma. Epidemiology The demographics will reflect that of the underlying malignancy (see below). Clinical presentati...

Lung cancer (staging - IASLC 7th edition - superseded)

The IASLC (International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer) 7th edition lung cancer staging system was proposed in 2010 and has now been updated and superseded by the 8th edition, published in 2016. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) used to be staged di...

Dysplastic cerebellar gangliocytoma

Dysplastic cerebellar gangliocytoma, perhaps better known as Lhermitte-Duclos disease, is a rare tumor of the cerebellum appearing as thickening and increase in T2 signal of the cerebellar folia giving this lesion a characteristic striated appearance. Epidemiology Dysplastic cerebellar gangli...

Leptomeningeal metastases

Leptomeningeal metastases, also known as carcinomatous meningitis and meningeal carcinomatosis, refers to the spread of malignant cells through the CSF space. These cells can originate from primary CNS tumors (e.g. in the form of drop metastases), as well as from distant tumors that have metasta...

Laryngeal carcinoma (staging)

Laryngeal carcinoma staging refers to TNM staging of carcinomas involving the supraglottic, glottic, and subglottic larynx. The vast majority of applicable cases are squamous cell carcinomas, but other epithelial tumors are also included. The following article reflects the 8th edition published ...

Kimura disease

Kimura disease, also known historically as eosinophilic hyperplastic lymphogranuloma, is a rare benign inflammatory disease that characteristically manifests as enlargement of cervical lymph nodes and salivary glands. Epidemiology Kimura disease typically affects males (80%) between 20 and 40 ...

Ischemic colitis

Ischemic colitis refers to inflammation of the colon secondary to vascular insufficiency and ischemia. It is sometimes considered under the same spectrum as intestinal ischemia. The severity and consequences of the disease are highly variable. Epidemiology Ischemic bowel is typically a disease...

Intraventricular meningioma

Intraventricular meningiomas are rare tumors usually encountered in adults and are somewhat distinct from the far more common extra-ventricular meningioma. On imaging, they classically present as vividly enhancing solid mass at the trigone of the lateral ventricles. Epidemiology Intraventricu...

Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm

Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms or tumors (IPMNs or IMPTs) are epithelial pancreatic cystic tumors of mucin-producing cells that arise from the pancreatic ducts. They are most commonly seen in elderly patients. On imaging, particularly MRCP, they are characterized by single or multipl...

Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy

Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy (HOA) is a syndrome characterized by a periosteal reaction of the long bones without an underlying bone lesion. There is a broad range of manifestations, although typically there is symmetrical involvement of the appendicular skeleton. Accompanying abnormal soft tis...

Hodgkin lymphoma

Hodgkin lymphoma or Hodgkin disease (HD) is a type of lymphoma and accounts for ~1% of all cancers. Hodgkin disease spreads contiguously and predictably along lymphatic pathways and is curable in ~90% of cases, depending on its stage and subtype. Epidemiology There is a bimodal distribution in...

Lymphoma (staging)

Many lymphoma staging systems for both Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma have been developed. The most widely used currently is the Lugano staging classification, which also separately defines criteria for response to treatment assessed by PET-CT or by CT alone. Patients having undergon...

Meningeal hemangiopericytoma (historical)

Hemangiopericytomas of the meninges are rare tumors of the meninges, now considered to be an aggressive form of solitary fibrous tumors of the dura. They often present as large and locally aggressive dural masses, frequently extending through the skull vault. They are difficult to distinguish on...

Hemangioblastoma (central nervous system)

Hemangioblastomas are tumors of vascular origin and occur both sporadically and in patients with von Hippel Lindau disease. They are WHO grade 1 tumors, which can occur in the central nervous system or elsewhere in the body, including kidneys, liver, and pancreas. These tumors generally present...

Giant cell tumor of bone

Giant cell tumors (GCT) of bone are locally aggressive and rarely malignant or metastasizing bony neoplasms, typically found at the end of long bones which is the region around the closed growth plate extending into the epiphysis and to the joint surface 1. They are classified as osteoclastic gi...

Gliomatosis cerebri

Gliomatosis cerebri is an uncommon growth pattern of diffuse gliomas that involves at least three lobes by definition, has frequent bilateral growth and may extend to infratentorial structures 8. There often is an important discordance between clinical and radiological findings, as it may be cli...

Gestational trophoblastic disease

Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) results from the abnormal proliferation of trophoblastic tissue and encompasses a wide spectrum of diseases, including 14: tumor-like lesions exaggerated placental site reaction placental site nodule and plaque abnormal (non-molar) villo...

Gastric lymphoma

Gastric lymphoma may either represent secondary involvement by systemic disease or primary malignancy confined to the stomach. Epidemiology Gastric lymphoma represents the most common site of extranodal lymphoma, accounting for 25% of all such lymphomas, 50% of all gastrointestinal lymphomas...

Ganglioglioma

Gangliogliomas are uncommon, usually low-grade, CNS tumors. Epilepsy is a common clinical presentation and this tumor has a typical occurrence in the temporal lobes, although they have been described in all parts of the central nervous system. Their appearance on imaging is very variable: from ...

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