Articles

Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and edited by countless contributing members over a period of time. A global group of dedicated editors oversee accuracy, consulting with expert advisers, and constantly reviewing additions.

Create new article

1,053 results found

Gallbladder cancer (staging - AJCC 8th edition)

The AJCC (American Joint Committee on Cancer) 8th edition gallbladder cancer staging system was introduced in 2018. TNM system T: primary tumor Tis: carcinoma in situ - tumor only within the epithelium (the inner layer of the gallbladder) T1: tumor invades the lamina propria or muscularis T...

CT chest abdomen-pelvis (protocol)

The CT chest-abdomen-pelvis protocol serves as an outline for an examination of the trunk covering the chest, abdomen and pelvis. It is one of the most common CT examinations conducted in routine and emergencies. It can be combined with a CT angiogram. Note: This article aims to frame a genera...

CT abdomen-pelvis (protocol)

The CT abdomen-pelvis protocol serves as an outline for an examination of the whole abdomen including the pelvis. It is one of the most common CT protocols for any clinical questions related to the abdomen and/or in routine and emergencies. It forms also an integral part of trauma and oncologic ...

CT pancreas (protocol)

The CT pancreas protocol serves as an outline for a dedicated examination of the pancreas. As a separate examination, it is usually conducted as a biphasic contrast study and might be conducted as a part of other scans such as CT abdomen-pelvis, CT chest-abdomen-pelvis. Note: This article aims...

CT pelvis (protocol)

The CT pelvis protocol serves as an outline for the acquisition of a pelvic CT. As a separate examination, it might be performed as a non-contrast or contrast study or might be combined with a CT hip or rarely with a CT cystogram. A pelvic CT might be also conducted as a part of other scans such...

Myelodysplastic syndrome / myeloproliferative neoplasm (MDS/MPN) overlap syndromes

Myelodysplastic syndrome / myeloproliferative neoplasm (MDS/MPN) overlap syndromes refer to a group of chronic clonal myeloid malignancies in which there are features of both myelodysplastic syndrome and myeloproliferative neoplasm at the time of presentation. Entities that can fall into this g...

Prostate atrophy

Prostatic atrophy is characterized by reduced cytoplasm prostatic acinar cells and constitutes a benign mimic of prostate cancer not only on imaging but also histologically. Terminology The term 'proliferative inflammatory atrophy (PIA)' is used if it is associated with inflammation. Epidemio...

Prostatic leiomyoma

Prostatic leiomyomas are benign mesenchymal tumors of the prostate. Epidemiology Prostatic leiomyomas are very rare 1-3. Diagnosis The diagnosis of prostatic leiomyoma is based on histology. Clinical presentation Prostatic leiomyomas can present with voiding difficulties or obstructive sym...

Seminal vesicle cystadenoma

Seminal vesicle cystadenomas are a benign subgroup of mixed epithelial and stromal tumors of the seminal vesicles. Epidemiology Benign tumors of the seminal vesicles are very rare and so are cystadenomas 1. Clinical presentation Voiding difficulties or hematuria have been reported as clinica...

Seminal vesicle stones

Seminal vesicle stones or calculi refer to solid mineralized pieces of material within the seminal vesicles. Epidemiology Seminal vesicle calculi are rare and have been mainly reported after the age of 40 years 1. Associations Seminal vesicle calculi are often associated with hematospermia. ...

Prostatic acid phosphatase

Prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) also known as prostatic specific acid phosphatase (PSAP) is an enzyme generated by prostatic glandular tissue. Usage It can be used in immunohistochemistry to identify prostatic tissue including prostatic epithelium and prostatic ducts and is usually expressed ...

Mucinous adenocarcinoma of the prostate

Mucinous adenocarcinomas of the prostate or colloid adenocarcinomas of the prostate are a variant of acinar adenocarcinoma and characterized by mucinous features. Epidemiology Mucinous adenocarcinomas of the prostate are rare and account for less than 0.5% of prostate cancers 1-4. Diagnosis ...

Adenocarcinoma of the seminal vesicle

Adenocarcinomas of the seminal vesicles are the most common malignant primary neoplasm of the seminal vesicles. Epidemiology Primary adenocarcinomas of the seminal vesicles are very rare 1,2 and can be observed at a wide age range 2. Diagnosis Diagnostic criteria The following modified diag...

Basal cell carcinoma of the prostate

Basal cell carcinoma of the prostate or prostatic adenoid basal proliferation of uncertain significance is a type of prostate cancer resembling adenoid cystic carcinoma of the salivary glands. Terminology Other terms include 'adenoid cystic carcinoma', 'adenoid basal cell tumor', 'adenoid cyst...

Squamous neoplasms of the prostate

Squamous neoplasms of the prostate include squamous cell carcinomas and adenosquamous carcinomas of the prostate that account for two separate entities in the WHO classification of prostate tumors. Epidemiology Squamous cell carcinomas of the prostate are very rare and encompass <1% of prostat...

Urothelial carcinoma of the prostate

Urothelial carcinomas or transitional cell carcinomas of the prostate are malignant neoplasms that can occur as primary cancers of the prostate gland. Epidemiology Prostatic urothelial carcinomas account for less than 2-4% of all prostate cancers 1 and are usually seen in middle-aged men 2. A...

High-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia

High-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) refers to a proliferation of glandular epithelial cells and is generally considered a nonobligatory precursor lesion of invasive prostate cancer. Epidemiology High-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia is diagnosed in core needle biops...

Intraductal carcinoma of the prostate

Intraductal carcinomas of the prostate (IDCP) are a new subtype of prostate cancer that has been included as a new entity in the WHO classification of prostate tumors in 2016. Epidemiology Intraductal carcinomas of the prostate are rarely found isolated on needle core biopsy samples in 0.1-0.3...

Ductal adenocarcinoma of the prostate

Ductal adenocarcinomas of the prostate or prostatic ductal adenocarcinomas are malignant glandular neoplasms of the prostate and tend to be more aggressive than acinar adenocarcinomas. Terminology Due to its morphologic resemblance, it has been formerly referred to as 'endometrial' or 'endomet...

Periportal lymphadenopathy (differential)

Periportal lymphadenopathy can be a common observation during imaging of the upper abdomen. What is considered the exact upper limit of normal has been variable 1,3 among different publications but with many authors suggesting a cut-off of around 10 mm in short axis diameter. Pathology Etiolog...

Adenocarcinoma of the prostate with neuroendocrine differentiation

Adenocarcinoma of the prostate with neuroendocrine differentiation is a malignant neuroendocrine tumor of the prostate which only differs from acinar or ductal adenocarcinoma on immunohistochemistry staining. Diagnosis The diagnosis of adenocarcinoma of the prostate with neuroendocrine differe...

Well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumor of the prostate

Well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors of the prostate also known as low-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma of the prostate or carcinoid tumors of the prostate are low-grade neuroendocrine tumors arising from the prostate that may metastasize. Epidemiology Well-differentiated neuroendocrine tum...

Large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas of the prostate

Large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas (LCNEC) of the prostate or prostatic large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas are very aggressive and rare high-grade neuroendocrine tumors that are usually observed in the presence of an already existing adenocarcinoma and very rarely found alone. Epidemiology ...

Right hemicolectomy

A right hemicolectomy is a surgical procedure to remove the cecum and ascending colon. Indications cancer of the appendix, cecum or ascending colon (most common) 1 inflammatory bowel disease, particularly Crohn disease complicated appendicitis cecal volvulus perforation of the right colon ...

Theranostics

Theranostics (a.k.a. theragnostics 6) uses a diagnostic examination to determine if a patient may benefit from a specific therapeutic drug and thus couples the therapy with diagnostic information specific for the intended target 2. Theranostics promises improved patient selection for therapy on...

Small cell carcinoma of the prostate

Small cell carcinomas of the prostate (SCCP) or small cell neuroendocrine carcinomas of the prostate are neuroendocrine tumors and are characterized by aggressive behavior and a proliferation of small cells. Epidemiology Small cell neuroendocrine carcinomas of the prostate are rare 1,2 and mak...

Prostate imaging recurrence reporting

Prostate imaging recurrence reporting (PI-RR) or prostate MRI for local recurrence reporting is a structured reporting scheme similar to the Prostate Imaging-Reporting and Data System (PIRADS) v2.1 on multiparametric prostate MRI for the detection of local recurrence after radical prostatectomy ...

Acinar cell carcinoma of the pancreas

Pancreatic acinar cell carcinoma is a rare exocrine neoplasm that comprises ~1% of all pancreatic tumors. This tumor shows more aggressive behavior than the far more common adenocarcinoma 1,3,4. Clinical presentation High levels of serum lipase, due to hypersecretion syndrome, resulting in sub...

Neuroendocrine carcinoma of the cervix

Neuroendocrine carcinoma of the cervix is a rare type of invasive cervical cancer. These are very aggressive tumors with rapid lymph nodal metastasis 1,2. Epidemiology Neuroendocrine carcinomas of the cervix account for approximately ~2% of tumors of the cervix seen in the females of reproduct...

Neoplastic pericardial disease

Neoplastic pericardial disease, neoplastic pericardial involvement or neoplastic pericarditis refers to a pericardial infiltration by tumor cells usually associated with a variably sized pericardial effusion and is a form of non-infectious pericarditis. It needs to be differentiated from other c...

Ischemic fasciitis

Ischemic fasciitis (rare plural: ischemic fasciitides) refers to a reactive pseudosarcomatous fibroblastic or myofibroblastic proliferation associated with physical constraints. Terminology Terms that are no longer recommended for use include ‘pseudosarcomatous fibromatosis’ and ‘atypical decu...

Parathyromatosis

Parathyromatosis (plural: parathyromatoses) is the very rare phenomenon in which there is hyperplasia of residual foci of parathyroidal soft tissue after surgical parathyroidectomy resulting in recurrent hyperparathyroidism. Epidemiology Parathyromatosis is very rare, a study from 2012 stated ...

Angiofibroma of soft tissue

Angiofibromas of soft tissue are benign fibroblastic soft tissue neoplasms permeated by a vascular network that might be found in the periarticular and articular areas of the lower extremities that have been included as a separate entity in the WHO classification of soft tissue tumors in 2020. ...

MEN1 triad (mnemonic)

Mnemonics to remember the classic triad of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) are: PPP PiParPanc ParaPanPit Mnemonics PPP P: pituitary adenoma: prolactinoma is commonest P: pancreatic endocrine tumors P: parathyroid proliferative disease parathyroid hyperplasia (most common) pa...

Atypical spindle cell/pleomorphic lipomatous tumor

Atypical spindle cell/pleomorphic lipomatous tumors or atypical spindle cell lipoma are benign adipocytic soft tissue neoplasms with a variable proportion of atypical spindle cells, pleomorphic cells adipocytes and other cells with no risk for dedifferentiation but a low risk of local recurrence...

Intramuscular hemangiomas

Intramuscular hemangiomas, also known as intramuscular angiomas or intramuscular capillary-type hemangiomas, are vascular lesions consisting of benign vascular channels within skeletal muscle. Terminology In much of the scientific literature, the term "intramuscular hemangioma" continues to be...

Extrarenal rhabdoid tumor

Extrarenal rhabdoid tumors, also known as rhabdoid tumors of soft tissue or malignant rhabdoid tumors are highly malignant neoplasms of uncertain differentiation mainly seen in infants and children. Epidemiology Extrarenal rhabdoid tumors are very rare and most are found in infants and childre...

Haemosiderotic fibrolipomatous tumor

Haemosiderotic fibrolipomatous tumors or haemosiderotic fibrohistiocytic lipomatous lesions are locally aggressive soft tissue tumors of uncertain differentiation. Epidemiology Haemosiderotic fibrolipomatous tumors are rare with an estimated incidence of less than 0.2% of all benign lipomatous...

Pleomorphic hyalinizing angiectatic tumor of soft parts

Pleomorphic hyalinizing angiectatic tumors (PHAT) of soft parts are locally recurring non-metastasizing neoplasms of intermediate biologic potential and are classified as soft tissue tumors of uncertain lineage. Epidemiology Pleomorphic hyalinizing angiectatic tumors of soft parts a very rare ...

Angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma

Angiomatoid fibrous histiocytomas (AFH) or angiomatoid fibrous malignant histiocytomas are neoplasms of intermediate biologic potential and are classified as soft tissue tumors of uncertain differentiation. Epidemiology Angiomatoid fibrous histiocytomas a rare and account for about 0.3% of all...

Juxta-articular myxoma

Juxta-articular myxomas or periarticular myxomas are benign myxoid soft tissue tumors with similarities to intramuscular myxomas. They are classified as tumors of uncertain differentiation. Epidemiology Juxta-articular myxomas are rare and seen over a wide age range with a peak in the fourth t...

Epithelioid sarcoma

Epithelioid sarcomas are malignant usually slow-growing mesenchymal tumors of unknown and multidirectional differentiation. There are classic and proximal subtypes. Epidemiology Epithelioid sarcomas are rare and make up for <1% of soft tissue sarcomas 1,2. They are found in children and adults...

Neuromuscular choristoma

Neuromuscular choristomas (NMC), also known as benign triton tumors, nerve rhabdomyomas and neuromuscular or ectomesenchymal hamartomas are benign expansile peripheral nerve sheath tumors featuring a tight interconnection of skeletal muscle and nerve fibers within the endoneurial sheath. They al...

Dermal nerve sheath myxoma

Dermal nerve sheath myxomas are benign peripheral nerve sheath tumors usually originating from the skin or subcutaneous tissues. Terminology The previous term was ‘classic or myxoid variant of neurothekeoma’ but recent data has shown that they are biologically and clinically distinct from neur...

Soft tissue chondroma

Soft tissue chondromas or extraskeletal chondromas are benign soft tissue tumors of hyaline or myxoid cartilage originating in extraosseous and extrasynovial locations commonly found in the hands and feet. Epidemiology Soft tissue chondromas are rare. They are most commonly seen in middle-aged...

Ectomesenchymoma

Ectomesenchymomas are biphasic or composite malignant soft tissue tumors with rhabdomyosarcoma resembling parts and neuronal or neuroblastic features. Terminology The term ‘gangliorhabdomyosarcoma’ is no longer recommended. Epidemiology Ectomesenchymomas are very rare and usually occur in in...

Tumor lysis syndrome

Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) is an entity representing a constellation of laboratory and clinical derangements inclusive of: hyperuricemia hyperphosphatemia hypocalcemia and hyperkalemia It is considered an oncological emergency and can occur following treatment of malignancies with high cell...

Pleural pointillism

Pleural pointillism is multiple high signal regions on b=1000 diffusion-weighted imaging but not at lower b-values. It can be a reliable tool allowing differentiation of malignant from benign pleural lesions and can help guide biopsy 1-3. Its sensitivity is reported to be 93-100% and specificit...

Ovarian-Adnexal Reporting and Data System (O-RADS)

The Ovarian-Adnexal Imaging Reporting and Data System, (O-RADS), aims to ensure that there are uniform unambiguous sonographic and MRI evaluations of ovarian or other adnexal lesions, accurately assigning each lesion to a risk category of malignancy being present, and which informs the appropria...

Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a relatively new treatment modality in which the immune system of the patient is modulated specifically to control conditions such as autoimmune disease, allergies, or cancer. Therapies may be cell-based (e.g. chimeric antigen receptor T cell-based), antibody-based (e.g. checkpo...

Prostate MRI (an approach)

Prostate MRI has become an increasingly frequent examination faced in daily radiological practice and is mainly conducted for the detection, active surveillance and staging of prostate cancer. This approach is an example of how to create a radiological report of a prostate MRI (usually mpMRI) wi...

Pseudomyogenic hemangioendothelioma

Pseudomyogenic hemangioendotheliomas, also known as epithelioid sarcoma-like hemangioendotheliomas, are locally aggressive and rarely metastasizing vascular neoplasms with histological similarities to myoid tumors and epithelioid sarcomas. Epidemiology Pseudomyogenic hemangioendotheliomas are...

Composite hemangioendothelioma

Composite hemangioendotheliomas are locally aggressive and rarely metastasizing vascular tumors consisting of different and histologically distinct elements. Epidemiology Composite hemangioendotheliomas are very rare and mostly seen in adults. Women are slightly more commonly affected 1,2. Di...

Plexiform fibrohistiocytic tumor

Plexiform fibrohistiocytic tumors (PFHT) are dermal or subcutaneous soft tissue neoplasms of uncertain behavior with biphasic tumor morphology and a plexiform growth pattern. Epidemiology Plexiform fibrohistiocytic tumors are rare tumors. They can occur over a wide age range but are usually s...

Mesorectal lymph nodes

Mesorectal lymph nodes refers to lymph nodes that are present in the mesorectal fascia. Their assessment is important in the staging of colorectal tumors such as rectal cancer and anal cancer. Distribution According to one study, the majority of nodes were located in the proximal two-thirds ...

Acral fibromyxoma

Acral fibromyxomas, also known as superficial acral fibromyxomas or digital fibromyxomas are benign mesenchymal proliferations prone to recurrence usually found in the subungual and periungual sites of the digits. Terminology The term 'cellular digital fibroma' is not recommended 1,2. Epidemi...

Distal cholangiocarcinoma (staging)

Distal cholangiocarcinoma staging is defined according to the TNM staging classification of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC)/Union for International Cancer Control (UICC). As of 2018, the staging criteria are in their 8th edition and reflected below 1. These criteria apply to cancer...

Perihilar cholangiocarcinoma (staging)

Perihilar cholangiocarcinoma staging is, for prognostication, most commonly conducted using the TNM staging classification of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC)/Union for International Cancer Control (UICC). As of 2018, the staging criteria are in their 8th edition and reflected below...

Sclerosing epithelioid fibrosarcoma

Sclerosing epithelioid fibrosarcomas are rare slow-growing malignant fibroblastic soft tissue neoplasms pictured by a dense sclerotic hyalinized stroma with cords and areas of epithelioid fibroblasts. Epidemiology The tumor is rare and usually found in the middle-aged and elderly population. T...

Low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma

Low-grade fibromyxoid sarcomas also known as Evans tumors are malignant fibroblastic soft tissue neoplasms characterized by alternating fibrous and myxoid elements and a propensity to late recurrence and metastasis. Terminology The term hyalinizing spindle cell tumor with giant rosettes is now...

Lipofibromatosis

Lipofibromatosis refers to a rare unspecified/borderline slow-growing soft tissue tumor prone to recurrence, which is often found in the hands and feet of children. Terminology Infantile or juvenile fibromatosis variant is an alternative term, which has been used but is now discouraged 1. Ep...

Seminal vesicle invasion

Seminal vesicle invasion (SVI) is referred to as the secondary involvement of the seminal vesicles and ductus deferens by neoplasms not originating from the seminal vesicles themselves and are much more common than their primary counterparts. Involvement of the seminal vesicles stages prostate c...

Low-grade myofibroblastic sarcoma

Low-grade myofibroblastic sarcomas, also known as myofibrosarcoma are locally aggressive rarely metastasizing fibroblastic tumors. Epidemiology Low-grade myofibroblastic sarcomas most commonly occur in adults in the 4th and 5th decade of life with a minor male predominance and are rarely found...

Infantile fibrosarcoma

Infantile fibrosarcomas also known as congenital fibrosarcoma, infantile fibrosarcoma-like tumor, and cellular congenital mesoblastic nephroma are locally aggressive rarely metastasizing fibroblastic tumors found in the pediatric population. Epidemiology Infantile fibrosarcomas are most common...

Adult fibrosarcoma

Adult fibrosarcomas are rare, malignant and highly aggressive fibroblastic soft tissue tumors. They constitute a diagnosis of exclusion. Epidemiology Adult fibrosarcomas by more recent definition are rare and make up around 1% of soft tissue sarcomas. They are mostly seen in middle-aged people...

Myxoid pleomorphic liposarcoma

Myxoid pleomorphic liposarcomas are extremely rare aggressive malignant neoplasms arising from adipocytic tissues characterized by a mixture of pleomorphic and myxoid features and the absence of genetic fusions and amplifications seen in well-differentiated liposarcoma and other lines of differe...

Pleomorphic liposarcoma

Pleomorphic liposarcomas are high-grade malignant neoplasms arising from adipocytic tissues characterized by a variable number of pleomorphic lipoblasts and the absence of areas of well-differentiated liposarcoma and other lines of differentiation. Epidemiology Pleomorphic sarcomas are rare an...

Dedifferentiated liposarcoma

Dedifferentiated liposarcomas (DDLPS) are malignant adipocytic soft tissue neoplasms that have progressed from primary or recurrent atypical lipomatous tumors/well-differentiated liposarcomas and are characterized by a much higher rate of recurrence, metastasis in about one-fourth of the cases a...

Well-differentiated liposarcoma/atypical lipomatous tumor

Well-differentiated liposarcomas (WDLPS) or atypical lipomatous tumors (ALT) are locally aggressive adipocytic soft tissue neoplasms and are the most common form of liposarcomas. Terminology The terminology well-differentiated liposarcoma and atypical lipomatous tumor depend on the localizatio...

Epithelioid hemangioma

Epithelioid hemangiomas are benign vascular neoplasms made of epithelioid endothelial cell morphology usually seen in cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues. Epidemiology They have been observed in all age groups with a peak incidence in the 4th decade. There is no gender predominance 1. Diagnosi...

Epithelioid hemangioma of bone

Epithelioid hemangiomas of bone are benign intraosseous vascular neoplasms of epithelioid morphology which show locally aggressive behavior. Terminology The following terms are not recommended 1: histiocytoid hemangioma hemorrhagic epithelioid hemangioma spindle cell hemangioma Epidemiolo...

High-grade surface osteosarcoma

High-grade surface osteosarcomas are sporadic and high-grade malignant osteoid-forming tumors emerging from the bony surfaces similar to parosteal and periosteal osteosarcomas. Epidemiology High-grade surface osteosarcomas are very rare and constitute <1% of all osteosarcomas. There seems to b...

Paclitaxel lung toxicity

Paclitaxel lung toxicity is a form of drug induced lung disease that can precipitate following the use of paclitaxel which is a chemotherapeutic agent commonly used in the treatment of breast, ovarian, and non-small cell lung cancers. Two forms have been described: hypersensitivity reactions 1...

WHO classification of prostate tumors

The World Health Organization (WHO) classification of prostate tumors is a commonly used classification system for prostate tumors. The current version was published in 2016 as part of the WHO Classification of Tumors of the Urinary System and Male Genital Organs 1,2 and replaces the previous c...

Stromal tumor of uncertain malignant potential

Stromal tumor of uncertain malignant potential (STUMP) is a rare stromal tumor of the prostate with a broad spectrum of histologic patterns and variable clinical behavior. Terminology Stromal tumor of uncertain malignant potential has been also known as atypical stromal hyperplasia, cystic epi...

Sarcomatoid carcinoma of the prostate

Sarcomatoid carcinoma of the prostate is a rare malignant prostatic tumor variant usually composed of both malignant glandular cells and spindle cells. Terminology Sarcomatoid carcinoma of the prostate is also known as carcinosarcoma, metaplastic carcinoma or spindle cell carcinoma of the pros...

Leiomyosarcoma of the prostate

Leiomyosarcoma of the prostate is a rare mesenchymal smooth muscle malignancy of the prostate gland. Epidemiology It is a rare tumor with less than 200 cases reported in the literature accounting for approximately 25% of all sarcomas of the prostate gland and less than 0.1% of primary prostate...

DNA

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a nucleic acid that encodes the genetic information (genome) necessary for RNA (ribonucleic acid) transcription (transcriptome) and protein synthesis (proteome) 1. It is contained in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells in the form of chromatin or chromosomes 7,8. Mole...

Skip metastases to the axillary lymph nodes in breast cancer

Skip metastases to the axillary lymph nodes in breast cancer refer to the uncommon phenomenon in which metastases do not follow the conventional stepwise pattern from level I to level II, to level III (infraclavicular), to the supraclavicular fossa, and or internal jugular chain 1-6,9. Terminol...

Rectal cancer response assessment

Assessment of rectal cancer response to therapy, which may be chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or a combination, relies on the synthesis of clinical, endoscopic and radiologic evaluation. The purpose of neoadjuvant therapy is to downstage the tumor, to facilitate surgical resection, and reduce loca...

Watchful waiting

Watchful waiting, also known as watch and wait, describes a palliative management option with the main goal to maintain/improve quality of life, to control complications as well as minimize adverse treatment-related effects. Usage Watchful waiting is usually considered in elderly patients with...

Active surveillance

Active surveillance describes a management option aiming at close monitoring of a specific stage in disease and minimizing adverse treatment-related effects without compromising survival at the same time. Curative or definite treatment is intended and offered upon deterioration or explicit patie...

Bethesda classification system for thyroid fine needle aspirates

Bethesda classification system for thyroid fine needle aspirates comprises six categories of pathological reporting of thyroid FNA, with each category linked to a malignancy risk. Classification category I: non-diagnostic category II: benign category III: atypia of undetermined sig...

Fat containing brain lesions

Intracranial fat is uncommon and a wide range of differentials should be considered. Neoplastic intracranial dermoid cyst intracranial teratoma intracranial lipoma pericallosal lipoma quadrigeminal cistern lipoma suprasellar cistern lipoma cerebellopontine angle lipoma choroid plexus li...

Trichoptysis

Trichoptysis (rare plural: trichoptyses) is an extremely rare symptom, whereby patients cough up hair. It is highly specific for rupture of a mediastinal teratoma into the tracheobronchial tree, however it is not pathognomonic as several articles claim (see below) 1,2. Nevertheless it remains a ...

Ovarian-Adnexal Reporting and Data System Magnetic Resonance Imaging (O-RADS MRI)

The Ovarian-Adnexal Reporting and Data System Magnetic Resonance Imaging (O-RADS MRI) forms the MRI component of the Ovarian-Adnexal Reporting and Data System (O-RADS). This system aims to ensure that there is a uniform, unambiguous MRI evaluation of ovarian or other adnexal lesions, accurately ...

Hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy

Hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (often abbreviated as HIPEC) is a form of chemotherapy used for the treatment of peritoneal involvement with malignancy. It usually involves the instillation of heated (to around 41–43°C) chemotherapy agents directly into the abdominopelvic cavity imme...

Pituitary blastoma

Pituitary blastomas are a very rare type of pituitary tumor. Epidemiology Pituitary blastomas typically affect children under 2 years old. They are almost pathognomonic for DICER1 syndrome and warrant testing for germ-line DICER1 mutation if found 1,2. Clinical presentation Pituitary blastom...

Percutaenous renal tumor ablation

Percutaneous ablation in the kidney is now performed as a standard therapeutic nephron-sparing option in patients who are poor candidates for resection. It is performed via radiofrequency ablation or cryoablation. Follow-up time frame Can vary according to center but usually includes contrast-...

Primary cutaneous lymphoma

Primary cutaneous lymphomas represent a group of extranodal non-Hodgkin lymphomas (T- or B-cell) primarily confined to the skin with no evidence of extracutaneous disease at the time of diagnosis (cf. secondary involvement of the skin). Mycosis fungoides is the most prevalent type of primary c...

Sclerotic bone metastasis (mnemonic)

A mnemonic for remembering which tumors may lead to sclerotic bone metastases is: 6 Bees Lick Pollen Mnemonic B: bone (osteogenic carcinoma) B: breast B: bronchus (carcinoid) B: bladder (TCC) B: brain (medulloblastoma) B: bowel (mucinous) L: lymphoma P: prostate

Urothelial carcinoma with squamous differentiation

Urothelial carcinoma with squamous differentiation (UCSD) is a variation of urothelial cell carcinoma which is associated with advanced tumor stage. When occurring in relation to bladder cancer, around 60-70% of the cases occur in those with muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) 1. Treatment an...

Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma of the head and neck

Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma, formerly known as malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH), is commonly recognized as an aggressive sarcoma with poor outcomes 1. Epidemiology Most patients are between 50 and 70 years of age, and men are affected 2–3 times as commonly as women 1-3. Clinical...

Filtered (1)Done (clear)

+Systems

+Article Sections

+Sort By

ADVERTISEMENT: Supporters see fewer/no ads

Updating… Please wait.

Unable to process the form. Check for errors and try again.

Thank you for updating your details.