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Percutaenous renal tumor ablation

Percutaneous ablation in the kidney is now performed as a standard therapeutic nephron-sparing option in patients who are poor candidates for resection. It is performed via radiofrequency ablation or cryoablation. Follow-up time frame Can vary according to center but usually includes contrast-...

Primary cutaneous lymphoma

Primary cutaneous lymphomas represent a group of extranodal non-Hodgkin lymphomas (T- or B-cell) primarily confined to the skin with no evidence of extracutaneous disease at the time of diagnosis (cf. secondary involvement of the skin). Mycosis fungoides is the most prevalent type of primary c...

Sclerotic bone metastasis (mnemonic)

A mnemonic for remembering which tumors may lead to sclerotic bone metastases is: 6 Bees Lick Pollen Mnemonic B: bone (osteogenic carcinoma) B: breast B: bronchus (carcinoid) B: bladder (TCC) B: brain (medulloblastoma) B: bowel (mucinous) L: lymphoma P: prostate

Urothelial carcinoma with squamous differentiation

Urothelial carcinoma with squamous differentiation (UCSD) is a variation of urothelial cell carcinoma which is associated with advanced tumor stage. When occurring in relation to bladder cancer, around 60-70% of the cases occur in those with muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) 1. Treatment an...

Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma of the head and neck

Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma, formerly known as malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH), is commonly recognized as an aggressive sarcoma with poor outcomes 1. Epidemiology Most patients are between 50 and 70 years of age, and men are affected 2–3 times as commonly as women 1-3. Clinical...

Organs at risk

The organs at risk (OARs) are the healthy tissues / organs placed near the clinical target volume (CTV) whose irradiation could cause damage that would make changes to the radiotherapy treatment plan. The heart, for example, in radiotherapy with LINAC of the left breast cancer, is an organ at ri...

Hepar lobatum carcinomatosum

Hepar lobatum carcinomatous, also known as pseudocirrhosis of the liver, is a rare form of metastatic liver disease. It is most often secondary to invasive ductal and lobular breast cancer. It was, however, first described in tertiary syphilis. The exact pathogenesis is unclear, and both direct ...

Cannonball metastasis (mnemonic)

Cannonball metastases refer to multiple large, well-circumscribed, round pulmonary metastases. Numerous primary tumors have been described presenting with cannonball metastases, however, some primary tumors have a predilection for this presentation. It should be noted that it is difficult to f...

Chondromesenchymal hamartoma

Chondromesenchymal hamartomas are rare, benign, tumor-like nasal masses in children that have been associated with DICER1 mutations. Epidemiology The entity is rare: a systematic review of the literature in 2015 identified fewer than 50 reported cases 2. The mean age of presentation is 10 year...

Intramuscular lipoma

Intramuscular lipomas are deep-seated lipomas located within a muscle. Terminology Intramuscular lipomas share the term ‘infiltrating lipoma’ with intermuscular lipomas. Epidemiology Intramuscular lipomas account for about 1% of all lipomas and occur in all age groups with the most occurring...

Intermuscular lipoma

Intermuscular lipomas are lipomas located deep between muscles. Terminology Intermuscular lipomas are sometimes called ‘infiltrating lipomas’ since they can involve both the intramuscular and the tissue between muscles 1. Epidemiology Intermuscular lipomas are much less common than superfici...

Myolipoma of soft tissue

Myolipoma of soft tissue or extrauterine lipoleiomyoma is a benign adipocytic soft tissue neoplasm mainly consisting of well-differentiated smooth muscle cells and mature adipose tissue. Epidemiology Myolipomas are rare, they are more common in women and seen in the 5th and 6th decades of life...

Burkitt lymphoma (abdominal manifestations)

Abdominal manifestations of Burkitt lymphoma occur in the non-pandemic variant of Burkitt lymphoma. For a general discussion of Burkitt lymphoma, and for links to other system specific manifestations, please refer to Burkitt lymphoma. Whenever Burkitt lymphoma presents, it is predominantly an e...

Soap bubble appearance (differential diagnosis)

Soap bubble appearance describes a multi-loculated bubbly appearance of lesion or structure. A soap bubble appearance of a bone lesion refers to: an expansile lytic lesion with internal trabeculations and preserved cortex, usually of benign nature but may be used to describe more aggressive ...

Parathyroid carcinoma

Parathyroid carcinomas are very rare, and the overwhelming majority of discrete parathyroid gland lesions seen will be parathyroid adenomas. Carcinomas often present with profound hyperparathyroidism, as most of them are functional. Early metastasis is not uncommon. Imaging is important in their...

Myxoid soft tissue tumors

Myxoid soft tissue tumors are diversified group tumors of mesenchymal origin with a mucoid or myxoid extracellular matrix, which can be benign or malignant 1-3. Epidemiology Incidence depends entirely on the specific tumor with intramuscular myxoma being the most common 2,3 from the benign les...

Chromophobe renal cell carcinoma

Chromophobe renal cell carcinoma is one of the less common subtypes of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Epidemiology This is the least common major subtype of RCC, occurring 5% of the time 1. Similar incidence in men and women. There is an association with Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome 4. Pathology Thi...

Lepidic growth

Lepidic growth is a pathological term referring to a pattern of cell proliferation along the lining of the alveolar structures of the lung as is seen in a subset of lung tumors 1. History and etymology ‘lepidic’ was coined by the English pathologist John George Adam (1862-1926) whilst at McGil...

Nucleic acids

The nucleic acids are the collective term for the two main macromolecular nucleotide polymers: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) RNA (ribonucleic acid) Nucleotides, the constituent units of nucleic acids, are made up of simpler molecules called nucleosides and inorganic phosphate (H3PO4). Each nucl...

Sympathetic chain schwannoma

Sympathetic chain schwannomas or schwannomas of the cervical sympathetic chain (SCSC) are rare benign nerve sheath tumors. These longitudinally oriented tumors in the perivertebral space rely on anatomical mass effect to differentiate from the main differential masses of vagal schwannoma or spin...

Panproctocolectomy

Panproctocolectomy is a surgery to remove the entire colon, rectum and anal canal. It is most frequently performed for ulcerative colitis, Crohn disease and familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) syndrome but may also be conducted for colorectal cancer and some other malignancies. The ileostomy co...

Tamoxifen-induced reversible hepatic steatosis

Tamoxifen is an important anti-estrogen agent used for the treatment of hormone receptor-positive breast cancer and it may induce reversible hepatic steatosis. This is usually transient and may occasionally be associated with hepatic dysfunction. It only rarely leads to cirrhosis 1. Epidemiolog...

Radiation recall pneumonitis

Radiation recall pneumonitis is a rare reaction occurring in previously irradiated areas of pulmonary tissue after the application of triggering agents (e.g. chemotherapeutic agents, immunomodulators). It is not thought to be due to the direct effect of radiation. Classically this has been descr...

Immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy related pneumonitis

Immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy-related pneumonitis is one of the complications that can occur in the setting of immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy. Epidemiology Immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy-related pneumonitis is considered a rare complication with a reported incidence of <5% in m...

Immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy

Immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy is a relatively new treatment for certain cancers which result in immune system-mediated destruction of tumor cells. Immune checkpoint inhibitors act through a unique mechanism of action when compared with those of conventional chemotherapeutic agents. They c...

Pulmonary venous obstructive syndrome

Pulmonary vein obstructive syndrome (PVOS) is a form of pulmonary venous stenosis which can occur as a result of pulmonary venous infiltration by a tumor or compression by affected lymph nodes with resultant venous stasis +/- subsequent thrombosis. It can occur to a variable extent. Terminology...

Percutaneous liver tumor ablation

Percutaneous liver tumor ablation techniques are well-established and effective therapeutic alternatives for the treatment of primary and secondary liver tumors. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and colorectal oligometastatic disease are the most common indications. There are specific indications ...

Reporting and Data Systems (disambiguation)

In recent years there has been a proliferation of Reporting and Data Systems (RADS), which have been proposed - and in many cases widely adopted - as standardized systems for the reporting of imaging of various body organs, often, but certainly not always, with a focus on oncological disease 2. ...

Total pelvic exenteration

Total pelvic exenteration refers to extensive surgical resection of pelvic structures to treat locally advanced or recurrent pelvic malignancies. It is performed to obtain optimal excision of tumor radical margins which can be difficult in pelvis given proximity and often local invasion of adjac...

Metachronous (pathology)

The term metachronous is used in oncology to refer to two (or more) independent primary malignancies, when the second (or third, etc.) malignancy arose more than six months after the diagnosis of the first malignancy 1,2. These may be in the same, or in different, organs. See also synchronous ...

Synchronous (pathology)

The term synchronous is used in oncology to refer to two (or more) independent primary malignancies, when the second (or third, etc.) malignancy arose within six months of the diagnosis of the first malignancy 1,2. These may be in the same, or in different, organs. See also metachronous multi...

Vertebral body pathological fracture

Vertebral body pathological fracture occurs as a result of infiltration of the vertebral body by a neoplastic process (primary or secondary). Vertebral bodies are one of the most common sites of pathological fractures. Clinical presentation As with other types of vertebral fractures, they pre...

Vesical Imaging-Reporting and Data System (VI-RADS)

The Vesical Imaging–Reporting and Data System (VI-RADS) is a structured reporting scheme for multiparametric bladder MRI in the evaluation of suspected bladder cancer. A systematic approach to bladder lesion based on multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) was proposed by the European Association of Urology...

Lung carcinosarcoma

Lung carcinosarcomas are uncommon malignant biphasic tumors classified as a subtype of sarcomatoid tumors of the lung. Epidemiology It is rare and thought to account for <1% of all lung cancers. There may be a greater male predilection with tumor generally occurring in heavy smokers with peak...

Hamartoma

A hamartoma (plural: hamartomas or hamartomata) is a benign tumor-like malformation that consists of a collection of architecturally disorganized cells located in an area of the body where the cells are normally found. It is often due to abnormal development. In radiology, hamartomas often mimi...

Samarium-153

Samarium-153 (Sm-153) is a radioisotope used in metabolic radiotherapy for the treatment of pain from bone metastases. It is produced in nuclear reactors, by neutron irradiation of samarium-152 (Sm-152 Sm2O3). Samarium-153 decays by emitting both beta minus particles and gamma photons with a ch...

Halo sign (osseous)

The halo sign in bone imaging refers to the presence of a hyperintense rim around an osseous lesion on T2-weighted MRI, which is highly suggestive of a metastatic lesion, rather than a primary malignancy 1.

Pulmonary tumor thrombotic microangiopathy

Pulmonary tumor thrombotic microangiopathy occurs when there are non-occlusive tumor cell microemboli with fibrointimal remodeling in small pulmonary arteries, veins and lymphatics. It rarely causes pulmonary hypertension. Epidemiology Associations At autopsy, approximately 25% patients with ...

Primary pulmonary chondrosarcoma

Primary pulmonary chondrosarcoma is an extremely rare form of chondrosarcoma, in terms of location. The majority of intrathoracic chondrosarcomas occur in relation to the chest wall. Epidemiology While the exact incidence is unknown, only a handful of cases have been reported in the literature...

Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma

Kaposiform hemangioendotheliomas are rare, locally invasive vascular tumors that often present in infancy, most commonly as an enlarging cutaneous mass 1,2. They are currently classified as distinct from tufted angiomas in the ISSVA classification of vascular anomalies. However, some consider it...

Anterior resection syndrome

Anterior resection syndrome refers to wide spectrum of symptoms which develop post-sphincter preserving rectal resection for rectal cancer. Pelvic radiotherapy is a known risk factor to develop anterior resection syndrome. Epidemiology There have been reports that up to 47% of patients who un...

WHO classification of tumors of bone

The World Health Organization (WHO) classification of bone tumors is the most widely used pathologic classification system for such disorders. The current revision, part of the 5th edition of the WHO series, was published in 2020 and is reflected in the article below 1. Classification Chondrog...

Oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma

Oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) is the most common type of head and neck cancer in the Western world 1. Typically it will be further categorized based on the specific anatomical location involved within the oropharynx, as this may affect prognosis and modality of treatment. Epide...

Androgen deprivation therapy

Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), also called androgen suppression therapy or is a form of treatment in prostate cancer, which basically aims to slow prostate cancer growth by blocking the effect of androgens e.g. testosterone. Such therapy is mainly used for treating men with intermediate- a...

Inferior vena cava leiomyosarcoma

Inferior vena cava leiomyosarcomas are the most common type of retroperitoneal leiomyosarcoma and most common primary malignancy of the inferior vena cava. Epidemiology Three-quarters of cases occur in women, usually aged 40-60 years 2. Clinical presentation When symptomatic, patients most c...

Lymphoscintigraphy

Lymphoscintigraphy is a nuclear medicine technique to visualize regional lymphatic drainage, especially for mapping sentinel lymph nodes, from a site of radiopharmaceutical injection. Radiopharmaceutical Colloidal agents are used as these particles enter lymphatic channels and migrate to lymph...

Lobectomy (lung)

A lobectomy (plural: lobectomies) is the complete resection of one lobe of the lung and is the commonest lung surgery performed for bronchogenic carcinoma. Technique A posterolateral thoracotomy is the commonest approach for the resection of lung malignancies. For other surgical approaches for...

Choline C-11

Carbon-11-choline (choline C-11 or 11C-choline) is the most studied isotope carbon-11 PET radiopharmaceutical. The molecule is used for oncologic Imaging 1-4. Choline is one of the components of phosphatidylcholine, a fundamental element of cell membrane phospholipids 5. Cancer cells tend to ha...

Lung surgery

Lung (or pulmonary) surgery is most frequently performed for lung carcinoma, and encompasses a broad spectrum of procedures: sublobar resections wedge resection segmentectomy lobectomy: commonest surgery for bronchogenic carcinoma includes sleeve lobectomy and bilobectomy pneumonectomy Te...

Volume doubling time

The volume doubling time (VDT) is an important volumetric parameter primarily used in lung cancer screening and follow-up by chest CT. Volume doubling time is defined as the time required for a growing nodule to double its volume. A longer VDT suggests a more benign course, whilst a short VDT is...

Fibrosarcoma

Fibrosarcomas are malignant tumors of fibroblast origin. They are a type of soft tissue sarcoma that can be grouped by patient age, i.e. adult fibrosarcoma and infantile fibrosarcoma, and/or anatomical region, for example: fibrosarcoma of the breast fibrosarcoma of the chest wall fibrosarcoma...

Oligoprogression

Oligoprogression is an emerging concept in oncology, denoting a state where after an initially successfully systemic therapy of disseminated metastases, a single/few lesions display further progression. Terminology A key difference between the related concepts of oligometastasis and oligoprog...

Yttrium-90

Yttrium-90 (90Y) is a radioisotope; derived from the decay of 90Sr. Yttrium-90 decays due to the emission of β- particles, with a half-life of 2.67 days 5. It can be used for metabolic radiopharmaceutical therapy, for example: non-Hodgkin B-cell lymphoma radioimmunotherapy (radiopharmaceutical ...

Pleomorphic adenoma of the lacrimal glands

Pleomorphic adenomas of the lacrimal glands, also known as benign mixed tumors (BMTs), are the most common lacrimal gland tumors. Terminology Historically pleomorphic adenomas have also been called benign mixed tumors, however this name is now discouraged. It was previously thought that these ...

F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose

F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) is the most common PET radiotracer. Structure The radiopharmaceutical consists of the fluorine-18 radionuclide substituting the hydroxyl group at the C-2 position of glucose. The IUPAC chemical name is 2-deoxy-2-[F-18]fluoroglucose. Production F-18 fluoride ion ...

International Myeloma Working Group response criteria

The International Myeloma Working Group response criteria are consensus definitions used to assess response to treatment of multiple myeloma. With the latest version published in 2016, the criteria have been widely adopted for classifying responses in clinical trials and in routine practice 1. I...

Lower limb lymph nodes

The lower limb lymph nodes consist of the: inguinal lymph nodes superficial inguinal lymph nodes deep inguinal lymph nodes popliteal lymph nodes

Inguinal lymph nodes

The inguinal lymph nodes (often shortened to the inguinal nodes) are a major group of lymph nodes in the lymphatic system. They are the major drainage pathway of the lower limbs, genitals, perineum, gluteal region and the inferior aspect of the anterior abdominal wall. Inguinal lymph nodes large...

Weight loss

A clinical presentation of weight loss is extremely common and often a source of marked anxiety for the patient. The commonest cause of unintentional weight loss (UWI) is gastrointestinal tract disease, and not malignancy. Terminology The published literature lacks a consistent definition of w...

B symptoms

The B symptoms (a.k.a. inflammatory symptoms) are a triad of systemic symptoms associated with more advanced disease and a poorer outcome in lymphoma 1,2: weight loss >10% unintentional decrease in body weight in the 6 months preceding the diagnosis fever: >38°C night sweats B symptoms are ...

Prostate MRI protocol

Prostate MRI has become an increasingly frequent examination faced in daily radiological practice and is usually acquired as either multiparametric or biparametric MRI of the prostate. This article aims to outline the concept of an MRI protocol for the assessment of the prostate. Recommendatio...

MRI targeted prostate biopsy

MRI targeted prostate biopsy refers to an imaging targeted technique rather than the traditional systematic approach of a prostate biopsy after respective imaging with multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) of the prostate. As a consequence of the recent advances of multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) of the pros...

Basal cell carcinoma

A basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is one of the commonest non-melanocytic types of skin cancer. Epidemiology Typically present in elderly fair-skinned patients in the 7th to 8th decades of life. There may be an increased male predilection. Associations Multiple basal cell carcinomas may be prese...

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (staging)

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma staging is conducted most commonly in accordance with the TNM staging classification of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC)/Union for International Cancer Control (UICC). As of 2018, the staging criteria are in their 8th edition and reflected below 1. Th...

Ovarian-Adnexal Reporting and Data System Ultrasound (O-RADS US)

The Ovarian-Adnexal Reporting and Data System Ultrasound (O-RADS US) forms the ultrasound component of the Ovarian-Adnexal Reporting and Data System (O-RADS). This system aims to ensure that there are uniform unambiguous sonographic evaluations of ovarian or other adnexal lesions, accurately ass...

Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome

Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS) is a rare lymphoproliferative condition. Clinical presentation It presents with chronic lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and symptomatic multilineage cytopenias in an otherwise healthy child. Pathology It represents a failure of apoptotic mechanis...

Adrenal lymphoma

Adrenal lymphoma can refer to: primary adrenal lymphoma: rare can be bilateral in around 70% of cases 1 secondary involvement of the adrenal glands with lymphoma: more common Clinical presentation The presentation can be variable and may include adrenal insufficiency, worsening general sta...

Desmoplasia

Desmoplasia, also known as a desmoplastic reaction, is the term used by pathologists to refer to the growth of fibrous tissue around disease, usually cancer. However in dermatopathology, desmoplasia may also be seen with benign, as well as malignant, conditions. Terminology Pathologists prefer...

DICER1 syndrome

DICER1 syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant disorder predisposing individual to the development of multiple tumor types. DICER1 is considered a tumor suppressor gene that encodes the endoribonuclease protein Dicer. The first association with pleuropulmonary blastoma was discovered in 2009. Ass...

Neuroblastoma (image-defined risk factors)

Image-defined risk factors are imaging features seen at the time of neuroblastoma diagnosis that confer a poorer prognosis. The International Neuroblastoma Risk Group (INRG) suggested an update (2009) to the neuroblastoma staging with a list of features that, if present, upstages a patient with ...

mTOR protein

The mTOR proteins, an abbreviation for mammalian target of rapamycin, also known as mechanistic target of rapamycin, are two proteins that are involved in cell signaling pathways implicated in tumorigenesis. The mTOR proteins are serine/threonine protein kinases that combine with several other ...

Calcifying fibrous tumor

Calcifying fibrous tumors, previously known as calcifying fibrous pseudotumors, are rare, benign fibroblastic tumors of the soft tissues. Epidemiology It can occur at all ages and there is no strong gender predilection 1. Fewer than 200 cases have been reported in the English literature 1. Cl...

Tumor ablation

Tumor ablation, or image-guided tumor ablation, is the direct application of chemical or energy-based (i.e. thermal and non-thermal) treatments to cause local tumor destruction. Techniques include: energy-based techniques thermal ablation radiofrequency ablation (RFA) microwave ablation (MWA...

Lichen planus

Lichen planus refers to a dermatological condition that typically affects the skin, nails, oral cavity, genitals or perineum. Skin lesions are characterized by violaceous scaly pruritic plaque eruption while oral lesions are characterized by erosions and lace-like reticular plaques. It is a chr...

Typical clinical manifestations of multiple myeloma (mnemonic)

The typical clinical manifestations of multiple myeloma can be recalled using the mnemonic: CRAB Mnemonic C: hypercalcemia R: renal failure A: anemia B: bone disease The CRAB mnemonic can help differentiate multiple myeloma from its precursor diseases - monoclonal gammopathy of undetermin...

Esophageal and esophagogastric junction neuroendocrine tumor (staging)

Esophageal and esophagogastric junction neuroendocrine tumor staging refers to TNM staging of epithelial cancers other than the squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma groups located in the esophagus or esophagogastric junction (including tumors whose center is within the proximal 2 cm of the...

Janus kinase

The Janus kinases or JAKs are proteins which act as cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases and link cytokine signaling from membrane receptors to signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) transcription factors. Terminology As these molecules are eponyms, the Janus component of the name ...

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Epidemiology Associations Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma is sometimes associated with immunodeficiency, including acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Pathology Classification In the 2016 WHO classifica...

Microinvasive carcinoma of the breast

Microinvasive carcinoma is a type of epithelial breast cancer in which microscopic foci of tumor cells infiltrate the breast stroma. Pathology Microinvasive carcinoma is defined histologically as one or more clearly separate foci of tumor cells ≤1 mm in size infiltrating the mammary stroma 1. ...

Mass-forming intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma

Mass-forming intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas (MF-ICC), also referred as peripheral cholangiocarcinomas, comprise one of the three recognized growth patterns of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas. On imaging, these tumors usually present as large and relatively well-defined hepatic masses with l...

Hereditary cancer syndromes

Hereditary cancer syndromes contribute to only 5% of all cancers but are important to recognize due to the long-term surveillance and follow up required for these patients. Autosomal recessive ataxia telangiectasia Fanconi anemia MUTYH-associated polyposis Autosomal dominant familial adeno...

Primary colorectal small cell carcinoma

Primary colorectal small cell carcinoma (CrSmCC) is a very rare neuroendocrine tumor with an aggressive course. Epidemiology Neuroendocrine carcinomas comprise less than 1% of all colorectal cancer. Pathology As with other small cell carcinomas, they are malignancies derived from neuroendocr...

Circulating tumor cells

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) refers to cells that have shed into the bloodstream or lymphatics from a primary tumor. They are thought to constitute "seeds" for the subsequent development of metastases. History and etymology They were first observed in blood in a patient with metastatic cance...

Colloid adenocarcinoma of the lung

Colloid adenocarcinoma of the lung is an extremely rare (i.e. only accounting for ~0.2% of all lung cancers) variant of invasive lung adenocarcinoma. Pathology It is histologically characterized by the presence of abundant mucus in the tumor with neoplastic cells seen floating in large pools o...

ROS1 mutation

The ROS1 mutation is a mutation occurring in the ROS1 oncogene on chromosome 6 resulting in a defective receptor tyrosine kinase which has structural similarity to the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) protein. It is thought to be present in several cancers of the subtype non-small cell lung can...

Well differentiated fetal adenocarcinoma of lung

A well-differentiated fetal adenocarcinoma (WDFA) of lung is a rare low grade lung tumor. Some consider this as a variant of adenocarcinoma with others considering this under the group of pulmonary blastomas 5. According to classification by the World Health Organization in 1999, it was remove...

Pulmonary blastoma

Pulmonary blastomas comprise a rare group of lung tumors principally consisting of immature mesenchymal and epithelial structures that structurally mimic the embryonic lung. Epidemiology Pulmonary blastomas are usually diagnosed in pediatric populations, however have been identified in young a...

Fetal adenocarcinoma of the lung

Fetal adenocarcinoma of the lung (FLAC) is a rare form of invasive adenocarcinoma of the lung. Epidemiology Some reports suggest its occurrence at ~0.1-0.5% of all pulmonary neoplasms 1. Despite its "fetal" tissue morphology it typically presents in middle-aged to elderly patients (60 to 70 ye...

Primary pulmonary meningioma

A primary pulmonary meningioma is a very rare form of an ectopic meningioma. Clinical presentation They are generally asymptomatic and incidentally discovered although rarely patients with symptoms have also been reported. Pathology Histologically, they comprise of whorls of spindle cells in...

Vascular invasion in lung cancer

Vascular invasion in lung cancer is one of the invasive patterns that can occur in lung cancer. Dependent on the publication, this could mean: intratumoral vascular invasion (IVI) microscopic vascular invasion (MVI) lymphovascular invasion (LVI) lymphatic permeation arterial invasion veno...

Tumor spread through air spaces

Tumor spread through air spaces (STAS) is a relatively recently recognized pattern of invasion in lung adenocarcinoma. According to the 2015 WHO classification, STAS is defined as “micropapillary clusters, solid nests, or single cells spreading within air spaces beyond the edge of the main tumor...

HER-2 mutations in lung cancer

Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2) mutations may be detected in approximately 3% of lung adenocarcinomas 1. Radiographic features CT Early studies have suggested HER2-mutant tumors exhibit more aggressive features in general and tend to: exhibit a locally-invasive behavior comp...

KRAS mutation

KRAS (shortened name for the gene Kirsten RAt Sarcoma viral oncogene homolog) mutations are associated in a number of malignancies including: certain adenocarcinomas of the lung colorectal carcinoma 1 pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma Several germline KRAS mutations have also been found to b...

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